Lab Manual

Electrical Machines Lab

(EE440L)

Instructor: Engr. Muhammad Aamir Aman

Department of Electrical Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar
Kohat Campus

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 EXPERIMENT No. 1

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL MACHINES TRAINER

Objective:
This Equipment’s is to gain familiarity with AC/DC motors, generators, control panels and
overall components of the trainer of electrical machines.

Apparatus:

1. Electrical Machines Trainer

2. Three phase supply
3. Connecting wires

Theory:

The electrical machines trainer refer for many purpose and function with the AC voltage source,
DC voltage source, Ac current source, DC current source, Voltmeter, Ammeter , Wattmeter,
power factor meter.

Basic Components:

This device act as a source of AC and DC supply and also for AC and DC current. It
also indicates various indication modes.

Three phase supply voltages:

Electrical power is generated and distributed in the form of three phase .It is the potential
difference between the two phases.

Three-phase electric power is a common method of alternating current electric

power generation, transmission, and distribution. It is a type of poly phase system and is the most
common method used by electrical grids worldwide to transfer power. It is also used to power
large motors and other heavy loads.

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 02

DC GENERATOR FEATURES MEASUREMENT

Objective:
In this experiment the Student will learn the DC generator features at no load and at full load.
The relation between voltage and field current at no load and at full load.

Apparatus:

1. DC shunt Machine coupler

2. DC power supply
3. Ammeter
4. Voltmeter
5. Connecting wires.

Theory and Procedure:

Following are the three most important characteristics of DC Machine.

1. No-Load saturation characteristics (Eg/If)

It is also known as magnetic characteristics or Open-circuit characteristic (O.C.C). It shows

the relation between the no-load generated e.m.f in armature, Eo and the field or exciting
current If at a given fixed speed. It is just the magnetization curve for the material of the
electromagnets. Its shape is practically the same for all machines whether separately-excited

or self-excited.
Figure 2.1: characteristics curve
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 2. Internal or Total characteristic (E/Ia)

It gives the relation between the e.m.f. (E actually induces in the armature after allowing the
demagnetization effect of the armature reaction) and the armature current Ia.

3. External Total characteristic (V/I)

It is also referred to as performance characteristic or sometimes voltage regulating curve. It

gives relation between terminal voltage V and the load current I. This curve lies below the
internal characteristic because it takes into account the voltage drop over the armature circuit
resistance. The values of V are obtained by subtracting IaRa from corresponding values of E.
This characteristic is of great importance in judging the suitability of a machine for a
particular purpose. It may be obtained in two ways,

1) By making simultaneous measurements with a suitable voltmeter and an ammeter on a

loaded machine.

2) Graphically from the O.C.C provided the armature and field resistance are known
and also if the demagnetizing effect (under rated load condition) or the armature reaction (from
the short-circuit test) is known.

SEPERATELY-EXCITED MACHINE

(a) No-Load separation characteristics (Eo/If)

The arrangement for obtaining the necessary data to plot this curve is shown in Figure.
The excitation or field current If is obtained from an external independent DC sources. It
can be varied from zero upwards by a potentiometer and its value be read by an ammeter connected
in the field circuit as shown.

Now, the voltage equation of a DC machine is

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 Figure 2.2: Separately Excited DC Machine

Hence, if the speed is constant, the above relation becomes E= kΦ

It is obvious that when If is increased from its initial small value, the flux Φ and hence generated
e.m.fEg increases directly as current so long as the poles are unsaturated. But as the flux density
increases, the poles become saturated, so a greater increase in Ifis required to produce a given
increase in voltage than on the lower part of the curve.

(b) Load Characteristic Curve (V/IL):

Considering that there is no armature resistance. Connect a load across the terminals and
an ammeter in series in the load lines to read the load current IL. Ideally the terminal Voltage should
have followed the dotted path shown in Figure 6.2, that is Terminal Voltage is equal to generated
voltage (dotted), but, due to losses in armature resistance, terminal voltage is somewhat less than
the generated voltage as can be observed from figure3.3

Figure 2.3: Load Characteristic Curve

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Observations and Calculations:

At No load Characteristics

Field Current
(If)

No Load
Voltage (V)

At Full load Characteristics

Field Current
(If)

Load Voltage
(V)

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 EXPERIMENT NO.03
EXCITED DC MOTOR FEATURES MEASUREMENT

Objective:
In this experiment the student will find the Armature current(Ia), power gauge current(Ig),
Mechanical torque, rotational speed(rpm), output mechanical power, input power and motor
efficiency of DC motor.

Apparatus:
1. DC shunt motor Coupler
2. DC power supply
3. Ammeter Voltmeter
4. Connecting Wires
5. Tachometer

Theory:
Like other DC motors, these motors also have both stator and rotor. Stator refers to the static part
of motor, which consists of the field windings. And the rotor is the moving armature which contains
armature windings or coils. Separately excited dc motor has field coils similar to that of shunt
wound dc motor. The name suggests the construction of this type of motor. Usually, in
other DC motors, the field coil and the armature coil both are energized from a single source. The
field of them does not need any separate excitation. But, in separately excited DC motor, separate
supply provided for excitation of both field coil and armature coil.

Operating characteristics of separately excited dc motor

Both in shunt wound dc motor and separately excited dc motor field is supplied from constant
voltage so that the field current is constant. Therefore these two motors have similar speed
- armature current and torque – armature current characteristics.
In this type of motor flux is assumed to be constant.

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 (a)Speed – armature current (N – Ia) characteristics:

We know that speed of dc motor is proportional to back emf / flux i.e Eb / φ .When
load is increased back emf Eb and φ flux decrease due to armature resistance drop and armature
reaction respectively. However back emf decreases more than φ so that the speed of the motor
slightly decreases with load.
(b) Torque – armature current ( τ – Ia) characteristics :

Here torque is proportional to the flux and armature current. Neglecting armature reaction, flux
φ is constant and torque is proportional to the armature current Ia.

Procedure:

1. Short the armature winding with shunt winding.

2. Armature winding connect to 0-300v DC power supply and also connect it to voltmeter.
3. Connect the armature winding to Ammeter.
4. The motor is then connect to Tachometer to measure the rpm.
5. The motor is connected to a DC generator current (to measure the gauge current)
and connected with variable resistor and after this connect to Ammeter.
6. The circuit connections are shown in Figure 3.1.
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 3.1: Circiut Diagram

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Observations and Calculations:

Ia(A)

Va(v)

gauge current
Ig(A)

Mechanical
torque Tl(n.m)

Rotational speed
N(rpm)

Output power
Pl(w)

Input power
Pin=Ia.Va

Motor
efficiency=Pl/Pin

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 04

SERIES EXCITED DC MOTOR FEATURES MEASUREMENT.

Objective:

In this experiment we have to find the power guage current Ig, Armature Current Ia, Load torque
TL and rotational speed(rpm) of series excited motor.

Apparatus:

1. DC shunt motor Coupler

2. DC power supply
3. DC Ammeter
4. DC Voltmeter
5. Connecting Wires
6. Tachometer

Theory:
During no load condition the armature current is very small and also the flux. As a result the speed
of series motor is high. This is unsafe to the machine which may damage due to centrifugal force
setup in rotational parts. Series motor should not start at no load. Always series motor
should start at load to keep speed with in limit. In series motor the armature winding and field
winding both carry same current. When motor is heavily loaded the motor draws a maximum
current and armature field is strong. So the torque is produced by motor proportional to
the product of armature current and magnetic field.

Torque in a Series DC motor Induced

The terminal characteristics of a series dc motor are very different from that of the shunt
dc motor. The Basic behavior of a series dc motor is due to the fact that the flux is
directly proportional to the armature Current, at least until saturation is reached. As the load on the
motor
increases, its flux increases too. As Seen earlier, an increase in the flux in the motor causes a

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decrease in its speed. The result is that a series dc motor has a sharply drooping torque-speed
characteristic.The induced torque in this machine is given by
τ ind= Km φIA

The flux in this machine is directly proportional to its armature current (at least until the metal
Saturation). Therefore, the flux in the machine can be given by

φ = cIA

Where c is a constant of proportionality. The induced torque in this machine is thus given by

Τind = Km φIA φ = Km cIA2

In other words, the torque in the motor is proportional to the square of its armature current. As a
result of this relationship, it is easy to see that a series motor gives more torque per ampere than
any other dc motor. It is therefore used in applications requiring very high torques. Examples of
such applications are the starter motors in cars, elevator motors, and tractor motors in
locomotives.

Procedure:

1. Short the armature winding with series winding.

2. Connect armature winding to DC ammter and another pin to DC supply and
connect other end of DC supply to series winding.
3. 0-300v DC voltmeter is connected across DC power supply.
4. The motor is then connect to Tachometer to measure the rpm.
5. The motor is connected to a DC generator current(to measure the gauge current)
and connected with variable resistor and after this connect to Ammeter.
6. The circuit connection is shown in figure 4.1.

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Circuit Diagram:

Figure 4.1: Circuit Diagram

Observations and Calculations:

Armature
current Ia(A)

Power gauge
current Ig(A)

Load torque
TL(N.m)

Rotational
speed (rpm)

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 05

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR THROUGH FLUX

CONTROL/ FIELD CONTROL.

Objective:
a) To control motor Speed by Flux control
b) To draw load speed characteristics curve

Apparatus:

1. DC machine Coupler
2. DC power supply
3. DC Ammeter
4. Connecting Wires
5. Tachometer

Theory and Procedure:

Factors Controlling Motor Speed:

It has been shown earlier that the speed of a motor is given by the relation,

� −𝐼�𝑅 �
𝑁= �∅
.

Where Ra = Armature Circuit Resistance

It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying (i) Flux / Pole (Flux Control),
(ii) Resistance Raof armature circuit (Rheostat Control) and (iii) Applied Voltage (Control
Voltage).
These methods are applied to shunt, compound and series motors and are discussed below.

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Field or Flux Control Method:
It is seen from above that speed is inversely proportional to flux (N α 1/Φ). By decreasing the flux,
the speed can be increased and vice versa. Hence the name flux or field control method. The flux
of the DC motor can be changed by changing the Ish current with the help of a shunt field rheostat
(Fig .5.1). Since Ishis relatively small, shunt field rheostat has to carry only a small current, which
means I2R loss is small, so that rheostat is small in size. This method is, therefore, very efficient.
In non-interpolar machine, the speed can be increased by this method in the ratio
2:1. Any further weakening of flux Φ adversely effects the communication and hence puts a limit
to the maximum speed obtainable with the method. In machines fitted with interpoles, a ratio of
maximum to minimum speed of 6:1 is fairly common. As Speed N α 1/Φ and Φ α If. Increasing
the field current, decrease the speed and vice versa.

Figure 5.1: Flux control method

Observations:

Armature current Ia

Rotational speed

Graph:

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 06

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR THROUGH ARMATURE

CONTROL.

Objective:
a) To control motor Speed by Armature / Rheostatic control
b) To draw load speed characteristics curve

Apparatus:

1. DC machine Coupler
2. DC power supply
3. DC Ammeter
4. Connecting Wires
5. Tachometer

Theory and Procedure:

Factors Controlling Motor Speed:

It has been shown earlier that the speed of a motor is given by the relation.

Where Ra = Armature Circuit Resistance

It is obvious that the speed can be controlled by varying (i) Flux / Pole (Flux Control),
(ii) Resistance Raof armature circuit (Rheostat Control) and (iii) Applied Voltage (Control
Voltage).
These methods are applied to shunt, compound and series motors and are discussed below.

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Armature or Rheostat Control Method:
This method is used when speeds below the no-load speed are required. As the supply voltage is
normally constant, the voltage across the armature is varied by inserting a variable rheostat or
resistance (called controller resistance) in series with the armature circuit as shown in Fig 6.1 (a).
As controller resistance is increased, p.d. across the armature is decreased, thereby decreasing
the armature speed. For a load constant torque, speed is approximately proportional to the p.d.
across the armature. From the speed/armature current characteristic Fig 6.1 (b) it is seen
that greater the resistance in the armature circuit, greater is the fall in speed.

Figure 6.1: Speed/armature current characteristic

Observations:

Armature
current Ia

Rotational
speed

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 07

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR THROUGH WARD

LEONARD METHOD

Objective:

In this experiment we will have to control the speed of DC motor through ward Leonard method.
And will observe the output voltage of generator and speed of motor.

Apparatus:

1. DC machine Coupler
2. DC power supply
3. DC Voltmeter
4. Connecting Wires
5. Tachometer

Theory and Procedure:

(a)Ward-Leonard System:
This system is used where an usually wide (up to 10:1) and very sensitive speed control
is required as for colliery winders, electric excavators, elevators and the main drives in the steel
mills and blooming and paper mills. The arrangement is illustrated in Fig 7.1.

Figure 7.1: Ward Leonard Arrangement

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M1 is the main motor whose speed control is required. The field of this motor is permanently
connected across the DC supply lines. By applying a variable voltage across its armature, any
desired speed can be obtained. This variable voltage is supplied by a motor-generator set which
consist of either a DC or an AC motor M2 directly coupled to generator G.

The motor M2 runs at an approximately constant speed. The output voltage of G is directly fed to
the main motor M1. The voltage of the generator can be varied from zero up to its maximum value
by means of its field regulator. By reversing the direction of the field current of G by
means of the reversing switch RS, generated voltage can be reversed and hence the direction of
rotation of M1. It should be remembered that motor generator set always runs in the same
direction.

Despite the fact that capital outlay involved in this system is high because (i) a large
output machine must be used for the motor generator set and (ii) that two extra machines are
employed, still it is used extensively for elevators, hoist control and for main drive in steel
mills where motor of rating 750kW to 3750 kW are required. The reason for this is that the almost
unlimited speed control in either direction of rotation can be achieved entirely by field
control of the generator and the resultant economics in steel production outweigh the extra
expenditure on the motor generator set.

Advantages of Ward Leonard System:

1. It is a very smooth speed control system.

2. The speed can be controlled in both the direction of rotation of the motor easily.
3. The motor can run with a uniform acceleration.
4. Speed regulation of DC motor in this Ward Leonard system is very good.

Disadvantages of Ward Leonard System:

1. The system is very costly because two extra machines (motor-generator set) are required.
2. Larger size and weight.
3. Requires more floor area.
4. The drive produces more noise.

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 Application of Ward Leonard System:
This Ward Leonard method of speed control system is used where a very wide and very sensitive
speed control is of a DC motor in both the direction of rotation is required. This speed control
system is mainly used in cranes, electric excavators, mine hoists, elevators, steel rolling mills, paper
machines, etc.

Observations and Calculations:

Generator
output-Volts

Speed N of DC
Motor

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 08

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER OPERATION FEATURES

MEASUREMENT

Objective:

In this lab we have to find the primary current (I1), secondary current (I2), secondary
voltage
(V2), primary power (p1), secondary power (P2), and efficiency of transformer.

Apparatus:

1. Single phase transformer

2. Load resistor
3. Potential transformer
4. Current transformer
5. Connecting wires

Theory and Procedure:

Electrical power transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual induction
between two windings. It transforms power from one circuit to another without changing
its frequency but may be in different voltage level. The working principle of transformer is
very simple. It depends upon Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. Mutual induction
between two or more winding is responsible for transformation action in an electrical transformer.

Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction

According to these Faraday's laws, "Rate of change of flux linkage with respect to time
is directly proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil".

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Basic Theory of Transformer
Say you have one winding which is supplied by an alternating electrical source. The alternating
current through the winding produces a continually changing flux or alternating flux that
surrounds the winding. If any other winding is brought nearer to the previous one, obviously
some portion of this flux will link with the second. As this flux is continually changing in its
amplitude and direction, there must be a change in flux linkage in the second winding or coil.
According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, there must be an EMF induced in the
second. If the circuit of the later winding is closed, there must be a current flowing through it. This
is the simplest form of an electrical power transformer, and this is the most basic of working
principle of transformer.

Figure 8.1: working of Transformer

Main Constructional Parts of Transformer

The three main parts of a transformer are.

1. Primary Winding of Transformer.

Which produces magnetic flux when it is connected to electrical source.

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2. Magnetic Core of Transformer.
The magnetic flux produced by the primary winding, that will pass through this low reluctance
path linked with secondary winding and create a closed magnetic circuit.

3. Secondary Winding of Transformer.

The flux, produced by primary winding, passes through the core, will link with the secondary
winding. This winding also wounds on the same core and gives the desired output of
the transformer.

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 8.2: Circuit Diagram

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Observation and calculation:

Primary
current I1(A)

secondary
current I2(A)

Secondary
voltage V2(V)

Primary
power P1(w)

Secondary
power P2(w)

T/F
Efficiency

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 09

TO PERFORM THE OPEN CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

OBJECTIVE:

To find the core losses/iron losses of a transformer.

Apparatus:

1. Watt meter
2. Ampere meter
3. Connecting wires

Theory:
Open circuit tests.
In case of open-circuit test connections, the full line voltage is applied to the primary of
the transformer and the input voltage, input current, and input power to the transformer are
measured.

Figure 9.1: Open Circuit Test

Open Circuit Test Parameters.

In case of open-circuit test connections, the full line voltage is applied to the primary of
the transformer, and the input voltage, input current, and input power to the transformer
are measured. From this information, it is possible to determine the power factor of the input current
and therefore both the magnitude and the angle of the excitation impedance.

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 R0= Vin/Ic X0= Vin/Im

Procedure:
First we set the apparatus as shown in Fig then we first connect it for open circuit for that given a
supply to a primary winding and leave the secondary open then we vary the voltage with the help
of an auto transformer and take a reading of watt meter, voltmeter and ampere meter.

Observation and calculation:

Vin I0 Power(W) Power factor

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

TO PERFORM THE SHORT CIRCUIT TEST OF SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMER

Objective:

To find the core copper losses of a transformer.

Apparatus:

1. Watt meter
2. Ampere meter
3. Connecting wires

Theory:

Short Circuit Test.

In the short-circuit test, the secondary terminals of the transformer are short circuited, and the
primary terminals are connected to a fairly low-voltage source, as shown in Figure 10.1.
The input voltage is adjusted until the current in the short circuited winding is equal to its rated
value.

Figure 10.1: Short Circuit Test

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 Procedure:
First we set the apparatus as shown in Fig then we connect (short) the secondary given a supply to
a primary winding and we vary the voltage with the help of an auto transformer and take a reading
of watt meter, voltmeter and ampere meter.

I1R= Iin cos𝜃 I1x= Iin sin𝜃

R01= Vin/ I1R X01= Vin/ I1x

Observation and calculation:

Vin Iin P1 (W) Power factor

PRECAUTIONS:

(i) Do not increase voltage from 220 V

(ii) Be sure to keep the primary voltage at a safe level. It would not be a good idea to burn out
the transformer's windings trying to test it.
(iii) Do not touch any wire during the experiment when switch is on

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 11

TO PERFORM PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE

TRANSFORMERS
Apparatus:
1. Two 1-phase transformers 127/50V,
2. Two Ampere meters
3. connecting wires

Conditions for Parallel operation:

When windings are in parallel the current capacity doubles

1. For single phase transformers:

Same polarity of transformers.

Same voltage ratio.

2. For 3 phase transformers:

Same polarity.

Zero relative phase displacement.

Same phase sequence.

Same voltage ratio.

1. Polarity: The polarity of the transformers connected in parallel should be same

otherwise it may lead to dead short circuit.

2. Voltage Ratio: The voltage ratio of the 2 transformers should be kept equal in order to
avoid losses occurring in transformers due to load circulating currents. If unequal voltage
ratio is used it will give rise to circulating current in the closed circuit formed by
the secondary of the transformer even at no load condition. The maximum permissible no-
load circulating current should be 10% of its rated value.

3. Zero Relative Phase Displacement: This is the necessary condition for the 3
phase transformers. As the name suggests, the relative phase displacement between
the
two transformers must be zero.

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 4. Phase Sequence: This is also an important condition for 3 phase transformers which
needs the phase sequence of the 2 transformers to be same otherwise it may lead to short
circuit of the each phase pairs.

Procedure:
Connect two 1-phase transformers in such a fashion to fulfill the above conditions. The
two transformers have same polarity and same voltage ratio. The output of the transformer
is connected to the common bus bar keeping in view the above conditions.

Advantages:
It is economical to install numbers of smaller rated transformers in parallel than installing a
bigger rated electrical power transformers. This has mainly the following advantages
a) To maximize electrical power system efficiency.
b) Portability of the transformer is easy.
c) To maximize electrical power system availability.
d) To maximize power system reliability.

e) To maximize electrical power system flexibility.

Figure 11.1: Parallel Operation of 1-Phase Transformers

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Observation and calculation:

Load current Il(A)

Secondary voltage
V2(v)

Secondary current
I2(A)

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 12

CAPACITIVE SINGLE PHASE ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FEATURES

MEASUREMENT.

Objective:

1. To familiarize with induction motor

2. To demonstrate the reverse direction of rotation of single phase induction motor
3. To investigate different characteristics such torque, power, efficiency etc.

Apparatus:

1. Tachometer
2. Capacitive motor
3. Switch
4. Connecting load

Theory and procedure:

A capacitor C is connected in series with the starting winding through a centrifugal switch as
shown in figure. The value of capacitor is so chosen that the current Is in the auxiliary coil leads
current Im in main coil by about 80° (i.e., α ~ 80°) which is considerably greater than 25° found
in split phase motor. This becomes a balanced 2 phase motor if the magnitude of Is and Im are
equal and are displaced in time phase by 90° electrical degrees.
Consequently, starting torque is much more than that of a split-phase motor. The starting
winding is opened by the centrifugal switch when the motor attains about 75% of synchronous
speed. The motor then operates as a single-phase induction motor and continues to accelerate till it
reaches the normal speed. The motor will start without any humming noise. However, after the
auxiliary winding is disconnected, there will be some humming noise.
Since the auxiliary winding and capacitor are to be used intermittently, these can be designed for
minimum cost. However, it is found that the best compromise among the factors of starting
torque, starting current and costs results with a phase angle somewhat less than
90° between Im and Is.

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 Figure 12.1: Capacitive Single Phase Asynchronous Motor

Characteristics of Capacitor Start 1ϕ Induction Motor:

Some of the characteristics of Capacitor start single phase induction motor are given below

although starting characteristics of a capacitor-start motor are better than those of a split-phase
motor, both machines possess the same running characteristics because the main windings are
identical.

The phase angle between the two currents is about 80° compared to about 25° in a split-phase

motor. Consequently, for the same starting torque, the current in the starting winding is only
about half that in a split-phase motor. Therefore, the starting winding of a capacitor
start motor heats up less quickly and is well suited to applications involving either
frequent or prolonged starting periods

Capacitor start motors are used where high starting torque is required and where the starting

period may be long e.g., to drive: (a) compressors (b) large fans (c) pumps (d) high inertia
loads.

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Observation and calculation:

Load
current
Il(A)

Power
factor

Torque
Tl(N-m)

Rotational
speed (rpm)

Pelectrical(w)

Pmechanical
(w)

Efficiency
=Pmec/Pele

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 EXPERIMENT NO. 13

THREE PHASE WOUND ROTOR ASYNCHRONOUS MOTOR FEATURES

MEASUREMENT

Objective:

To examine the construction of three phase wound rotor induction motor and understand
the concept of exciting current.

Apparatus:

1. Tachometer
2. Three phase variable resistor
3. Power factor meter
4. Connecting wire

Theory and procedure:

The creation of a rotating stator field using 3-phase power is similar to the principle of the split
phase or two-phase (capacitor run) system. In the 3-phase system, a rotating magnetic field
I generated in three phases instead of two. When the stator of a 3-phase motor is connected to a 3-
phase power source, currents flow in the three stator windings and a revolving magnetic field is
established. These three exciting currents supply the reactive power to establish the rotating
magnetic field. They also supply the power consumed by the copper and iron losses in the motor.
The wound rotor consists of a rotor core with three windings in place of the conducting bars of the
squirrel cage rotor. In this case, currents are induced in the windings just as they would be in shorted
turns. However, the advantage of using windings is that the wires can be brought out
through slip rings so that resistance, and, therefore, the current through the windings, can
be controlled.
The rotating stator field induces an alternating voltage in each winding of the rotor. When the rotor
is at standstill the frequency of the induced rotor voltage is equal to that of the power
source. If the rotor is now rotated by some external means – in the same direction as the rotating
stator field – the rate at which the magnetic flux cuts the rotor windings will diminish.
The induced voltage and its frequency will drop. When the rotor revolves at the same speed and in
35
the same direction as the rotating stator field, the induced voltage, as well as its frequency, will
drop to zero. (The rotor is now at synchronous speed). Conversely, if the rotor is driven
at synchronous speed, but in the opposite direction to the rotating stator field, the induced voltage,
as well as its frequency, will be twice the value as when the rotor was at standstill. A
considerable voltage appears across the rotor windings on open circuit, and this voltage varies
linearly with rotor slip in rpm, becoming zero at synchronous speed.
If the rotor windings are short-circuited, the induced voltage will cause large circulating currents
in the windings. To supply this rotor current, the stator current must increase in value above its
ordinary exciting current level. The power consumed (VA) in the rotor windings (and associated
circuitry) must be supplied by the stator windings. Therefore, we should expect the following:
a) At standstill, or at low speed, the rotor currents, stator currents and torque will be high.

b) At synchronous speed, the rotor current and torque will be zero, and the stator will only carry
the exciting current.

c) At any other motor speed, the currents and the developed torque will be between the above
extremes.

Figure 13.1: Three Phase Wound Rotor Asynchronous Motor

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Applications:

1. They are used in areas where high starting torque is required. And where squirrel cage
induction motors cannot be used because of their high starting currents.
2. Wound Rotor Induction Motor is used in applications which require smooth start
and adjustable speed.
3. Wound rotor induction motor is also used in fans, blowers and mixers.
4. They are used in large pumps in water industry.

Observations and Calculations:

Wound
rotor
resistor R2

Stator linear
current
Il(A)

Start linear
current
Ist(A)

Start torque
Tst

Power
factor

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 EXPERIMENT No. 14
Three phase synchronous motor features measurement
Objective:
In this lab the student will learn the operation of synchronous motor and measure the
excited current, linear current, power and power factor of synchronous motor.

Apparatus:
1. Synchronous motor
2. Three phase supply
3. Ammeter
4. Watt meter

Theory and Procedure:

Electrical motor in general is an electro-mechanical device that converts energy from electrical
domain to mechanical domain. Based on the type of input we have classified it into single phase
and 3 phase motors. Among 3 phase motors, we mostly sue induction motors and synchronous
motors. When three-phase electric conductors are placed in certain geometrical positions (In
certain angle from one another), then an electrical field is generated. Now the rotating magnetic
field rotates at a certain speed, that speed is called synchronous speed. Now if an electromagnet
is present in this rotating magnetic field, the electromagnet is magnetically locked with this
rotating magnetic field and rotates with the same speed of rotating field.

Synchronous motors is called so because the speed of the rotor of this motor is same as the
rotating magnetic field. It is a fixed speed motor because it has only one speed, which is
synchronous speed, or in other words, it is in synchronism with the supply frequency.
Synchronous speed is given by.

Where, f = supply frequency and p = no. of poles

Main Features of Synchronous Motors.

1. Synchronous motors are inherently not self-starting. They require some external means
to bring their speed close to synchronous speed to before they are synchronised.
2. The speed of operation of is in synchronism with the supply frequency and hence for
constant supply frequency they behave as constant speed motor irrespective of load condition
3. This motor has the unique characteristics of operating under any electrical power factor. This
makes it being used in electrical power factor improvement.
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Principle of Operation Synchronous Motor.
Synchronous motor is a doubly excited machine, i.e. two electrical inputs are provided to it. Its
stator winding which consists of a We provide three-phase supply to three-phase stator winding,
and DC to the rotor winding. The 3 phase stator winding carrying 3 phase currents produces 3
phase rotating magnetic flux. The rotor carrying DC supply also produces a constant flux.
Considering 50 Hz power frequency, from the above relation we can see that the 3 phase rotating
flux rotates about 3000 revolutions in 1 min or 50 revolutions in 1 sec. At a particular instant rotor
and stator poles might be of the same polarity (N-N or S-S) causing a repulsive force on the rotor
and the very next instant it will be N-S causing attractive force. But due to the inertia of the rotor,
it is unable to rotate in any direction due to that attractive or repulsive forces, and the rotor remains
in standstill condition. Hence a synchronous motor is not self-starting. Here we use some
mechanical means which initially rotates the rotor in the same direction as the magnetic field to
speed very close to synchronous speed. On achieving synchronous speed, magnetic locking
occurs, and the synchronous motor continues to rotate even after removal of external
mechanical means.

Application of Synchronous Motor.

1. Synchronous motor having no load connected to its shaft is used for power factor
improvement. Owing to its characteristics to behave at any electrical power factor, it is used
in power system in situations where static capacitors are expensive.
2. Synchronous motor finds application where operating speed is less (around 500 rpm) and
high power is required

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 14.1: Three Phase synchronous motor

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 Figure 14.1: Three Phase synchronous motor

Observation and calculation.

Excited
current If(A)

linear current
Il(A)

Power factor

P1(W)

P2(W)

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th

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