19EE402 AC Machines

3 1 0 3
Course Outcomes
1. Illustrate the constructional features and working of induction motor
2. Outline the various starting, speed control and testing methods of induction motors
3. Analyze the performance of induction motor
4. Illustrate the constructional features and working of synchronous machine
5. Outline the regulation methods of an alternator
6. Analyze the performance of synchronous machine

COs – POs Mapping

COs PO1 PO2 PO12
3–Strongly linked | 2–Moderately linked | 1–Weakly linked
1 3 2 1
2 3 2 2 Unit-I Three-phase Induction Machines
3 3 3 3 Three-phase induction motors-constructional details of cage and wound rotor
4 3 2 2 machines-production of rotating magnetic field - principle of operation, rotor e.m.f
and rotor frequency, rotor reactance, rotor current and p.f at standstill and during
5 3 3 3
operation, torque equation- expressions for maximum torque and starting torque,
6 3 3 2 torque-slip characteristics, equivalent circuit, power stages, circle diagram.
Crawling and cogging
(12+4 Hours)
Unit-II Speed Control and Starting Methods
Speed control-change of frequency, pole changing methods, rotor resistance control and cascade connection, voltage
injection into rotor circuit, starting methods.
Single phase Induction motors: principle of operation, Double revolving field theory, equivalent circuit, Starting
methods and applications.
Universal motor and BLDC motor.
(9+4 Hours)
Unit-III Synchronous Generators
Constructional features of wound rotor and salient pole machines – Armature windings –Distribution, pitch and
winding factors, E.M.F equation, harmonics in generated e.m.f. – suppression of harmonics, armature reaction,
phasor diagram, Regulation by synchronous impedance method, M.M.F.method, Z.P.F. method- two reaction
theory-determination of Xd and Xq (slip test), phasor diagram, regulation of salient pole alternator.
Synchronization of alternators with infinite bus, Parallel operation - Effect of change in excitation and mechanical
power input
Synchronizing power and torque
(15+4 Hours)
Unit-IV Synchronous Motors
Principle of operation, Phasor diagram, methods of starting, variation of current and power factor with excitation,
power and torque characteristics, losses and efficiency, synchronous condenser, power factor improvement, hunting
and its suppression.
Excitation circle and power circle, comparison of synchronous and induction motors.
(9+3 Hours)
(Total: 45+15=60 Hours)
Text Book(s)
1. P. S. Bimbra, “Electrical Machinery”, Khanna Publishers, 7th Edition, Color Reprint 2014.
2. I.J. Nagrath& D.P. Kothari, “Electric Machines”, Tata McGraw Hill, 5th Edition, 2017.
3. A.E. Fitzgerald, Charles Kingsley, JR., Stephen D. Umans, “Electric Machinery”, Tata McGraw Hill, 6th
Edition, 2017.

Reference Book(s)
1. Samarjit Ghosh, “Electric Machines”, Pearson Publications, 2nd Edition, 2012.
 2. J. B. Gupta, “Theory and Performance of Electrical Machines”, S. K. Kataria& Sons Publishers, New
Delhi, 14th Edition, Reprint 2013.
3. S. K. Sahdev, “Electrical Machines”, Cambridge University Press; 1st Edition, 2017

Sample Question (s)

Internal Assessment Pattern
Cognitive Level Int. Test 1 (%) Int. Test 2 (%) Comprehensive Test1(%)

Remember 20 20 ---

Understand 50 40 ---

Apply -- -- ---

Analyze 30 40 100

Evaluate --- --- ---

Create --- --- ---

Total (%) 100 100 100

Remember
1. Define cogging and crawling
2. Find difference between ac and dc generator?
3. Define Potier reactance
4. List the starting methods of synchronous motor

Understand
1. Explain why the rotor of induction motor can never attain synchronous speed.
2. Prove the condition P2:Pm: Pc=1:(1-s):s for an induction motor.
3. Show the generalized expression for an induced emf per phase in three phase alternator when coils are not
full pitch and concentrated in one slot.
4. Identify the equivalent circuit parameters of 3-phase induction motor from the no-load and blocked rotor
tests

Analyze
1. Three-phase star-connected, 50 Hz, alternator has direct-axis synchronous reactance of 0.7 pu and
quadrature-axis synchronous reactance of 0.5 p.u. If the generator delivers kVA at rated voltage at full-load
and 0.8 power factor lagging, find the percentage regulation. Armature resistance 0.017 p.u.
2. A substation operating at full load of 1200kVA supplies a load at 0.7 p.f lagging. Calculate the permissible
additional load at this power factor and the rating of synchronous condenser to raise the substation power
factor to 0.9 p.f lagging.
3. Draw the circle diagram for a 6kW, 440V, 3-phase, 6-pole, 50Hz, slip ring induction motor from the
following data. No-load test data: 440V, 6A, cos0 =0.087, Short circuit test data: 100V, 14A, 820W. The
ratio of primary to secondary turns =2.8, stator resistance per phase is 0.87W and of the rotor is 0.19W.
calculate full load current, full load slip, full load power factor, ratio of maximum torque to full load
torque, maximum power, Slip at rated speed of 1430rpm If the speed reduced to 15% what is its effect on
slip and how it changes. What is the effect of change of rotor copper losses with the change of above slip?

1
Comprehensive test should contain only questions related to Higher Order Thinking (HOT) Skills
4. A 400 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, 1400 rpm, star connected squirrel cage induction motor has the following
parameters referred to the stator: R r'= 1.0 ohm, Xs=Xr=1.5-ohm Neglect stator resistance and core and
rotational losses of the motor. The motor is controlled from a 3-phase voltage source inverter with constant
V/ f control. Find the stator line-to-line voltage (rms) and frequency to obtain the maximum torque at
starting.

HOT Questions
1. Three alternators having its voltages and impedances E 1& Z1, E2 & Z2, E3 & Z3 respectively are
connected in parallel to share a load. Derive the expressions I1, I2 and I3 for load sharing of alternators.

2. Draw the circle diagram for a 5.6kw, 400V, 3-, 4-pole, 50Hz, slip ring u=induction motor from the
following data.
No- load readings: 400V, 6A, cos0=0.087, Short circuit test data: 100V,12A,720W.
The ratio of primary to secondary turns=2.62, Stator resistance per phase is 0.67 and of the rotor is
0.185. Calculate
i) Full load current ii) Full load slip iii) Full load power factor iv) Ratio of max.torue to full
load torque v) Maximum torque.

Open Book Questions:

1. A 3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole slip ring induction motor is feed from the rotor side through an auto-
transformer and the stator is connected to a variable resistance as shown in the figure

The motor is coupled to a 220 V, separately excited d.c generator feeding power to fixed resistance of 10
W. Two-wattmeter method is used to measure the input power to induction motor. The variable resistance
is adjusted such that the motor runs at 1410 rpm and the following readings were recorded W1 = 1800 W,
W2 =- 200 W.

(i) Find the speed of rotation of stator magnetic field with respect to rotor structure
(ii) Neglecting all losses of both the machines, the dc generator power output and the current through
resistance Rex

2. An Industry has the following loads and are connected to supply of three phase 400V,50Hz.
Induction motor 1: 2.5kW, Z= 2.5+3j 
Induction motor 2: 3.6kW, Z= 1.6+2.5j 
Induction motor 3: 4.5kW, Z= 1.8+4.3j 
Induction motor 4: 5.3kW, Z= 2.1+1.8j 
Lighting load : 10kW, Z=6+4j.

Design the suitable synchronous condenser to raise the industry power factor to 0.9 p.f lagging.
3. A colony having 25 houses and each house has a load of 5kw, and an average p.f
is 0.85lag. All the loads has connected to a transformer of 150 VA, 440/230V .
An additional apartment was constructed newly and it has the load of 50kW.
Estimate the necessity of upgrading the existing transformer or a new transformer
is required separately to the apartment. If so what is the new rating of the
transformer, and comment on efficiency of the transformer.