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, C&I-2nd sem
4. Space saving, higher speed possible, with reduced 4. Commutator restricts speed.
inertia.
5. Maximum speed limited by retention of magnet 5. Magnet is on the stator. No problem.
against centrifugal force.
6. Shaft position sensor is a must. 6. Not mandatory.
7. Complex electronics for controller. 7. Simple
6. What are the modes of operation of the square wave BLDC motor?
There are two modes of operation: 120 degree mode and 180 degree mode. The mode
corresponds to the conduction period of the switches in the voltage source inverter. Each switch
conducts for the period 120 or 180 degree as per the mode. Commutation from one conducting
device to another takes place at every 60 degree intervals.
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines-Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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8. Give the emf and torque equations of the square wave BLDC
motor.
The emf equation is given by E = kφω and the torque equation is given by T = kφI. where
k is the armature constant depending on the number of turns in series per phase in the
armature winding, ω is rotor speed in rad / sec and φ is the flux ( mainly contributed by the
Permanent Magnet on the rotor). I is the load current.
10. What are the types of sensors used with PMBLDC motors?
Hall effect sensors are most commonly used for speed, position sensing with PMBLDC
motors. Optical Disc based sensors are also used. Presently rotor position sensors are avoided by
using alternative methods called as Sensor less control methods, which uses terminal emf
measurement, third harmonic voltage measurement, flux estimation and neuro – fuzzy techniques etc.
11. Why MOSFET or IGBTs are used in inverters for PMBLDC motors?
These devices operate at very high switching frequencies for PWM method of operation. The
duty cycle of the PWM decides the average voltage applied to the motor and hence the speed is
adjusted. These devices are easy to commutate by using microprocessor or microcontroller based
software. (Base drive)
13. What are the relative merits and demerits of brush less DC motor drives?
Merits: Commutator less motor , Specified electrical loading is better, Heat can be easily dissipated,
No sparking takes place due to brush, Source of EMI is avoided
Demerits: Above 10 kW, the cost of magnet is increase, Due to centrifugal force the magnet may
come out.
16.Write the difference between square wave PMBL and sine wave PMBL motor.
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines-Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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17. Write the expression of torque equation of a sine wave PMBL motor.
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For an ideal case T I Bm r1 l N s sin Nm and for the practical case
2 2
3p
T E ph I sin Nm
Where Bm = Maximum flux density in the air gap Wb / m2, l = axial length of the magnetic path, m
Ns = stator poles, = torque angle , p = Number of pole pairs
18. Write the expression for induced emf / phase of the sine wave PMBL motor.
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For an ideal case E ph Bm r1 l N s and for the practical case
2p 2
E ph 2 m1 K w1 N ph f Where Bm = Maximum flux density in the air gap Wb / m 2, l = axial
length of the magnetic path, m, Ns = stator poles, = torque angle, p = Number of pole pairs
PART B
1. Derive the torque and EMF equations of the permanent magnet brushless DC motor.
2. Sketch the structure of controller for permanent magnet brushless DC motor and explain the
functions of various blocks.
3. Explain in detail the various rotor position sensors used in permanent magnet brushless DC
Motor.
4. Sketch torque – speed characteristics of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor.
5. Explain in detail the magnetic circuit analysis of brushless DC motor on open circuit.
6. Discuss in detail the various driving circuits used in permanent magnet brushless DC motor.
7. Explain square wave permanent magnet brushless dc motor drives.
8. Describe the constructional aspects of mechanical and electronic commutator of PMBLDC
Motor.
9. A PMBLDC motor has torque constant 0.12 Nm/A referred to DC supply. Find the motors
no load speed when connected to 48V DC supply. Find the stall current and stall torque if
armature resistance is 0.15Ω/phase and drop in controller transistor is 2V.
10. Illustrate in detail, the operation of PMBLDC motor with 180 magnet arcs and 120 square
wave phase currents.
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines-Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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UNIT – II PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
PART - A
1. Compare PMSM and PMBLDC motors.
PM Brushless DC motor PMSM
1. Rectangular distribution of magnetic flux in 1. Sinusoidal or quasi–sinusoidal distribution of
the air gap. magnetic flux in the air gap.
2. Rectangular current waveforms. 2. Sinusoidal or quasi-sinusoidal current
3. concentrated stator windings. waveforms.
3. Quasi-sinusoidal distribution of stator
conductors. (short pitched and distributed or
concentric stator windings)
8. What are the assumptions made in derivation of emf equation for PMSM?
Flux density distribution in the air gap is sinusoidal, Rotor rotates with an uniform angular velocity
of ωm ( rad/sec), Armature winding consists of full pitched, concentrated similarly located coils
of equal number of turns
9. Write down the expressions for power input and Torque of a PMSM?
Power input = 3EqIa + 3Ia2Ra
T = 3EIsin β / ωm N-m
10. What are the features of closed- loop speed control of load commutated inverter fed
synchronous motor drive?
Higher efficiency, Four quadrant operation with regeneration braking is possible, Higher
power ratings and run at high speeds ( 6000 rpm)
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines-Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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11. Write down the emf expressions of PMSM?
Eph = 4.44 f Фm Kw1 T ph volts, This is the rms value of induced emf per phase, where f =
Frequency in Hertz, Фm = flux per pole, Kw1 = Winding factor, T ph = Turns per phase
20. Write down the expressions for the self and synchronous reactance of PMSM?
Xs = (3 π μ0 Ns2 l r1 ω) / 8 p2 g2 Ω
PART B
1. Derive the EMF and torque equation of BLPM Sine wave motor.
2. Explain the microprocessor based control of permanent magnet synchronous motors with a
neat block diagram.
3. Explain in detail the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
4. With neat sketch, discuss the torque – speed characteristics of PMSM.
5. What are the differences in the constructional features of PMBLDC and PMSM?
6. Draw and explain the phasor diagram of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
7. With a neat diagram, explain the operation of power of controller for perma nent magnet
synchronous motor.
8. Explain circle diagram of permanent magnet synchronous motor.
9. Discuss the different rotor configurations of PM synchronous machines.
10.Write a detailed technical note on the following (i) vector control of PMSM (ii)
microprocessor based control
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines- Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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UNIT – III SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
PART - A
3. What is the difference between Switched Reluctance motor and variable reluctance stepper
motor?
Switched Reluctance motor Variable reluctance stepper motor
Conduction angle for phase current is controlled Stepper motor is usually fed with a square
and synchronized with the rotor position, usually by wave of phase current without rotor position
means of a shaft position sensor feedback.
The SRM is designed for efficient power It is usually designed as a torque motor with a
conversion at high speed limited speed.
Co-energy is defined as w1 di
0
Field energy is defined as w f id
0
7. Write the relations between the speed and fundamental switching frequency.
f = n Nr = (r.p.m./60) Nr Hz Nr = No. of rotor poles, If there are q phases there are q N r
steps per revolution and the step angle or stroke is given by ε = 2 π /(q N r) rad. The no of stator
poles usually exceeds the no of rotor poles.
8. What is co-energy?
In the ψ –i curve of a motor, the area between the curve and horizontal i axis is the co-energy
W’ and the other part is the stored field energy W f.
10. What are the types of power controllers used for Switched Reluctance motor?
Using two power semiconductors and two diodes per phase, (n + 1) power switching devices and
(n + 1) diodes per phase, Phase windings using Bifilar wires , Dump – C – converter, Split power
supply converter
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines- Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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11. Why rotor position sensor is essential for the operation of Switched Reluctance motor?
It is normally necessary to use a rotor position sensor for communication and speed
feedback. The turning ON and OFF operation of the various devices of power semiconductor
switching circuit are influenced by signals obtained from rotor position sensor.
18. What are the merits of classic converter or power controller in SRM?
Control of each phase is completely independent of the other phases; the energy from the off going
phase is feedback to the source, which results in useful utilization of the energy.
19. What are the different power converters used for the control of switched reluctance motor?
Classic converter, (n+1) power semiconductor switch, phase windings using bifilar wires, split
power supply converter, dump c converter.
7. Define: Slewing frequency and stepping frequency of stepper motor. (May 13)
Slewing frequency is defined as the maximum frequency (stepping rate) at which the loaded
motor can run without losing steps is alternatively called the maximum slewing frequency.
The speed of rotation of a stepping motor is given in terms of the number of steps per second
and the term stepping rate is often used to indicate speed.
8. Define: Maximum starting torque and maximum starting frequency of stepper motor.
Maximum starting torque is alternatively called as maximum pull – in torque and is
defined as the maximum frictional load with which the motor can start and synchronize with the pulse
train of frequency as low as 10 Hz.
Maximum starting frequency is the maximum control frequency at which the unloaded motor
can start and stop without losing steps.
13. What is the relationship between the step number and the step angle in a stepper motor?
Step number (S) = 360° / θs θs = step angle
15. What are the various bipolar drives used for stepper motor?
Basic Bipolar drives, Bipolar L/R drives, bipolar chopper drives
16. What are the different modes of excitation used in variable reluctance stepping motors?
1 phase on or full step operation, 2 phase on mode, alternate 1 phase on and 2 phase on mode half
step operation, micro stepping operation.
19. Compare closed loop control and open loop control in stepper motor.
Closed loop control is more accurate, oscillatory motions are avoided for certain speed ranges, Speed
remains constant for high inertial load, follows the input pulses at stepping frequency are some of the
advantages over open loop control. But it is costly and complex.
PART B
1. Explain the construction and principle of operation of 1-phase and 2-phase of
Variable Reluctance Stepping Motor.
2. Explain the construction and operation of permanent magnet Stepping motor?
3. Explain the construction and operation of hybrid Stepping motor?
4. Discuss the static and dynamic characteristics of stepper motor with neat sketch?
5. What are the drawbacks of open loop system? What is the need of closed loop control
of stepper motor?
6. Explain in detail the linear and non – linear analysis of stepper motor?
7. Explain in detail the drive system of a stepping motor?
8. Explain in detail the multi stack Variable Reluctance Stepping motor?
9. Explain the concept of torque production in variable reluctance stepping motor.
10. Problem on torque and stepping angle of stepper motor.
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines- Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
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UNIT - V OTHER SPECIAL MACHINES
PART A
1. What type of single-phase induction motors is employed in high-speed fractional KW
applications?
Single phase A.C series motor.
2. Give the main difference in construction of an A.C series motor and a D.C series motor.
i. The entire iron structure of the field cores and yoke are laminated to reduce the eddy
current loss.
ii. Number of turns in the field winding is reduced to have large reactance and higher power
factor.
iii. A.C series motors are provided with commutating poles.
4. What are the various methods available for making a single-phase motor self-starting?
(i) By splitting the single phase (ii) By providing shading coil in the poles (iii)
Repulsion
11.Does the starting torque of a hysteresis motor have the hysteresis torque as
the only component?
No, eddy current torque in addition to hysteresis torque.
13. What are parameters does the LIM speed depends upon?
LIM synchronous speed does not depend upon number of poles but on pole pitch and supply
frequency.
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PX7203-Special Electrical Machines- Question Bank M.E., C&I-2nd sem
14.Write the expression of Thrust force of LIM.
F= P/Ns www.universityquestions.in
15.Mention the advantages and disadvantages of LIM.
Advantages: Low initial cost, simplicity, No overheating of rotor.Disadvantages: High magnetizing
current results in poor efficiency and low pf., poor utilization of motor.
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