1

Reconstruction of Socio-Cultural Binaries: A Comparative Analysis of Khalid Hosseini’s

The Kite Runner (2003) And Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009)

Introduction of Research Scholar Introduction of Supervisor

Name: Naik Muhammad Name: Bushra Siddiqui

Roll no: 2020S-mulmpl-lit-028 Designation: Lecturer

Class: M.Phil. English Literature Department: School of English

Session: Spring 2020-22 Institute: Minhaj University Lahore

School of English

Faculty of Language

MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

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Reconstruction of Socio-Cultural Binaries: A Comparative Analysis of Khalid Hosseini’s

The Kite Runner (2003) And Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009)

A Thesis submitted to

School of English

By

Naik Muhammad

2020S-mulmpl-lit-028

(Session: 2020-22 spring)

The work was carried out under the supervision of

Miss Bushra Siddiqui

In partial fulfillment
Of the requirement for the degree of

M.Phil. in English (Literature)

MINHAJ UNIVERSITY LAHORE

FINAL APPROVAL
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This thesis titled

Reconstruction of Socio-Cultural Binaries: A Comparative Analysis of Khalid Hosseini’s

The Kite Runner (2003) And Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009)

By

Naik Muhammad

2020S-mulmpl-lit-028

Has been approved

By School of English, Minhaj University Lahore

External Examiner:

Supervisor:
Miss Bushra Siddiqui

HOD: Miss Waqisa

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DECLARATION

I, Naik Muhammad, 2020S-mulmpl-lit-028 declare that I have completed this thesis

within the due period. I also declare that all the material that is taken from other sources

is referred. Amount of plagiarism is within acceptable range. If a violation of HEC rules

on research has occurred in this thesis, I shall be liable to punishable action under the

plagiarism rules of the HEC.

Date: Signature of the Student

Naik Muhammad
2020S-mulmpl-lit-028
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DEDICATED TO

My beloved father Din Muhammad who has supported me both financially and morally, my

beloved mother Bibi Shafia who has encouraged me and to my dear friend Naveed khan who

has always supported I like a mentor and a true friend. This thesis is also dedicated to my

honorable Ma`am and supervisor Bushra Siddiqui. Under who’s kind guidance, I have

completed my thesis with in due time.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This thesis is devoted to the Allah Almighty, our last Prophet Muhammad (saw), my

country Pakistan and my dearest Minhaj University, my parents; who left no stone

unturned in giving and providing me what I needed, my respected supervisor Ma`am

Bushra Siddiqui who always supported me in the time when I needed her the most and

my friend Naveed Ahmed who also encouraged me.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Thesis approval form…………………………………………………..…………….……..ii

Dedication...............................................................................................................................iii

Declaration………………………………………………….……..………………………..iv

Acknowledgement…..............................................................................................................v

Abstract..................................................................................................................................10

Table of Contents............................................................................................................vii-xi

Chapter I

Introduction

1.1 Objectives……………………………………………..………………….…….22

1.2 Significance of Research……………………………………………….……….22

1.3 Research Questions…………………………………………….………..............23

1.4 Research Gap……………………………………………………………….…..23

1.5 Delimitation and Limitation……………………………….…………………....23

1.6 Rationale...............................................................................................................24

Chapter II

Theoretical framework………………………………………………...………..…25

2.1 Transcendental signified………………………………………………25-26

2.2 Logocentrism …………………...……………………………...………….26

2.3 Binary opposition.……………………………...…………………………..26

2.4 Phonocentrism……………...………………………………………………27
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2.5 Arch-writing….………………………………………………………..….. 27

2.6 Supplement…..……….…………………………………………………..…27

2.7 Difference…………………………………………………………………...28

2.8 Trace…………………….…………………………………………………..28

Chapter III

Literature Review………...……………..………………………………............…..30-46

Chapter IV

Research methodology…………………….……………………………….……….46-48

Chapter V

Discussion

5.1 The binary oppositions showcased through the characterization of the Pashtuns and the

Hazaras…………………….………...........…………………..…..……..……….48-49

5.2 The binary oppositions showcased through the characterization of the Pashtuns and the

Hazaras……………………………………..…….………………………………49-55

5.3 The brave Pashtuns and The coward Hazars ………………...……….……55-56

5.4 Truthful Pashtun and Lire Hazara ……………………………….....………56-57

5.5 The talented Pashtun and the talentless Hazars……………….……...….....57-58

5.6 The Loyal Pashtun and the deceiver Hazara…………………………...…..58-58

5.7 Binary Opposition is deconstructed using the role of the Hazars and the

Pashtuns…………………………………………………………………….…58-58
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5.8 Brave Hazara and coward Pashtuns…………..…………...........................58-65

5.9 The loyal Hazaras and deceive Pashtuns……………………………..………..65-66

5. 10 the Truthful Hazara and the Lying Pashtun…………….…………..…....66-67

5.11 The Talented Hazara and the talentless Pashtuns……………….………..67-68

The Help Analysis

5.12 Binary opposition is showcased depicting character of the Black maid and the

White………………………………….................................................................68-78

5.13 Binary opposition is showcased depicting character of the Black maid and the White

Mistress…………………………………………………………………………..77-79

5.14 The skillful white and the unskillful Black………………...………….….77-79

5.15 The Imaginative White and the unimaginative Black………………….…79-80

5.16 The sophisticated White and the unsophisticated Black…………………..80-80

5.17 Binary Opposition is deconstructed using the role of the Black maid and the White

mistress……………………………………………………………………80-82

5.18 The skilful Black and The unskillful White……………………………...82-83

5.19 The imaginative Black and the unimaginative White……………………83-87

5.20 The Sophisticated Black and the Unsophisticated White…………..........87-88

Conclusion.........................................................................................................................88-94

Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..94-97
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Abstract

The aim of this research is to view The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009) from the

perspective of deconstruction theory by Jacques Derrida to reconstruct socio-cultural binary

opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns and Black and White people in the selected texts

respectively. The concept of binary opposition exposes the differences between two things and

produce new concept which can be accepted by many readers. The problem which is discussed in

this thesis is the Binary Opposition of significant characters. For Derrida, one term in the binary

pairs is always superior or privilege to other. The Hazaras and Black people have been depicted

coward, lier, disloyal, untalented, unimaginative, unskillful, and unsophisticated, but the concept

of binary opposition inverts the table that the Hazaras and the Black people are skillful,

imaginative, truthful, brave, loyal, sophisticated, and talented in the selected novels. The

comparative analysis method will be used to bring forth similarities between American and

Afghani literature. This research is based on textual analysis and descriptive design as it

specifically deals with explanation, analysis, and findings. Thus, the binary opposition of Hazaras

and Black people have proven that they are not subjugated in Afghan and American society.

Keywords. Deconstruction, the Whites, the Pashtuns, Binary opposition, the Hazaras, the

Blacks, the Kite Runner, the Help.

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Chapter: 1

Introduction

The aim of this research is to investigate The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009)

from the perspective of deconstruction, to expose the appearance and stability of socio-cultural

binary oppositions between the Hazaras and the Pashtuns, and Black people and White people in

the selected novels respectively. The aim of this research is to examine the deconstructed

structure of the socio-cultural binaries prevailing in Pashtun and American culture. This research

investigates the construction of socio-cultural binaries in Pashtun and American culture as

reflected in The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009) and their deconstruction in the selected

texts. The comparative study of The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009) demonstrates that

Black people and the Hazaras are no more oppressed and subjugated in Afghan and American

societies respectively.

Deconstruction is a post-structural approach which describes that the socio-cultural

binaries are not fixed. Deconstruction theory explains that a text is based on two different notions

which are known as binary oppositions and these binary pairs create different meanings. The

reader is not limited to one concept or dimension of text. Derrida states that these binary

oppositions are placed in hierarchical arrangements; one term in the pair is always privileged or

considered superior to the other (Tyson, 2006, P, 254).

The Help (2009) consists of major characters Skeeter, Aibileen Clark and Minny Jackson,

Elizabeth, Miss Leefott and Hilly Holbrook are the significant characters in The Help (2009).

They are the friends of Scatter’s and the. Aibileen and Minny are the Black maids who work in
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Elizabeth and Hilly’s house. The narrator has placed the setting in 1962 Jackson, Mississipi, at

that time American society was under the racism and discrimination.

The Help (2009), portrays the summer of 1962 in Jakson at Mississippi where a Black

maid Aibileen Clark has been working in the house of White mistress Miss Leefolt to take care of

her daughter. Miss Leefolt and other White people consider that the Black are like a disease and

they should keep themselves away from them. Aibileen has not been allowed to use the

bathrooms in the house, because she is the Black as reflected in The Help (2009). Miss Leefolt

has constructed new bathroom outside house for Aibeleen. On the other hand, Minny has been

fired from her job by Miss Elizabeth, because she cannot afford to build new bathrooms in the

garbage for her black maid Minny. Miss Hilly has put allegation at Minny of being a thief. Hence,

Minny has been fired from her job because of her black colour.

Skeeter seeks job then she gets a letter from the Elaine Stein that she has to write about the

Black maids in the Jackson. Skeeter writes about the miseries and troubles of the Black women in

her book as reflected in The Help (2009). The life of Aibileen and Minny has been depicted in

The Help (2009) that to write about the black women and their sufferings as reflected in The Help

(2009). Skeeter does not have any idea of cleaning, she has consulted Aibileen to help her in

writing an article about cleaning. Skeeter and Aibileen have discussed various issues about

cleaning, then she gets an idea of cleaning and the lives of maids in the Jackson. She has narrated

the whole experience of cleaning to the Elaine Stein, but the idea has worried the Elaine because

it is very dangerous and threating for the lives of the Black women in the Jackson. Skeeter wants

to show the real face of white people as reflected in The Help (2009). She gets interest in the

stories of the Aibileen that Black women are rasining the Children in the White families.

Aibileen, a Black maid, has brought Mae Mobley. Stockett has depicted the miserable life of the
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Black maids in her book. Skeeter book has revealed that the black maids are treated badly in

Jackson as reflected in the help (2009). The Black maids have helped Skeeter to write book and

expose the discrimination and hypocrisy of the White mistress as reflected in The Help (2009).

Then another Black maid Minny has decided to help Skeeter, because Minny dislikes Holbrook.

Therefore, Skeeter has more information to complete her book. Sketter has taken the advantage of

the Aibileen to get information from other Black maids, and they have agreed to complete her

book.

After few months, the book has been completed and it will be published by Row and

Harper. The Black maids were really happy when they read the book. But Hilly was not happy.

She goes to Skeeter house and complains about the book. In the start none was willing to read the

book, but when it was promoted on television many people has started to take interest in reading

the book, and they have started to buy the book. The book has suddenly become very famous in

the Jakson. The White woman has started to read the book and they have realized that how they

have mistreated the black maids in the Jackson as reflected in The Help (2009).

Skeeter has been rejected by her boyfriend because she has sympathy and relation with the

Black maids. She becomes worried about it, but then she has realized that men do not have the

sympathy and positive response with the Black maids, he does not motivate her in writing the

book about the miseries of the Black maids. Finally, she has started her new life and she has

accepted as editor at Row and Harper. She moves to the New York. Minny has got the dare and

courage to leave her husband, and she has got a comfortable job in the Foote`s household.

Aibileen has been fired by Miss Elizabeth, and has founded a job as a columnist to Miss Myrna`s

coulms.
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Another important theme which has ruined black characters social life in The Help (2009)

is the theme of racism .The Black people have been denied from the progress and advancement in

education and professional advancement. The Black people only serve their White masters and

they facilitate the White families. The Black people are considered lazy, impure, and inferior by

the Whites in the American society as reflected in The Help (2009). Therefore, the Whites do not

give a respectable and worthy status to the Black people. Aibileen has remained alone from her

family. Miss Leefott has taken her to home, and she tells her to take care of her children. The

Black maids, Minny and Aibileen, have not been given their respectable status in the society by

their White Mistress. The Whites have considered the Blacks as animal in The Help (2009). They

call the Black people maids or animals. According to the White people, the Black people have

similar charactersitics as animal, even the Black people are not human beings. Furthermore, the

Whites people have created social and cultural barriers for the Black people The Help (2009).

They are not allowed to raise their voice for their rights. Thereby, The Help (2009) has depicted

the marginalized and miserable condition of the Black people who are deprived from their basic

and fundamental rights by the White people in American society. They have been given lower

status on the basis of their skin and colour.

The discrimination of Black people has been a recurring theme of The Help (2009). The

Black people have not been given their due shares in American society and their spheres of

activities are limited to their domestic chores. The Black people have never been given freedom in

American society. Aibileen, the Black maid, has been given lower status, and even they are living

in a dirty and poor condition as reflected in The Help (2009). They do not have proper houses for

living. Even though the White people are living in large and proper houses in The Help (2009)

and have net and clean atmosphere. They are living a prosperous and healthy life. Black people
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have not been given the right to take part in the political and social activities. Miss Leefott, the

antagonist in The Help (2009), is the most proper example of the character that subjugated and

oppressed the Black people in the society. Miss Leefolt`s character reflects that the White people

in American society have subjugated the Black people, and they have exploited Black people are

only considered as a working machine. The subjugation of Aibileen by the hands of Miss Leefott

is the depiction of the Black people`s fate in American society. Aibileen and Manny have faced

domestic violence by the hands of Miss Leefott. So, the miserable fate of Black people have been

depicted in The Help (2009), and they have been subjugated in every sphere of life in American

society as reflected in The Help (2009).

Aibileen is considered “them” by Miss Leefolt and she considers herself “Us” the most

important issue which has influenced the lives of Black people in the American society as

demonstrated in The Help (2009). The White people consider the Black people as the minor class

of the society, and they do not perceive Black as humans as reflected in The Help (2009). The

Blacks are only considered to be oppressed and subjugated class in the American society. White

people have considered themselves as superior, and powerful entity of the society as reflected in

The Help (2009). Miss Leefott has not given Aibileen her social and cultural status. Aibeleen has

been considered inferior and subjugated and, she has not been given any kind of proper attention

by the Miss Leefott. Their physical appeacnce and skin colour have proven “them” in The Help

(2009). The White people have kept themselves different as “Us”. The Black people have

physically and mentally tortured by White people in the American society. Hence, Black people

have not been considered part of White culture and society.

The love of mother and daughters have remained a debatable issue in The Help (2009).

The relation between the Black caretaker and the White children have remained lovable and
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protective. The White children have strong relation with their caretakers because the nurturing

blood is more powerful. The love between the Black maid and White children have been

disturbed by the racial discrimination. The White children have never get any kind of affection

and love from their mother .There is no sign of love and sympathy in Miss Leefott behavior for

Aibileen because Miss Leefott also treats her in a very different way. The White children do not

have good relation with their mother as reflected in The Help (2009) .As far as Aibileen is

concerned, she has been very kind to the White children. Aibileen has given a lot of love and

affection to the White children, and she has taught them to be kind and sympathetic to everyone in

the society. Hence, the love of mother and children are not limited to blood relation, but it has

remained the same with Aibileen the Black maid.

Helplessness and poverty have been remained the basic issue in The Help (2009). The

Black people have been limited to the manual labor even at that time when America has been

ruled by the White democrats. The freedom of the Black people has been restricted in American

society. The Black people have been restricted from getting education and progress. The black

people have not been given the opportunity to become the part of any political or social activity.

Aibileen and Many have faced much sufferings and troubles at the hands of Miss Leefott as

depicted in The Help (2009).

The Kite Runner (2003) is the tale of two friend. One is Hazara and the other is Pashtun.

The story develops when Amir, a Pashtun boy, wins the kite running tournament that is held

every year in Kabul. Hassan, an Hazaras boy, who works as servant in Amir`s House runs the

wining kite for Amir. Unfortunately, Wail, Kamal and Assef catch Hassan, but Amir does not try

to free Hassan from the Pashtuns, because Amir has won the tournament and he wants to carried

the lost kite to his Baba to win father`s favour and affection. As a result, Assief rapes Hassan and
 17

dishonored him in front of his friend. The Hassan rapes has not only psychologically disturbed

him but also brings countless problems between Hassan and Amir. Hassan loses his honor for the

sake of Amir`s happiness but Amir does not even try to resist on Hassan’s behalf. Hassan’s rape

is a tragic flow in the life of Amir.

Moreover, the anxiety of Amir increases gradually. Amir has set a plain that he should

push Hassan and Ali from Baba’s home. Amir places his money and watch under Hassan bed, and

Amir cries that his watch and money has been stolen. Amir goes here and there in the house and

surprisingly says he finds his watch and money under Hassan’s bed. Hassan has not pretended

before Amir and Baba but he acknowledge that he has stolen the watch and money from Amir.

Amir has succeeded in his mission and Hassan and Ali has decided that they do not want to live

any more in this house. Baba has resisted many times that they should not leave the home, but Ali

and Hassan do not listen to anyone and go on their own way. Ali and Hassan have saw off

extremely disturbed Amir. He has deceived loyal friend and servant Ali. He faced many problems

after Hassan and Ali has left the home. Furthermore, as the war breaks in the country and Soviet

Union has attacked Afghanistan. The life of people became very much difficult, the war has

destroyed the law and order situation in the country. Amir and Baba have abandoned their country

and decided to take refuge in Pakistan. Amir and Baba have remained some times in Pakistan

after they go to America where they have settled down in California. On the other hand, Hassan

and Ali remain in Afghanistan. Thereby, the lives of every character in The Kite Runner (2003)

have been destroyed by war. They have suffered a lot during the war.

In addition to this, In California, Amir falls in love with Soraya, the daughter of general

Tahir. Later on, they got married. Soraya has been eloped by an Afghan, when she was young and

they spend a month without wedlock. Before wedding, Soraya has told her past incident to Amir,
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but Amir does not feel any harm about Soraya’s past. Amir has willingly accepted Soraya and

spend a peaceful and beautiful life with her in California. Russian has been defeated by Taliban

and Taliban has taken over the Kabul. Mujahedeen has imposed their strict laws in the country.

Mujahedeen has banned women form getting education and closed the school, Universities and

Colleges in Afghanistan. Shariat laws have been imposed in the country. The Shia and Sunni

Conflict have begun. Mujahedeen has started the Massacre of Shia on the basis of their religious

cult. Hassan lives in Baba’s house and takes care of it. Assief (Pashtun) becomes the part of the

Mujahedeen, he kills Hassan and Farzana, Hassan’s wife. Mujahedeen has taken control of Baba’s

house. Assief has taken Hassan`s son Sohrab. Sohrab has sexually been abused by Assief. So, the

life of Hassan has been ruined by Amir and Assief. Amir’s father`s friend Rahim khan has called

Amir, and told that Hassan has been killed by Mujahedeen and he should go to rescue his son.

Amir comes to Peshawar and meets Rahim khan, when he gets information that Hassan is his

half-brother. He goes to Afghanistan and search various orphanage, but later on, he has been

informed that Sohrab is in Assief the custody. He uses Sohrab as a prostitute in the orphanage.

After a massive fight with Assef, Amir and Sohrab run from Afghanistan and take refuge in

Pakistan. In the end, they left for California.

The theme of redemption plays very important role in The Kite Runner (2003). Amir tries

to seek redeem from his baba, while producing Amir, his mother has passed away. He feels guilty

because he has snatched from Baba his love. Amir understands himself responsible for the death

of his mother. Amir always tries to free himself from the crime which he has committed. He has

struggled hard to win the Kite running tournament to win the favor and love of his Baba. Amir

takes the loosing Kite to his father, so that he can free himself from the crime. Hassan is carrying

the losing Kite to Amir`s father while in the way he meets with his own tragedy. The tragedy of
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Hassan and his mother has made Amir too much uncomfortable. Amir journey to Kabul to find

Hassan`s son Sohrab has proven that Amir has fought for his friend. Amir has proven that he

stands for his friend in the time of troubles and miseries. Amir has fulfilled the duty of friendship

and he has paid the price of his friendship. Amir has redeemed himself in the novel.

Another important theme in The Kite Runner (2003) is the complex love between father

and son. Amir and baba’s relations are not as good as father and son`s relations should be. Amir

loves his baba but his baba does not love his son Amir as much as one can love his son. Baba

always favors Hassan, therefore Amir does not want to save Hassan when he has been raped.

Baba understands that if he loves Amir and gives full attention to Amir, it will be discrimination

with Hassan. Therefore, baba has always remained too much hard with Amir and show his love

for Hassan indirectly. Whenever Baba takes Amir somewhere, he usually takes Hassan as well.

Baba has paid for Hassan lip surgery. Taliban has killed Hassan and Sohrab remained alone. The

conditions of Hassan and Amir have remained same, they both do not have their father affection,

warmth and love. Thereby, the protagonist of the novel has faced too much difficulties while

attracting his father towards himself.

Political events and the lives of common people are the main themes which shows that

Afghanistan is very peaceful and prosperous when there was monarchy, but later on Afghanistan

became republic and it has brought too much disaster to the lives of common people in the

country. The Soviet invasion has destroyed the political framework of the country. In The Kite

Runner (2003), it is clearly mentioned through the character of Baba, Amir and Hassan that lives

have been destroyed, the war has too much significance in The Kite Runner (2003) because it has

very serious effects on the lives of the characters. Baba and Amir has fled from Afghanistan, so

that they can save thief lives from the troubles of war. When the war ended, Taliban has taken
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over Kabul. The Taliban has killed Hassan on the basis of his religious sect. Assief, a notorious

character, has become the part of Taliban and he has been given a very good position in Taliban

government. Assief has used his power to fulfill his sexual desires. So, the political events have

brought too much troubles, sufferings, and worries in the lives of ordinary people. Afghanistan

has been destroyed by the political change, and people are homeless, and killed in Afghanistan as

reflected in The Kite Runner (2003).

Endurance of past is another theme which has serious effects on the lives of every

character in The Kite Runner (2003).Past has serious effects on the lives of Amir and Hassan.

Amir feels so much depressed by his past actions. He feels too much guilty due to the death of

Hassan. Ali and Hassan has been forced to leave Baba’s house. Ali and Hassan have died because

of the worst situation of Afghanistan. Hassan becomes the victim of the sectarian violence and he

has been killed by Taliban. The murder of the Hassan effected the life of Amir. For, Sohrab the

past is too much painful because he has been sexually harassed and physically tortured. Sohrab

has tried to commit suicide when Amir says he will be send to orphanage. The murder of Hassan

parents and war has traumatized him. So, the life of Sohrab and Amir have severely been effected

by war. The war has not only snatched their happiness but also their beloved ones, with whom

they are psychologically and emotionally attached.

Another most important theme in The Kite Runner (2003) is the male relation or

friendship. The Kite Runner (2003) has completely concerned on the relation of male. The

friendship of Amir and Hassan is the best example of male friendship in The Kite Runner (2003).

Amir has close relations with Hassan. When Amir know that Hassan is his step-brother. He has

started discrimination with Hassan. As far as Hassan is concerned, he has always remained loyal

to Amir. Hassan has never discriminated Amir on his religious sect and ethnicity. Hassan has
 21

always sacrificed his happiness for the sake of Amir. The faithful behavior of Hassan shows his

strong friendship with Amir. On the other hand, Baba dishonored Ali’s wife and remained loyal to

Ali. Rahim khan realizes Amir to go and take the revenge of his friend. Amir has ended the cycle

of his betrayal. Thereby, the loyalty have been shown in the male characters in The Kite Runner

(2003).

Religion is the significant theme in The Kite Runner (2003). Many characters follow Islam

in many ways. Baba hates Islam and its followers, and he calls them hypocrites. Amir who does

not have any kind of relation with religion he does not follow the teachings of Islam. Ali strictly

follow Islam and he always says five times prayer. Ali has strong religion bond. Ali firmly

believe in the worship of God. Hassan is also following Islam as Ali, he neither tells lie nor

deceive other Muslims. Assief does not follow the rules of Islam, he uses Islam for his own

benefits and corruption. Being the part of Afghan Mujahedeen, Assief kills Hazaras and

understands that he does good work. Assief has stoned to death two women who have been

founded adulterous. Assief has raped Sohrab. So, it demonstrates that Assief and rest of the

mujahedeen have been using Islam for their own benefits, and they have misrepresented Islam in

The Kite Runner (2003).

Racism and ethnicity is the main theme of The Kite Runner (2003).Racial discrimination

has been depicted through the mutual social and cultural background of the Hazaras and the

Pashtuns. The Hazaras are depicted inferior and minor race in The Kite Runner (2003) while the

Pashtuns is the largest, strongest, and economically stable race in The Kite Runner (2003). The

Pashtuns kills Hazaras and snatched their rights and properties. The Hazaras have been given a

much degraded place in the society by the Pashtuns. Their existence have no value in

Afghanistan. Assief a Pashtun nationalist has troubled the Hazaras through many ways. The
 22

Hazaras have been insulted, and sexually abused by the Pashtuns. They have been mocked by

Pashtuns. The Hazaras women have been raped. Baba slept with Ali’s wife, Assief has raped

Hassan and killed his wife as well. The Hazara community has faced countless problems at the

hands of Pashtuns. The Hazaras have been oppressed in the every sphere of Afghan society. The

Kite Runner (2003) has masterly represents racism and ethnicity.

1.1 Research Objectives

 To study the socio-cultural binary opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns, and

black and the white people in the selected texts.

 To investigate the inverted socio-cultural position of the previously marginalized

communities.

1.2 Significance of Research

This research aims at analyzing the stereotypical portrayal of the Hazaras and the Black in

Afghani and American literature. The racial discrimination in The Help (2009) between the

Blacks and Whites people shows that Black people are weak, oppressed and exploited. Similarly,

the racial discrimination towards the Hazaras depict that they are hopeless, powerless and

subjugated in The Kite Runner (2003).Whereas, already constructed perspective of Hazaras and

Blacks are deconstructed and hierarchical social and cultural binaries are inverted in the selected

texts. The representation of Hazaras and Black people in the selected texts will be analyzed that

may generate a different perspective of Afghan and American society. No research has been

conducted on the perspective of deconstruction in Khalid Hosseini The Kite Runner (2003) and

Kathryn Stockett`s Help (2009).

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1.3 Research Questions

 What are the factors of socio-cultural binary opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns

and black and white people in selected texts?

 How does the inversion of stereotypical socio-cultural norms empower the previously

marginalized communities in the latest scenario in the selected texts?

1.4 Research Gap

It is visible from the review of literature on the selected texts that Hosseini and

Stockett convey a very grim picture of Afghan and American stereotypical societies in The

Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009), but it has not been analyzed yet from the

perspective of deconstruction. The Kite Runner (2003) is considered as a novel in which

Pashtun characters are shown powerful, however, the binary opposition of Hazaras and

Pashtun is still unexplored. The Help (2009) is considered as a text which shows the

weaknesses of Black people, but Black people have proven themselves strong and

powerful. The power assigned to Black people and their resistance in the American culture

is yet to be explored. This research will add to the canon the deconstruction of already

developed stereotypical perspective of Afghan and American societies.

1.5 Delimitations and Limitations

This research is limited to the study of The Kite runner (2003) and The Help (2009), and

Derrida’s deconstruction theory will be applied on the texts (1960). No other text of Hosseini and

Stockett will be discussed except the selected ones. The limitations of this research are the present

study has been conducted on the novels of Khalid Hosseini’s Kite Runner (2003) and Stockett’s

The Help (2009). It implies that the findings of the study cannot be generalized or extended to

other novels of Khalid Hosseini and Kathryn Stockett. The theoretical framework of this study is
 24

founded on Jacques Derrida’s theory of deconstruction. The concept of binary oppositions

between Hazaras and Pashtun, Black people and White people will be analyzed through

deconstruction. Certain texts have been cited in the collected works and research articles are not

yet accessible to the research. This inaccessibility can cause limitations.

1.6 Rational of the study

This research suggests a way forward for Hazaras and Black people who are deprived of

their basic rights. It urges people to think about the importance of Black people and Hazaras.

This makes Black people and Hazaras think that if they want to get better opportunities and

rights, then they have to work on themselves. Black people and Hazaras must stand up for their

rights. Black people have been taught for ages that they are inferior to White people. They have

no share of independence in this world, but with the application of deconstruction theory to these

texts, it will help Black people and Hazaras to realize that they have every right to live a free life.

This study will also awaken awareness in the readers. It tells people that if they want to stand up

for their rights, they can achieve anything to survive in this world. It will add a new body of

knowledge to the existing body of knowledge on both texts, i.e. The Kite Runner (2003) and The

Help (2009). This research will also fill the gap by providing research on the comparative study

of these two literary works.

 25

Chapter 2

Theoretical framework

Deconstruction does not fall in the category of the literature. It actually deals with the

philosophy. Derrida deconstruction method is influenced by other philosophers and critics.

Derrida method always involved the highly detailed deconstruction reading of the selected texts

of the other philosopher, words and these deconstruction have been borrowed via literaray critics

and used in the meaning of literary functions (Barry2002, 68).

In Grammatology, Derrida writes that deconstruction deals with the hidden instead of the

visual meaning of the text. A deconstruction method must always goal at certain relations

unperceived through writer, between what he orders and what he does not order of pattern of the

languages that he uses it attempts to make the not seen accessible to see.

2.1 Transcendental signified

Transcendental signified refers to an extra point of view, on which people can develop

their own ideas and understating. The transcendental signified cannot be compared to other

signified. It originates its own meaning. It does not differ or relate as other signified is related or

differed. The transcendental signified makes its own center and meaning. The transcendental

signified makes its own meaning and provide extra information. The transcendental signified

cannot relate itself to other structural analysis. If it limits itself to the structure it will

automatically will lose its place as transcendental signified in more easy way. The transcendental

signified is the starting point of deconstruction method. It is necessary for the reader to find an

extra point while reading text because it provides ultimate perspective. The transdental signified
 26

reveals that other meanings are also possible for one concept. It is not related to one concept or

meaning.

2.2 Logocentrism

The western philosophy is based on logocentrism, because they understands that there is

always an organized for obverting the in the world. The western philosophy has created various

terms which functions as God, essence, truth, humanity, these all concepts are completed in their

selves. Because they have their own transcendental signified. Derrida call these concepts

logocentrism and says there is always an ultimate meaning. The logocentrism is the greatest

illusion of the western philosophy. According to Derrida, people perception cannot be derived

from the center. One center cannot replace another. The term logocentrism has been derived from

Derrida. According to this concept, one center decentered. By decentering the one concept or

center, the other automatically make another concept or center.

2.3 Binary opposition

Binary opposition is based on that concept that when a center is decentered the other term

make the center. The western metaphysics is based on the methods of binary opposition.

According to them, every center has its own opposite center. For example, Good and bad, black

and white, beautiful and ugly, black and white, day and night etc. Western metaphysis

demonstrates that in the two opposite pairs or center one is superior, whereas one is inferior or

opposite. Forex, we know rich because we know poor, the creation of such hierarches that Derrida

has challenged. Derrida has realized that here is always one opposite center of any center. The

relationship between the two centers is very complicated because one is always superior to other,

both pairs rely upon one another.

 27

2.4 Phonocentrism

Derrida concept of binary opposition is based on an idea that on term in the pairs is

always superior or privileged to the other, whereas the other is weak and inferior or does not have

privilege. For example, ugly and beautiful, how beautiful is she? How ugly is she? When

someone beauty is asked it means that beauty has prevailed over the ugliness, and beauty is

sensed better than ugliness. The main thing which Drrida wants to elaborate here is that in the

binary opposition one term in the Pairs has better characteristics which can be accessible easily

than the other one which is in inferior position. Derrida depicts that these all binaries are

construed by society and culture.

2.5 Arch-writing

Another is arch writing in which Drrida explains the logic and reason of the reversal

hierarchies. Derrida claims that ach writing has prevailed over speech, because writing is

preconditioned to speech. according to Derrida, language is a particular type of writing which is

called archi-écriture or arch-writing taking the western metaphysics, which is introduced in

phonocentrism, Derrida reverse the speech/writing hierarchy by defining that speech and writing

have similar characteristics.

2.6 Supplement

The next term which Drrida used in deconstruction is supplement. It deals with the

unstable relationship of the pairs or center in the binary opposition. Supplement can be added

when something originally lacks from its complete meaning. In speech writing, binary opposition

writing supplements speech and takes the place of speech. The supplement occurs in every pairs

and center. One pair or center is supplemented by other.

 28

2.7 Difference

The basic concept to understand the deconstruction is known as difference. The

etymological meaning of the difference is derived from French word differer. This word mean to

differ or different from something. Derrida explains as nothing can be known or learned in

privacy. When something is founded on its difference from something else, which is related not

unrelated.

2.8 Trace

Trace is a term of deconstruction which is related to difference. A trace is sign which is

differ or different from. It is considered to be the absent part of the presence, it is a sign which is

left by an abstract elements. Derrida states that the trace is actually not present because it effects

itself. When the trace presents itself, it effects itself. Every present has the trace as different. It has

the trace that it is different.

While practicing deconstruction, it must be considered that a text can be interpreted from

many angles, the themes of the texts can be read from many angles to explore the hidden elements

within the text. The deconstructor read a text and understand it through the logocentric point of

view the text. The reader finds binary opposition in the text and reads its meaning. The binary

opposition dismantles the concept that a text is not limited to the fix-meaning. For example, rich

and poor, male and female, god and humanity, when a reader comes to know the hierarchy and

biased diversion in the world. The deconstructor starts to apply binary opposition to

deconstruction or reverse these fix binaries. The deconstructor finds the solid and concrete facts

while reversing the fixed binaries.

 29

The Hazras have challenged the logocentric concept that one term in the society is

superior or privilege to other. Hzaras are brave, talented, tolerable, resisters, loyal, truthful, and

defensive, the binary opposition between Pashtuns and Hazars demonstrates that Hazaras have

firmly stood for their rights and they have achieved whatever they want. Hazaras have strongly

stable their existence in Afghan culture. They have dismantle the notion that they are oppressed.

They have the talent and tolerance to handle every situation by their own mental and physical

strength. Hazaras have faced the every the cruelty of Taliban as reflected in The Kite Runner

(2003). The Hazaras have their stable identity and they have challenged every kind of troubles

which are inflicted upon them by Pashtuns as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). Hazaras have

overturned the notion that they are under the influence of Pashtuns. Even though they have

proven that Pashtuns who are known as talented, brave, imaginative, are not more talented and

brave than Hazaras. They have break down the socio-cultural perception that have been

constructed in the society that Hazars are inferior and subjugated. Hazars have stabilized their

identity through their courage and fearless behavior. The binary opposition between the Pashtuns

and the Hazaras proves that they are the powerful, fearless, and strong race as reflected in The

Kite Runner (2003). Hosseini has given Hazaras a very lower status, he has proven that Hazars are

coward and fearful.

The Black people have also challenged the White people supremacy in The Help (2009).

The novel depicts marginalized and oppressed status of Black people in American society. The

oppression triggered by White people have been challenged by the Black people in The Help

(2009). The binary opposition between Black and White have inverted concept of White people

are not superior in the American society because Black people have the ability to challenge White

people dominance. In The Help (2009) Black people have resisted against the socio-cultural
 30

norms of White people and they have proven that they are not under the dominance of any class.

The Black people have beard every kind of situation with courage. Black people have depicted

that they are not uncivilized rather they are civilized than White people. The imaginative and

civilized behavior of Black people shows that they have rejected the superior position of the white

people in American society. The White people have been depicted civilized, superior and normal,

whereas the Black people has been depicted inferior, uncivilized, and exotic while deconstructing

the binary opposition. It proves that Black people are civilized, superior and normal. Thereby, the

socio-cultural binaries have been deconstructed in The Help (2009).

 31

Chapter: 3

Literature review

The theme of war is the important theme in The Kite Runner (2003) by Binod Sapkota

depicts that the lives of the individuals in Afghanistan have been effected by war. New Historism

has been used to expose the war-torn societies and their lives in the country. Furthermore, it states

that voiceless or powerless have been deprived of their basic rights. Pashtuns on the basis of their

religious sect victimize and torture Hazaras as depicted in The Kite Runner (2003). Sometimes,

Hazaras are sentenced to death on the basis of religious sect, and sometimes, they suffered too

much violence at the hands of Taliban. The Kite Runner (2003) depicts that Pashtuns torture

Hazaras on racial basis, because Hazaras are powerless, they cannot raise voice against the

injustice of Pashtuns. The impacts of war has severely affected the social structure of

Afghanistan. Ethnic discrimination causes people to violate the laws of humanity. They cannot

tolerate one another in the country. The Kite Runner (2003) demonstrates that Shia sect has been

oppressed in Afghanistan owing to Sunni. The Hazaras and other minorities have been subjugated

by Pashtuns as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). Thus, war has made the lives of individuals

much difficult. They have marginalized and subjugated one another through various means.

Amir-Hassan complicated relationship a socio-psychological study in HoessIni’s The Kite

Runner (2003) by Hertiana Ikasari (2017) reveals the master and the slave relation in The Kite

Runner (2003) .Socio-psychological, and social exchange theories are used to expose the conflict

between Hazaras and Pashtuns in Afghanistan. Hassan, a Hazaras boy, is depicted much effected

in the society. The social position of Hassan places him under Amir`s powers. The Kite Runner
 32

(2003) reveals that Hazars are sexually abused by Pashtuns. Amir and Hassan character

demonstrates Afghan society is based on racism. The oppressed and powerless status of Hazaras

create a lot of troubles for them. The marginalization of Hazaras can be imagined through Hassan

character. Amir character depicts the pride and power of the Pashtuns and their brutal behavior

towards Hazaras and other minorities. Social status, family background create complex relation.

Hence, Hazaras and the Pashtuns complex social behavior lays heavy influence on society.

The theme of racism and ethnicity by Akram Sadat Hosseini & Esmai Zhodi reflects that

Pashtuns consider themselves superior in Afghanistan. The Kite Runner (2003) depicts that

Pashtuns have controlled the political and social system of the country. Racism is well expressed

through the view of a sociologist, Feagin, he said that natural superiority over others is

unjustifiable. The study reveals that Pashtuns and Hazaras are living together in Afghanistan, but

the social spheres of Hazaras are limited in the afghan society. Hazars are not able to stabilize

their life styles, a lot of obstacles have been created to keep Hazaras deprived of their rights. The

Kite Runner (2003), demonstrates that Hazaras physical appearance is one of the major causes

which harms them in the country. They have been tortured and killed on the basis of their

religious sect, and they have been troubled by Taliban. Hence, they have been subjugated on their

religious and ethnic differences in Afghanistan.

The theme of war and miseries depicted in the Kite Runner (2003) by Racha Dayekh

depicts that war makes people powerless. War does not let people support one another. The paper

depicts that war creates groups, and the groups become the rivals of one another. War always

makes inferior groups subjugated in the society. Hazaras have been oppressed in Afghanistan and

they have faced much violence in Afghanistan, their lands have been taken, and Hazaras women

have been dishonored as depicted in The Kite Runner (2003). Hazaras are considered inferior in
 33

the society. Thus, war psychologically, physically and socially effects the life circle of human

beings.

The effects of Afghan conflict portrayed in Hosseini`s The Kite Runner (2003) by Brakat

ullah demonstrates racial discrimination towards Hazaras. The Kite Runner (2003) depicts that

Hazaras have been deprived of their basic and fundamental rights in Afghanistan. Sociological

theory of Alan Swingewood has been used to bring forth social injustice and inequality inflicted

upon Hazaras, and they are considered to be the weakest creature of the universe, and they have

been insulted and humiliated because of their social status as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003).

Survival for the Hazara community is very difficult in Afghan society. In short, they don’t have

the right to prove themselves Afghani.

Representation of Afghan Cultural identification in The Kite Runner (2003) by Vishali

represents the cultural values of every ethnic group which lives in Afghanistan. This study is

conducted to reveal the cultural identity of Afghans in Afghanistan and around the world. The

cultural identity sometimes creates many problems for those who migrate to various countries.

Moreover, the Hazaras have been oppressed in Afghanistan, the Hazaras who belongs to

minorities and other sects in Afghanistan are misbehaved. Thus, the Hazaras are exploited in

Afghanistan on the behalf of their cultural identities.

The social conflict as demonstrated in Hosseini`s novels the Kite Runner (2003) by

Ahmed Faqih depicts the social discrimination from the perspective of Marxism. Ahmed exposes

that Hazars are marginalized and oppressed in afghan society at the hands of Pashtuns. Upper

class of the society has always oppressed lower class. Working class always faces too much

violence from upper class. The Kite Runner (2003) depicts that Hazaras are not only oppressed or

tortured by Pashtuns, but they have also been victimized by the Taliban. Lower economic status
 34

and religious sect are the only two causes which do not let the Hazaras lead a peaceful and

prosperous life. In addition to it, Hazars have been tortured and oppressed by Pashtuns and

Taliban.

The problem of ethnicity in Hosseini`s The Kite Runner (2003) by Safior Rehman

Paramanik demonstrates that the lives of the Hazara`s in Afghanistan is very difficult. They have

faced too much violence, and they have been killed by various outfits in the country. Afghan

society is a racial society. The Kite Runner (2003) demonstrates that the Hazara community has

been subjugated in the society, they have been tortured through every possible way, and they have

faced too much humiliation at the hands of Pashtuns. Their women have been raped and their

elders have been disrespected. Thus, ethical conflict brings too much disasters to the lives of those

people who are weak, powerless, and inferior in the society.

Cultural identities are the significant issues in Hosseini the Kite Runner (2003). Ramesh

Preasad Adhikary states that cultural identities in Afghanistan has made a lot of problems for

ethinicites. It is very difficult for minorities to live in a society which is based on racism and

racial discrimination. Hazars have tried hard to stabilize their existence, but they cannot do so,

because the authority is in the hands of Pashtuns as depicted The Kite Runner (2003). Hazaras

have been discriminated in every sphere of life, and they have been suppressed in the country, and

they have not been given any kind of support in the Afghan society as reflected in The Kite

Runner (2003). Thus, he demonstrates that it is very harsh for Hazaras to find a suitable and

peaceful environment in Afghan culture. The cultural identity has not only brought various kinds

of troubles, but it has also destroyed the life of human beings in Afghanistan.

The theme of discrimination and racism in Afghani literature by Abdul Wadood Hakim

states that the strong racial prejudices and ethnic relations of Afghanistan make people deprived
 35

of their basic rights. Pashtun and Hazara ethnic delegates. Feagin also emphasizes when he states

that systems of racist relations separate both the perpetrators of racist crimes and the recipients of

racist acts from their communities of origin. It argues that people are divided by racism and racial

discrimination in the community, like superior and inferior races are subjugated in society. It has

caused many difficulties in country and community as demonstrated in The Kite Runner (2003)

The not resolve ethnic collision in Hosseini The Kite Runner(2003) has conducted by

Naghmeh Varghyanai demonstrates that due to momentary cause, Hassan behavior towards Amir

has remained respectable, as his mistreatment of him is essentially due to his feeling of boredom

also a reflection of society in which they animated. At that era in his entity, he does not know

ethnic problems like he did later in his entity. Although he is not aware of the ethnic problems on

Hassan, this is a consequence of the presenting abrogating sociocultural attitude towards Hazara

community. In other way, as the mature interpreter acknowledges, Amir anticipated and

recognized as if he had all the benefits of superiority. Assif’s hate plot adjoin Hazaras has di

peaks in the sequential. In the first and second parts, he humbly rapes Hassan and Sohrab. These

both actions modify the course of sequential time and profoundly affect both the lives of the

innocent and entity of narrator. Asseif's acute aggression towards Hassan as Hazara lad is shown

in major kite running tournament hold in the narrator's neighborhood.

Representation of power relationship in The Kite Runner (2003) deals with problems of

indigenous discrimination in Afghanistan. In Afghan society there is special bound between two

races Hazaras and Pashtuns. The author demonatses another framework of division between

religious beliefs as Amir's instructor Molvi Fatiullah Khan and free thinker Afghans such as Baba.

The Taliban has ruined the social structure and made inequality in the country as reflected in The

Kite Runner (2003). The Taliban has imposed their own laws in the name of Islam. The author
 36

depicts that Hazars and other minorities are killed by the Taliban is not advanced. It is much

intensified result of long-standing favoritism. Author has placed the power relation between the

Hazars and the Pashtuns. The racial discrimination in the novel demonstrates the cruelties and

atrocities of the text. Author plan basis to build notion that Pashtun most of them hates Hazara

population. Many Hazras have been killed by the Pashtuns, they have been homeless and burnt

down their schools and houses. Assief has always praised Pashtuns in Afghanistan.

Another research work titled as ethical conflict in Hossein`s the Kite Runner (2003)

written by Khorirotun Nisa depicts the ethical discrimination between Hazara and Pashtoon.

Sociological approach has been used to disclose the rivalries between Hazara and Pashtun.

Hazaras have been tortured in the country. They have been subjugated in every walk of life. They

are not allowed to take part in political and sociological issues as represented The Kite Runner

(2003). They have been teased from different angles. Their lives have been endangered and their

properties snatched. Hence, Hazaras are too much effected in Afghanistan.\

A research article titled as Afghan minorities and ethical tension in the Kite Runner (2003)

by Haseena Kabeer & Priyanka Chaudhary mirrors the miserable status of Hazaras in afghan

society. Racial theories have been applied to dismantle the subordinate position and oppressed

status of Hazara in a society which is based on racial discrimination. Hazars have faced many

challenges in Afghan society. They are not able to keep themselves safe and peaceful. They do

not have the power to resist against the social structure of the country. Afghan social structure is

very cruel to powerless people like Hazaras. Similarly, they are also dishonored in the name of

honor in Afghan society, they are treated badly by Pashtuns. They have been forced to accept, and

to spend their lives to amuse their Pashtun fellows. They are not allowed to participate in social

and political activities. Hence, Hzaras are marginalized in Afghan society.

 37

The representation of Pashtuns cultural norm in Hussein’s The Kite Runner (2003) by

Waheed Ahmed khan demonstrates the misrepresentation of Pashtun and Parsi speaking

characters in The Kite Runner (2003).The characters have been discussed in the light of Mahmoud

Madni’s theory of good “and “bad” Muslims. Fernando Ferrari’s approach has been used for

model and structure to analyse the fiction. This paper depicts that Pashtun as selfish, coward, and

immoral. Some Pashtun characters are portrayed good Muslims because they were living in

America and in the west. Those characters who favored Taliban have been depicted as “bad”

Muslims. Farsi and Pashtun characters have challenged Pashtun code of life which is

Pashtunwali. Thus, those Pashtun characters who are under the influence of Americanization and

westernizations have misrepresented their cultural values.

The theme of racism is the major theme towards Hazaras as reflected in Hussein’s The

Kite Runner (2003) has been explored by Fadlilah Satya Handayani in (2016). This study has

been conducted to disclose the racial discrimination towards the Hazara. Theories on racism and

racial discrimination have been used to explore hatred towards Hazara the in Afghan society.

Pashtun hegemony is the cause which leads to oppression of Hazaras on sociological and

economic bases. The Hazars are shown as the most weak and poor in Afghan society. The

Hazaras are killed and tortured by the Pashtuns, they were discriminated on their Physical

appearance. Hassan is not only psychologically disturbed, but also insulted due to his social

status. Social differences are visible in The Kit Runner (2003) and the Hazaras are exploited in

Afghanistan.

A journal article title as discussion on the tragedy of Hassan in The Kite Runner by Peg

Yuan-Yuan demonstrates the family ethics, national Ethnics, and religious ethics of Hassan from

the ethics differences. Peg Yuan-Yuan states that Hassan spends his Childhood without mother’s
 38

love. He has not been given family support. He is the illegitimate son of Amir’s father. If Baba

dares to admit Hassan his son, he will grow up under his father umbrella, but Hassan was not

accepted by Amir`s Father and he was left in war effected area. He was killed by the Assief,

because he does not like the Hazaras. Hassan was too much effected by family ethics. Peg Yuan-

yah states that national ethics are clearly visible from the character of Assief. He says Pashtuns

are pure Afghan. Assef is the face of the Pashtun Nationalism. Professor Nia Zhenzho said “the

ethical factors that influence the fate of characters should be analyzed in the social ethical position

of time, if it goes back to the context of Afghan ethics described in the move. It is not difficult to

interpret the ethical reasons for Hassan tragedy .The religious ethics are also depicted in

Hosseini’s novels, it is visible from the novel that the Pashtuns are Sunni and Hazers are Shia.

Pashtuns exploit Hazara on the basis of religion. Hassan has been killed by Assef. He was the part

of Afghan Nationalists. It is proved in the novel that Amir does not treat Hassan as friend, but he

treats Hassan on the basis of ethics.

A research work on the perspective of domestic colonialism in Hosseini’s The Kite Runner

(2003) by Lauren E. Duke depicts that the Pashtuns have power and Afghani society is under the

influence of the Pashtuns. Hazars are subjugated in Afghan stereotypical society. Hassan physical

appearance is ridiculed by Assef. Hassan nose is the target of Assef’s insult. Hazers are

considered foreigners in Afghani society. The Kite Runner (2003) is also considered to be a post-

colonial novel. She wrote that The Kite Runner (2003) represents a new complex of the Colonial

identity in Afghanistan. The methods to colonize the Hazara people is present in anthropological

theories of inter-group domain and literary theories on colonization.

One of the major themes in American literature is the theme of slavery. Indiwra Pandu

Widayaningrum (2018) demonstrates that Black people are living their lives under the supremacy
 39

of White people. Black people have suffered much because of their skin in The Help (2009). The

Post-colonial theory by Edward said has been used to demonstrate that Black people have been

given lower status because of their Black skin. They are considered as other in American society.

Black people have not been given their societal rights in The Help (2009). It has not only

destroyed their life style but also degraded them in the society. The miseries of Black people and

their subjected status has been depicted by Stockett in The Help (2009) to show that Whites have

destroyed the lives of the Blacks in the society.

Racial discrimination is the burring theme in the American literature. Maya Danastri

Suastifa (2021) has demonstrated that Black people has been considered as disease in American

society as reflected in The Help (2009). The theory of racial dscrimantition by Stuart Hell has

been used to demonstrate the lower status of the Black people in the American society. Black

people have not been given any kind of social position on the basis of their race, and they have

been depicted subjugated in The Help (2009) by stockett. The rights of Black people have been

snatched in many ways. Poverty is the major cause of their subjugation and discrimination that

Black people face in American society as it is depicted in American society.

The theme of White supremacy has remained a very prominent theme in American

society. Almi Syakila Fany (2021) demonstrates that White people have shown their social and

cultural supremacy over Black people. The theory of White supremacy by George M.

Frederickson has been used to discern the act of racial discrimination against Black people. White

people have deprived Black people of education which is the basic right of Black people in The

Help (2009). White people considered themselves superior because they think that the White

people is superior than other races in the world as it has been depicted in The Help (2009). White

makes political polices and imposed upon them. Government has given much importance to the
 40

policies of White people. Therefore, the supremacy of White people has subjugated and control

the Black people in The Help (2009).

Identity is the most prominent issue in American literature. Erils (2020) demonstrates that

Black people has faced much difficulty in the American society as reflected in The Help (2009).

Theory of Home k. Bhabha is used to show the uncanny bound between the Whites people and

the Blacks. In The Help (2009) the freedom of speech has not been given to Black people, they

are not allowed to keep their own properties. Black people has been limited to the slavery and

poverty. Black people have not been given the right of good jobs. They have been deprived of the

education. There is no equal education for Black. They have been considered as a lower race in

the American society. White people have always attacked the way of living of Black people.

Black people have been subjugated and oppressed in the American society as it is reflected in The

Help (2009).

Another most important issue in the American literature is the issue of prejudice and

discrimination. Fares Assai (2022) depicts that Black people have been discriminated in The Help

(2009). Black people have faced too much prejudice in the American society as reflected in The

Help (2009). Black people have been depicted too much subjugated and oppressed in The Help

(2009). The theory of prejudice and discrimination by Gordon W. Allport’s has been used to show

the discrimination of White people over Black People. The power has been used against Black

people to show the power and hegemony of White people in The Help (2009). American society

has remained a racial based society in the, where White people have been discriminated and

humiliated.

African-American women image in The Help (2009) by Anggi Anggraini Harahaf unfolds

the thematic analysis of western-women issues. The thematic identical issues have been explored
 41

in The Help (2009). Black women have been shown much oppressed and miserable in The Help

(2009) disclose the themes of sexism, humanity, and gender issues. The themes about Western-

women issues has been portrayed in The Help (2009).

Discussing the notion of house in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) Written by A.

Kothari (2021) that Black people have faced many challenges. They are used as non-human

object. They are treated badly in American stereotypical society. The theory of the house which is

discussed by Gaston Bachelard has been used to illustrate the suppressed position of Black people

in American society. Similarly, Black people are considered to be oppressed and colonized. White

people has dominated American society. They cannot listen to the voice of the ruled class.

Thereby, the voices of Black people is not heard in American society, and the Black are

considered oppressed and subjugated.

Social Issues Portrayed in The Help (2009) by Mr. DJemai Mohamed (20018) depicts the

miserable condition of Black people in White people dominant society. Marxism has been used as

theoretical framework. This study explores the identical issues faced by Black people under the

effect of social issues. The research depicts the low and marginalized status of Black people in

The Help (2009). Black people have been shown inferior, they have not been given due shares in

society.

Racism in Stockett’s The Help by Andi Ririn (2017) demonstrates that the Bormannian

theme of fantasy has been used to show the oppressed status of Black people in American society.

Andi Ririn analyzed the black people`s characters in The Help (2009) can be compared to those

people who are portrayed in the western media. Black people are shown war-torn on western

media and in the Help (2009).

 42

Racial injustice in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) by Fhatmawati (2012) represents

the oppressed and marginalized life of the social and cultural values of American society. Post-

colonial theory has been used to dismantle the suppressed and marginalized status of Black people

in The Help (2009), where Black people only wish is to make their masters happy. Black people

are responsible to bring fame and honor to White people. They are physically and psychologically

controlled by White people .They have been deprived of their basic rights. They are not allowed

to live their lives freely. Hence, Black people are subjugated in American society as it is reflected

in The Help (2009).

Cultural alienation and displacement is the major theme in American literature which

demonstrates that Black people in American society has to face various kinds of troubles.

Displacement and cultural alienation is also among them. Black people represent that they have

tolerated too much because they have been displaced. Black people, who have different cultural

life styles, become the source of alienation in American society. They have been separated from

their cultural values. Black people have to change their life styles, and follow the cultural values

which are imposed on them. Black people are forced to accept those cultural values which have

not been seen by them in their lives. In The Help (2009) the inferior status has brought a lot of

miseries to the lives of Black people. Thus, Black people are too much oppressed and weak in

American stereotypical society. (Ageline Iban, Surya Sili, Chris Asanti)

Clashing concepts of freedom in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) by Carolin M.

Tampi (2015) represents that Black people have been tortured and troubled by White people in

American society. Objective approach has been used to express the marginalized and backward

status of Black people. Black people have been deprived of education, a large number of Black

people in such societies like American are illiterate .They cannot raise their slogans against the
 43

cruelties and injustice of White people as reflected in The Help (2009). They do not have a choice

to live their lives according to their will. Black people represent the oppressed and subjugated

class of American society. Black people in American society is destined to face a lot of problems

on the basis of their race. American culture is considered to be responsible for the inferior status

of American. Hence, the status of Black people have been degraded in American society. They

are not perceived as human beings.

The Conflict of the main Characters in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) by Ana

Fitraini (2021) represents that American society has been surrendered by various elements and

problems. The article represents that American culture and political instability bring much

disaster to the lives of individuals in society. White people have not only banned Black people

from different sphere of life, but they also brought instability in country. In The Help (2009)

depicts that black people have been considered as a burden on society. They are considered like

pet animals. They are perceived to be desireless creature. They always become the subject of

violence in a society. They must have fulfill the desire of the White at any cost. So, these all

evidences show that the Black people have faced harsh situation in American culture and society.

Demonstrating the Blacks in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help (2009) by Elisabet Nindia

Paramita Ariesta Putri (2018) demonstrates the social class of American society. American

society is under the influence of authoritative and powerful class. The Help (2009) mainly focuses

on the repressive and lower status of Black characters. Especially, Black people have fall a pray to

the class conflict in the society. Black people cannot dare to raise slogan against the cruelties of

White people. White people humiliate the Black people, they are left without support. Black

people are powerless. they take refuge in White People`s Company. Black people are considered
 44

weak and dependent in American society. Therefore, they becomes the victim of White people

oppression.

The subjugation of Blacks in Kathryn stockett’s The Help (2009) by Mutia Rafael depicts

that black women have been exploited in the society. Some female characters are effected by

ethnicity and some are effected by society. Feminist approach has been used as ideas of gender

issues. He states that gender is prevailed in the novel. The study reveals that women psyche has

been effected in that society which is based on racial and gender discrimination. In The Help

(2009) black women suffer too much discrimination from men and ethnic group. They face too

much domestic violence. The Black women also face too much cruelties. White societies,

women`s single mistake cannot be forgotten till their death. The Black women have been

disgraced every time because of her illegitimacy. Hence, the Black people lives and their psyche

has been damaged in the society.

The lives of Afro-American Black maids in Kathryn Stockett's The Help (2009) by Hanan

Abbass Hussain represents the social barrier and psychological tension in the lives of Black

people in American society. This study has been analyzed from the Psychological perspective to

bring forth the change in women`s life in American society. Black maids have been disrespected

in society by their White mistress. White people do not give respectable status to Black people.

They are perceived to be weak and inferior, White people torture black people and do not give

them respectable status in the society. Black maids are considered slaves, and helpless in

American society, their lives are much complicated. Thus, Black people are much tortured in

American society. Hence, Black people have faced too much violence and restriction at the hands

of White people as reflected in The Help (2009).

 45

White savior complex and (Mis) portrayal of the Black in Kathryn Stockett’s The Help

(2009) depicts by Alesha Nasir and Sarah Abdullah (2016) that White people are dominant and

they rule American societies. Besides, White people also subjugated Black people in such

societies like American as depicted in the Help (2009). The post-colonial theory has been used to

depict the miserable condition of Black people. Before White supremacy, Black people have led

very comfortable and peaceful lives in their own society. The miseries and trouble of White

people have effected the life of Black people in American society. It shows that Black people

cannot be separated from American society. The effects of White supremacy has molded the life

of Black people in America. Black people are also destroyed. They are troubled and their life style

is also changed because of White supremacy and culture. They have not only been troubled, but

they also faced too much atrocities at the hands of white people. Thus, White people have

destroyed the lives of Black people in American society.

The above mentioned researches have been conducted on different topics, but I will apply

deconstruction to deconstruct the binary oppositions between Hazaras and Pashtuns, and White

and Black people.

 46

Chapter: 4

Research Design and Methodology

The comparative analysis method will be used to bring forth similarities and differences

between American and Afghani literature. The comparative analysis reflects that every race,

group or culture have their own culture and norms. Hazaras and Pashtuns, Black people and the

White people have similarities in their cultures and norms. The comparative analysis will be used

to assimilate Afghan and American culture.

This study is conducted to find the binary opposition based on Hazaras and Pashtuns and

Black and White people in The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009). Nature of the research

will be qualitative, and it does not carry numeric data. The research will analyze the content of the

selected texts as illustrated by Jacques Derrida (1976) with reference to deconstruction. This

research is based on textual analysis and descriptive design as it specifically deals with

explanation, analysis, and findings.

This research will apply the theoretical framework of deconstruction by Derrida (1976) to

expose the binary opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns, and Black and White people it will

deconstruct the binary opposition based on racial and stereotypical norms of Afghan and

American society. The data is collected form The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009).

Relevant reviews and commentaries in journals have been consulted to get the targeted results.

The primary source of the study is the selected texts, The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help

(2009). While the articles on binary oppositions and deconstruction will be used as secondary

source. Articles from websites, previous researches, and e-books have been used to support the

proposed topic.
 47

The theoretical framework of the study utilizes metaphysics of presence, supplement,

difference, transcendental signified, logocentrism, Phonocentrism, to investigate the binary

oppositions between Hazaras and Pashtuns, and the blacks and the whites. Derrida introduced that

language is non-referential because it refers neither to things in the world nor to our concept of

things but only to the play of signifiers of which language itself consists of (Tyson, 2006, P, 252).

He claims that all language is unstable, ambiguous force filed of competing ideologies. Derrida

further claims that the self- image of a stable identity that many of us have is really just a

competing self- delusion (Tyson, 2006, P, 257). He claims that people do not have any identity

because the word identity implies that people consist of one, singular self, but in fact they are

multiple and fragmented , consisting at any moment of any member of conflicting beliefs, desires,

fear, anxieties and intentions (Tyson, 2006, P, 257) . Thus, in The Kite Runner (2003) and The

Help (2009), the characters are suffered by binary oppositions and the system, and the identity of

women in Afghan society.

 48

Chapter: 5

Results and Discussion

This chapter of the research work will compass the content analysis of the primary text of

The Kite Runner (2003) and The Help (2009) from the perspective of the Jacques Derrida

deconstruction, to bring firth the binary opposition between Hzaras and Pashtuns and Black and

White people. The socio-cultural binaries which are found in American and Afghan society are

comparatively constructed and deconstructed between Pashtuns and Hazaras and Black and White

people. According to deconstruction theory in literary texts there is no absolute meaning. Literary

texts always produce multi-interpretive meaning and multi interpretation. Multiple meanings can

be taken when a text is read by many readers. Each reader can interpret a text through his own

perspective. While reading a text, Deconstruction perspective provide different meanings and

interpretations.

This binary opposition which exposes that each reading text gives opposite but related

meaning. The binary opposition reconstruct and dismantle the hidden meaning in the text. The

concept of binary opposition states that a text has not only one meaning or side, it can be read

from different angles. It can be seen from other side which gives more and in-depth meaning.

Moreover, posed questions will counter the objectives of the research. Hence, the binary

opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns will be deconstructed to prove that Hazaras are not

weak and inferior. Besides it, the Black will be proved strong and independent in the social

structure of the American society by deconstructing the binary opposition between the Black and

the White. There are some examples from the texts which shows that these binaries are not stable
 49

Analysis of the Kite Runner

5.1; Binary opposition is showcased depicting character of the Hazars and the Pashtuns.

Hassan the Hazara

Subjugated

Hazaras are considered to be the most oppressed class in Afghan society. They have not

been given their due right in Afghan society. Hazaras have been insulted and humiliated by

Pashtuns in Afghan society. They have been tortured and killed through various means in Afghan

society. The miserable and oppressed picture of Hazaras can be seen in the character of Hassan

and Ali. They have faced too much oppression and suffering at the hands of Pashtuns in Afghan

society. Hazaras are oppressed and subjugated on the basis of their race and physical appeacnce in

Afghan society.

"You! The Hazara! Look at me when I'm talking to you!" the soldier barked. He handed his

cigarette to the guy next to him, made a circle with the thumb and index finger of one hand.

Poked the middle finger of his other hand through the circle. Poked it in and out. In and out. "I

knew your mother, did you know that? I knew her real good I took her from behind by that

creek over there."(Hosseini, 2003, p. 26)

The above quote depicts that Hazaras have been controlled and troubled in the Afghan society.

Hazaras have always been subjugated and oppressed in the Afghan society. They cannot deny the

orders of Pashtuns in the Afghan society. Hazaras have been insulted due to their physical

appeacnce and considered them as the weak class of the society. Hassan has been abused on his

physical appeacnce by Amir, and he has been considered extremely weak and helpless. Hazaras

emotions have been controlled by Pashtuns, and they cannot live their lives according to their
 50

own will. Hazaras` life style has been too much effected by the Pashtuns. Hazaras have been

considered a minority, and they are perceived to be inferior in the afghan society as reflected in

The Kite Runner (2003). Therefore, Hazaras have been oppressed and subjugated in the Afghan

society.

Poor

Hazaras, the powerless minority, has been living in the Afghan society. They are poor

and weak, they are living their lives under the poverty line as reflected in the character of Hassan

and Ali in The Kite Runner (2003). Hassan and Ali are serving Amir and Baba (Pashtuns),

because Pashtuns are powerful and rich class of Afghan society. Hzaras have not been given any

kind of social position in society. They have always been mocked and subjugated due to their

social status.

“Ali’s face and his walk frightened some of the younger children in the neighborhood. But the

real trouble was with the older kids. They chased him on the street, and mocked him when

hobbled by. Some had taken to calling him Babalu_, or Boogeyman. "Hey, Babalu, who did

you eat today?" they barked to a chorus of laughter”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 77)

The above quote depicts that the social position of Hazara have made them much

humiliated in afghan society. They have been mocked and insulted owing to their lower and

powerless position in the society. The poor position of Hazaras has brought a lot of difficulties,

and they have not been treated like others in afghan society.

Deprived of education

Hazaras are a poor and an uneducated race of the Afghanistan, the Hazars are illiterate and

ignorant in the afghan society as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). Hassan has always been
 51

considered uneducated. The ignorance of the Hassan has not only brought much difficulties and

problems in his life, but he is considered to be the lower person in the society. Hassan has not

been given due respect in society because of his illiteracy and social position.

"Never mind the time. This story’s special. I wrote it myself,” I whispered, hoping not to

wake Ali. Hassan's face brightened.” Then I _have_ to hear it," he said, already pulling the

blanket off him. I read it to him in the living room by the marble fireplace. No playful straying

from the words this time; this was about me! Hassan was the perfect audience in many ways,

totally immersed in the tale, his face shifting with the changing tones in the story. When I read

the last sentence, he made a muted clapping sound with his hands”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 80)

The quote depicts that Amir always makes fun of the Hassan while telling him stories

because Hassan is uneducated. He does not understand that what does Amir says. The poor and

illiterate social position have destroyed the lives of the Hazara people in the afghan society. So,

the whole afghan society considered the Hazras as oppressed and marginalized nation in the

country as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003).

Thief,

The Hazars are considered thief and impolite in the Afghan society.

“I went downstairs, crossed the yard, and entered Ali and Hassan’s living quarters by the loquat

tree. I lifted Hassan's mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it.

I waited another thirty minutes. Then I knocked on Baba's door and told what I hoped

would be the last in a long line of shameful lies”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 85)

The above quote depicts that the Hazars are always perceived to be impolite in the afghan

society because they are poor and they have a humiliated position in the society.
 52

Ill-manners

The Hzaras are depicted in the novel that they are characterless and they have do not

any kind of shame while they have been humiliated. Hassan has been raped and tortured by

the Assef and his friends,

“Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hands on Hassan's hips and lifted his bare buttocks.

He kept one hand on Hassan's back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He

unzipped his jeans. Dropped his underwear. He positioned himself behind Hassan.

Hassan didn't struggle. Didn't even whimper. He moved his head slightly and I caught a

glimpse of his face. Saw the resignation in it. It was a look of the lamb”. (Hosseini, 2003,

p 64)

The above quote depicts that the Hazars are not feeling any kind of shame while they

are abused because they are ill mannered race, and the Pashtuns considered theme as the

lower race of the society. Therefore, the Hazras are considered subjugated and inferior, and

they are hated in Afghan society.

Pashtuns Amir and Baba

Dominant

Afghan society is under the supremacy of the Pashtuns, and they have controlled the

every sphere of the Afghan society. The Pashtuns have dominated Afghan society, and they have

subjugated the other minorities like the Hazars which are shown in The Kite Runner (2003). The

Hazars have not only been considered subjugated, but weak as well.

“His blue eyes flicked to Hassan. "Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been,

always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans, not this Flat-‐Nose here. His people
 53

pollute our homeland, our watan. They made our blood dirty." He made a sweeping, grandiose

gesture with his hands. "Afghanistan for Pashtuns, I say. That’s my vision”. (Hosseini, 2003, p.

88)

The above quote depicts that the Pashtuns have considered themselves real Afghans, and

they have been given very high position in the every institution of the county. They do not let

other race to get higher position in society. The behavior of Assef towards Hassan shows that

Hazaras are not considered to be Afghans, because Pashtuns have dominated the Afghan society

and other minorities in the Afghanistan.

Rich

Baba Amir`s father is the rich man of Kabul as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). He

always serve the poor and needy people in Kabul.

“But despite Baba’s successes, people were always doubting him. They told Baba that

running a business wasn’t in his blood and he should study law like his father. So Baba

proved them all wrong by not only running his own business but becoming one of the

richest merchants in Kabul. Baba and Rahim Khan built a wildly successful carpet-‐

exporting business, two pharmacies, and a restaurant”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 101)

The Pashtuns are wealthy in Afghan society because they are the high class of the Afghan

society. They are known as the elite class of the society because of their wealth and social status.

Therefore, the Pashtuns are known as the wealthy class of the society.

Arrogant

The Pashtuns are ideally known as rude. They have not treated the other races

respectfully as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). The rudeness of the Pashtuns can be seen in
 54

the character of Amir.

“But he’s not my friend! I almost blurted. He’s my servant! Had I really thought that? Of course I

hadn’t. I hadn’t. I treated Hassan well, just like a friend, better even, more like a brother. But if

so, then why, when Baba’s friends came to visit with their kids, didn’t I ever include Hassan in

Our games? Why did I play with Hassan only when no one else was around?” (Hosseini, 2003, p.

44)

The above quote states that Amir does not treat his friend Hassan as friend, but he treats

him like a servant. It shows that how Hassan is effected by the rude behavior of Amir. Hence, the

rudeness’ of Pashtuns can be seen in Amir`s Character.

Careless

The Pashtuns have always remained careless towards Hazars and other minorities. They

have not been given attention, because Pashtuns understands themselves supervisor, and they

considered other minorities inferior in the country.

"Oh, you’re bothering me,” Assef said. And I saw with a sinking heart what he had fished

out of his pocket. Of course. His stainless-‐steel brass knuckles sparkled in the sun. "You're

bothering me very much. In fact, you bother me more than this Hazara here. How can you talk to

him, play with him, let him touch you?" He said, his voice dripping with disgust. Wail and

Kamal nodded and grunted in agreement. Assef narrowed his eyes. Shook his head. When he

spoke again, he sounded as baffled as he looked. "How can you call him your 'friend'?

(Hosseini, 2003, p. 48)

Then character of Assef depicts that Pashtuns are caring other minorities and Hazars

which are living in Afghanistan. Pashtuns have exploited them, and they have remained too much

oppressed and increased in number the country.

 55

Good manners

Pashtuns are good manners and polite, and they have given affection and warmth to other

minorities in Afghan society. Baba in The Kite Runner (2003) has been depicted as kind and

merciful towards his servants Hassan and Ali.

“Ali and Baba grew up together as childhood playmates-‐-‐at least until polio

crippled Ali's leg-‐-‐just like Hassan and I grew up a generation later. Baba was always

telling us about the mischief he and Ali used to cause, and Ali would shake his head

and say, "But, Agha sahib, tell them who was the architect of the mischief and who the

poor laborer?" Baba would laugh and throw his arm around Ali”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 56)

The above quote depicts that behavior of Baba towards his servants remained very

positive. He does not treat his servants badly because he has always supported his servants. The

behavior of Pashtuns towards their servants is very impressive and polite.

5.2 The binary oppositions showcased through the characterization of the Pashtuns and the
Hazaras.

5.3 The brave Pashtuns and The coward Hazars

The Pashtuns are depicted as brave and fearless people in the Kite Runner

(2003) .considering atrocities of the Pashtuns represent that they don’t accept the hostile attitude

of another race in Afghanistan. Hassan has been raped and torture many times in the novel by

Pashtuns, because Pashtuns do not feel any fear of Hazars. Baba has illegitimate relations with

Hassan`s mother. He does not feel any kind of shame in harassing Hazara women. The Pashtuns

do not let anyone to dominate them in the country. The character of Baba depicts that he has

resisted against the Russian army, when an Arm man wants to insult an Afghan women. He does
 56

not let the soldier to harass the Afghan women. The Character of Baba represents that Pashtuns

are strong and powerful race, and they do not let anyone destroy their hegemony in Afghanistan.

Hassan and Farzana lost their lives, but they could accept the inferior status in the society.

Pashtuns does not accept the societal norms, and they have insulted the Hazras through various

means. Pashtuns have killed Hazaras, and they have been dishonored in the country. Pashtuns do

not acknowledge the supremacy of Hazaras and other races in society. They have fearlessly stood

for their rights. Hazaras have been killed, homeless, and dishonored, and they have been

oppressed and colonized. They cannot show resistance and their power and courage to overcome

the troubles of Pashtuns as reflected in The Kite Runner (2003). Pashtuns have not only keep

themselves high in the society, but they also prove that they cannot be defeated easily. So,

Pashtuns and other institutions of the society have made Hazaras oppressed and subjugated in

Afghan society.

5.4 Truthful Pashtun and Lire Hazara

The characteristics of Pashtuns are usually truthful and faithful, but as far as the binary

opposition between the Hazaras and the Pashtuns is concerned, Pashtuns are clever, sensitive and

truthful than Hazaras. Amir has always tried to be faithful to Hassan and always helped him,

whenever he needs Amir`s help. Pashtuns have always remained truthful towards the Hazars.

Amir has given respectable status to Hassan, He has morally supported Hassan. They have never

disgraced the status of the Hazaras and other minorities who share societal norms with them.

Amir and Baba have always maintained the honor of Hassan and Ali. They have never neglected

the honor and respect of the Hazaras. The Pashtuns have never played with the emotions of the

Hazaras. The respectable status of the Pashtuns place them on high rank. They are human and feel

the emotion of other around them. On the other hand, the Hazaras do not show any kind of respect
 57

and honor towards the Pashtuns. The Hassan have always mistreated Amir, they have always been

depicted immoral. The binary opposition of the Hazara and the Pashtuns reveal that Pashtuns are

morally and intellectually superior to the Hazars. The Pashtuns have breakdown the socially

constructed binaries and they have proven that they are creative and has the abilities to change the

social construction. Hence, the Pashtuns have proven themselves as truthful and pious through

their actions and behaviors.

5.5 The talented Pashtun and the talentless Hazars

Pashtuns are educated and they have controlled the every institution of the country, such as

politics, economy and social norms as well, Amir (Pashtun) is as much imaginative as Hassan

(Hazara). It is depicted in the novel that Amir is more imaginative than Hassan. Pashtuns are more

imaginative and intelligent rather than the Hazaras. Amir (Pashtun) always writes stories and

narrate it to Hassan, whenever he reads from Shahnamah, and he tells story to Hassan. The

character of Amir reveals that Pashtuns have more potential than Hazars. Hazars have usually

tried to prove themselves smart and genius r than Pashtuns. The unimaginative nature of Hazars

have proven them illiterate. Being an uneducated ethnicity, they cannot expose their imaginative

qualities. Hazars are uneducated, they are not smart and intelligent. Hence, the binary opposition

between the Hazara and the Pashtuns reveals that Pashtuns are more imaginative, smart and

intelligent than the Hazars. The Hazars have not resisted against the cultural values which has

proven them inferior, but actions and behaviors of Pashtuns have proven theme superior in

society.

5.6 The Loyal Pashtun and the deceiver Hazara

Pashtuns have always remained loyal and faithful to Hazars. They are loyal and pious in

their behavior. They have always remained truthful to show that they are socially sincere to their
 58

fellow Afghans. The Pashtuns have always showed their greatness in society. They have lost their

honor while giving very much respect to their fellow Afghans. On the other hand, Pashtuns have

always remained loyal in Afghanistan, to the Hazars and the rest of the minorities which exist in

Afghan society. The Pashtun always become the most trust worthy people, and they believe that

they can support other races in the society. On the other hand, the Hazaras are disloyal and

trustless. Pashtun have tolerated and faced the brutal and deceiver behavior of Hazars. It reveals

the prestigious status of Pashtuns can be imagined through their trustful and loyal behavior.

Pashtuns have shown their devotion towards Hazaras. Pashtuns have expressed their loyalty

through their strong and powerful behavior, and Hazars have disgraced Pashtuns. Ali and Hassan

have left home, and went to their own relatives. Baba has raised Ali and he is like brother to Baba,

but they have discarded Baba`s home. It has hurt Baba and Amir a lot. Baba and Amir treat them

like their own family members. Hence, the binary opposition between Hazara and Pashtun can be

imagined through the courageous and strong behavior of Pashtuns, and Hazaras disloyal and

treacherous behavior against Pashtuns have depicted them inferior in the society.

5.7 Binary Opposition is deconstructed using the role of the Hazars and the Pashtuns.
5.8 Brave Hazara and coward Pashtuns
Hazarsa are depicted cowards and they are not given proper place in society on behalf of

their social status. Hzaras` sphere of activates are limited, and they have been forced to accept the

domination of the Pashtuns. The superior and brave image of Hazaras can be studied through the

binary opposition of Hazaras and Pashtuns.

“Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hands on Hassan's hips and lifted his bare buttocks.

He kept one hand on Hassan's back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He

unzipped his jeans. Dropped his underwear. He positioned himself behind Hassan.

Hassan didn't struggle. Didn't even whimper. He moved his head slightly and I caught a
 59

glimpse of his face. Saw the resignation in it. It was a look of the lamb”. (Hosseini, 2003,

p. 64)

The above lines show that Hassan does let Assef to take the kite which has been won by

Amir (Pashtun). Assef has raped Hassan, and he has sacrificed his honor for his beloved friend. It

demonstrates that Hazaras are powerful, and they can lose their honor to maintain their position.

Derrida noted that these binary oppositions are also little hierarchies. That is, one term in the pair

is always privileged, or considered superior to the other (Tyson, 2006, p254). Hazars give a lot of

preference to the honor of other than their own honor. Hazars are brave. They can handle each

and every situation with their own strength. Hassan did not let Assef to disgrace his friend, and he

has proved that Hazars do not let Pashtuns to torture them. Hazaras are brave and they have the

power to stand against the cruelties and troubles of Pashtuns. It demonstrates that Hazars are

courageous and they cannot be considered inferior in the society. On the other hand, Amir

(Pashtun) is coward and he does not has the power to fight for his own right. He runs away when

he sees that Hassan has lost his honor. Hence, the binary opposition between Hzaras and Pashtuns

reveals that the Hazars have challenged the cultural and societal dominations of the Pashtuns in

Afghan society, and they have exposed that they are not subjugated and inferior.

“He had the blue kite in his hands; that was the first thing I saw. And I can't lie now and

say my eye didn't scan it for any rips. His chapan had mud smudges down the front and his shirt

was ripped just below the collar. He stopped. Swayed on his feet like he was going to collapse.

Then he steadied himself”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 65)

The above quotation reveals that Hassan has exposed that Hazars are brave and loyal.

Hassan is like a hero, he has troubled and tortured himself but he fulfilled his promise. The
 60

prominent characteristics of Hassan represents the highest position of Hazaras in Afghanistan.

Hazaras are faithful and pious. Derrida says, by identifying which member of the opposition is

privileged, one can discover something about the ideology promoted by that production

(Tyson2006 p254). They give much value to the honor of the other races which live in

Afghanistan. The notion of superior and inferior can be brought through the binary opposition of

Hazara and Pashtuns. In Afghan society, Hazara are not oppressed and subjugated even though

they are superior, brave, and courageous. They can lose everything to safe the honor of their

people.

Another quote from the text shows that the Hazaras resist against the cruelties of the

Pashtuns, and they have the courage to handle every problem.

“Hassan's eyes, but he shook his head. “Amir Agha won the tournament and I ran this kite

for him. I ran it fairly. This is his kite." (Hosseini, 2003, p. 60)

The above quote depicts that Hazaras are honest and brave. They have the strength to resist

against Pashtuns and prove themselves as faithful and loyal. Hazaras have revealed that they can

bravely and courageously stabilize their existence in Afghanistan.

“I've changed my mind," Assef said. "I'm letting you keep the kite, Hazara. I'll let you

keep it so it will always remind you of what I'm about to do." Then he charged. Hassan hurled

the rock. It struck Assef in the forehead”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 61)

The quote above reveals that Hazars are fearless. They can stand for their rights in the

society. Derrida observed the two members of the opposition are not completely opposite, the

ways in which they overlap or share some things in common (Tyson 2006, p254). The violent

behavior of Hassan represents the high and mighty position of Hazaras in the Afghan society. The

offensive behavior of Hazaras shows that they superior in the Afghan society.
 61

“There was a flurry of rapid movement behind me. Out of the corner of my eye, I saw

Hassan bend down and stand up quickly. Asset’s eyes flicked to something behind me and

widened with Surprise. I saw that same look of astonishment on Kamal and Wail’s faces as they

too saw what had happened behind me”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 34)

The above quote depicts that Hazaras are not oppressed, and they cannot be perceived

weak race in Afghanistan. Hazaras have the capacity to protect themselves and don’t let

themselves to be oppressed. Hassan character depicts the real face of Hazars in Afghan society.

Hazars are powerful and they can achieve whatever they want. Hazars have many qualities to

stabilize themselves in Afghanistan, such as dare, courage, and bravery. So for deconstruction,

language does not consist of the union of signifiers and signifieds; it consists only of chains of

signifiers. Deconstructionist claims that language is not referential because it refers neither to

things in the world nor to our concepts of things but only to the play of signifiers of which

language itself consists. (Tyson 2006 p252). Hazars have not been portrayed weak and powerless,

even though they have been portrayed strong and powerful. On the other hand, Amir represents

the Pashtuns who is coward, disrespectful, and greedy. So, the binary opposition can be seen in

the characters of Amir and Hassan, it represents that Hazaras are more brave than Pashtuns, and

Hazars can fight against the inequalities of society which depicts that Hazars are courageous, but

Pashtuns cannot fight for their right.

“I turned and came face to face with Hassan's slingshot. Hassan had pulled the wide

elastic band all the way back. In the cup was a rock the size of a walnut. Hassan held the slingshot

pointed directly at Asif’s face. His hand trembled with the strain of the pulled elastic band and

beads of sweat had erupted on his brow”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 34)

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The above lines reflect that Hzaras are not under any kind of social norms. They have

challenged the norms of the society. They are bold and fearless. They have the capability to raise

against the injustices done by the Pashtuns. They cannot be subjugated because they have the

power and courage to prevent any trouble with their own strength and power. Hazars have violent

behavior, they can torturer and kill anyone for the sake of their respect. Derrida said, Language is

constantly overflowing with implications, associations, and contradictions that reflect the

implications, associations, and contradictions of the ideologies of which it is formed (Tyson 2006

p255). They cannot let anyone to subjugate them, and snatch their fundamental rights in the

society. So, Hzaras resists for their rights in the society. As far as Pashtuns are concerned, they

cannot raise their voice against the atrocities which they faced at the hands of powerful and

authoritative class. The binary opposition of Pashtuns and Hazars reflects that Hazars are

powerful and they have courage to face every kind of trouble. So, Hazaras are not subjugated in

society.

“Assef's mouth twitched. Wail and Kamal watched this exchange with something akin to

fascination. Someone had challenged their god. Humiliated him. And, worst of all, that someone

was a skinny Hazara. Assef looked from the rock to Hassan. He searched Hassan's face intently.

What he found in it must have convinced him of the seriousness of Hassan's intentions, because

he lowered his fist”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 35)

The above lines expose that Hazaras are not afraid of Pashtuns oppression. They have the

ability to respond to every atrocity which has been inflicted upon them. Hazars have condemn

their social oppression. Hazars have proven that they cannot be treated like others in afghan

society. Hazaras are not socially dominated by the Pashtuns. Hazaras have strongly resisted

against the inequality of Pashtuns. Our mental life consists not of concepts—not of solid, stable
 63

meanings—but of a fleeting, continually changing play of signifiers (Tyson 2006, p252). Hazaras

have fearlessly challenged the societal norms of Pashtuns. Hazaras reveal their biological

superiority over cultural and social inferiority. Hazars have protected their honor and t made

themselves dominated in afghan society. Hazaras are as strong as brave as other races in the

society. They are not living on the mercy of other races. Hence, the binary opposition between

Hazara and Pashtun shows that Hazars are resilient and aggressive but not subjugated in society.

Hazars have violated those cultural norms which are imposed on them in the social structure of

Afghanistan. The tolerable behavior of Hazara has proven them valiant in afghan society. They

have been admired in the afghan society for their tolerance and patience.

“The color fell from his face. Next to him, the stapled pages of the story I'd promised to

read him fluttered in the breeze. I hurled the pomegranate at him. It struck him in the chest,

exploded in a spray of red pulp. Hassan's cry was pregnant with surprise and pain”. (Hosseini,

2003, p. 77)

The above quote depicts that Hassan remained patient towards his friend Amir, because

Hazaras are imaginative and civilized. The patience of Hazara shows their domination. Hazaras

do not treat their people badly, even they are able to give positive response to show that they are

not inferior in the society. Hazaras have the quality to give offensive response to every trouble,

but they are polite and intellectual to keep themselves calm and give positive stance in every

situation. No one can challenge the patience and tolerance of Hzaras in the society. For Derrida,

the answer is that no concept is beyond the dynamic instability of language, which disseminates

(as a flower scatters its seeds on the wind) an infinite number of possible meanings with each

written or spoken utterance (Tyson 2006, p256). Hazars cannot be considered oppressed or

subjugated, they have the extraordinary qualities to cope with the injustice of Pashtuns and other
 64

races in the society. Hazaras are superior because they use tolerance and loyalty as shield to

protect themselves, and show revolt against the opposite forces. It has not only shown their strong

intentions, but also the humanistic behavior of their domination. The Hazaras do not tease or

trouble anyone in the society, because they are literate and civilized. They keep the honor of the

every race in society. The tolerance of Hazara has shown them strong and superior in the society.

Hazaras have shown their superiority through patience and loyalty. Hence, the binary opposition

between Hazara and Pashtun reflect that Hazars are superior in society, and it also shows the

prestigious status of Hazaras.

“Then Hassan did pick up a pomegranate. He walked toward me. He opened it and

crushed it against his own forehead. "There," he croaked, red dripping down his face like blood.

"Are you satisfied? Do you feel better?" He turned around and started down the hill”. (Hosseini,

2003, p. 78)

The above lines show that Hazaras are not under the pressure of those groups which

controls the social and political system of afghan society. The resistance of Hassan is his calm

behavior, and he has strong relations with the other races. Hassan does not haram Amir, because

he shows his superiority to humiliate Amir, Hazaras in Afghanistan cannot be defeated because

they are intellectual and kindhearted. Hazara shares happiness and sympathies in the society.

Hassan does not harm Amir physically but he harms him psychologically. For deconstruction,

then, language is the ground of being, but that ground is not out of play: it is itself as dynamic,

evolving, problematic, and ideologically saturated as worldviews it produces. (Tyson 2006,

p256). Hazaras have always used their tolerance as injury which swells with the passage of time.

It is burden on Amir Psyche that he has deeply been wounded by Hassan tolerance. Hassan has

preferred Amir honor to his own honor. Superior nations and races prefer to respect other races.
 65

The intellectual and civilized qualities of Hazars make them superior. They have resisted and

strongly faced every kind of troubles in the society at the hands of the Pashtuns. The behavior of

Hazaras reveals that they have oppressed Pashtuns. Hence, the binary opposition between Hazars

and Pashtuns depicts the superior character of Hazaras, and the lower and disrespectful character

of Pashtuns in afghan society.

5.9 Loyal Hazars and deceiver Pashtun

Hazaras are not salve in afghan society. They are loyal and pious in their behavior. They

have always remained truthful to show that they are socially sincere to their fellow Afghans.

Hazars have always showed their greatness in society.

“I went downstairs, crossed the yard, and entered Ali and Hassan's living quarters by the

loquat tree. I lifted Hassan's mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills

under it”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 87)

The above quote exposes that Pashtuns have always been remained deceiver in

Afghanistan to Hazars and rest of the minorities which exist in Afghan society. Pashtun become

the most untrusted, and it cannot be believed that they can support other races in the society. For

this reason, there is no center to our understanding of existence. There are, instead, an infinite

number of vantage points from which to view it, and each of these vantage points has a language

of its own (Tyson 2006, p256). On the other hand, Hazaras are loyal and trust worthy. They have

tolerated and faced the brutal and deceiver behavior of Pashtuns.

“Hassan's reply was a single word, delivered in a thin, raspy voice: "Yes." (Hosseini,

2003, p.88)
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The above words reveal that the prestigious status of Hazara can be imagined through their

trustful and loyal behavior. Hazars have shown their devotion towards Pashtuns, they have given

too much respect and support to Pashtuns. Hazars have expressed their loyalty through their

strong and powerful behavior, and Hazars have not disgraced Pashtuns. Hence, the binary

opposition between Hazara and Pashtun can be imagined through the courageous and strong

behavior of Hazars, and Pashtun disloyal and treacherous behavior against Hazars has depicted

them inferior in the society.

5.10 The Truthful Hazara and the Lying Pashtun

The characteristics of Pashtuns are usually truthful and faithful, but as far as the binary

opposition between Hazaras and Pashtuns is concerned, the Hazars are more clever, sensitive and

truthful than Pashtuns. Hassan has always tried to be faithful to Amir and always helped him,

whenever he needs Hassan help.

“I was reading to him, and suddenly I strayed from the written story. I pretended I was

reading from the book, flipping pages regularly, but I had abandoned the text altogether, taken

over those story, and made up my own. Hassan, of course, was oblivious to this. To him, the

words on the page were a scramble of codes, indecipherable, mysterious. Words were, secret

doorways and I held all the keys. After, I started to ask him if he'd liked the story, a giggle rising

in my throat, when Hassan began to clap”. (Hosseini, 2003, p. 23)

The above quotation reveals that Hazars have always remained truthful towards Pashtuns.

Hazars have given respectable status to Pashtuns, Hazars have morally supported Pashtuns. They

have never disgraced the status of Pashtuns and other minorities who share societal norms with

them. Hazars have always maintained the honor of Pashtuns. They have never neglected the honor

and respect of Pashtuns. Hazars have never played with the emotions of Pashtuns. Derrida
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decentered Western philosophy just as Copernicus decentered the earth in the 1600s by asserting

that the universe does not revolve around it (Tyson 2006, p256). The respectable status of Hazara

place them on high rank. They are human and feel the emotion of other around them. On the other

hand, Pashtuns do not show any kind of respect and honor towards Hazaras. Pashtuns have

always mistreated Hazars, they have always been depicted immoral. The binary opposition of

Hazara and Pashtuns reveals that Hazara are morally and intellectually superior to Pashtuns.

Hazars have breakdown the socially constructed binaries and they have proven that they are

creative and has the abilities to change the social construction. Hence, Hazars have proven

themselves as truthful and pious through their actions and behaviors.

5.11 The Talented Hazara and the talentless Pashtuns

Pashtuns are educated and they have controlled the every institution of the country, such

as politics, economy and social norms as well, Amir (Pashtun) is not as much imaginative as

Hassan (Hazara).

"Well," he said, "if I may ask, why the man killed his wife? In fact, why did he ever have

to feel sad to shed tears? Couldn't he have just smelled an onion?" (Hosseini, 2003, p. 27)

The above lines depict that Hassan is more imaginative than Amir. Hazara are more

imaginative and intelligent than Pashtuns. Hassan always draws mistakes in Amir Stories because

Hassan is intelligent. Derrida said, the self-image of a stable identity that many of us have, is

really just a comforting self-delusion, which we produce in collusion with our culture, for culture

too, wants to see itself as stable and coherent. But in reality, it is highly unstable and fragmented

(Tyson, 2006, p. 257). Hazars are too much cleaver and intelligent. They have proven themselves
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clever and smart. The character of Hassan reveals that Hazaras have more potential than Pashtuns.

Hazars have usually tried to prove themselves smart and genius than Pashtuns.

“Hassan who couldn't read and had never written a single word in his entire life. A voice,

cold and dark, suddenly whispered in my ear, -What does he know, that illiterate Hazara? He'll

never be anything but a cook. How dare he criticize you”? (Hosseini, 2003, p. 27)

The above quote reveals the unimaginative nature of Pashtuns. Being an educated

ethnicity, they cannot expose their imaginative qualities. Pashtuns are only educated but they are

not smart and intelligent. We don’t really have an identity because the word identity implies that

we consist of one, singular self, but in fact we are multiple and fragmented, consisting at any

moment of any number of conflicting beliefs, desires, fears, anxieties, and intentions (Tyson,

2006, p 257). Hence, the binary opposition between Hazara and Pashtuns reveals that Hazars are

more imaginative, smart and intelligent than Pashtuns. They have resisted through their

intellectual power against the cultural values which has been proven them inferior, but their

actions and behavior prove them superior in the society.

The Help Analysis

The binary opposition between Black and white people have been deconstructed and then

reconstructed in The Help (2009) to dismantle the discrimination of White people in American

society. The reconstructed binary opposition between Black people and White people depicts that

Black people are more skillful, sophisticated, and imaginative then White people. Post

structuralism rejects the fundamental concept of binary opposition put forth by Structuralism,

which believes that a system is classified or divided on the basis of pairs. It establishes the notion

of a “decentered world” and dismantling of all reference points (Barry, 2002).It demonstrates that

black are superior and priviledgs to the White people as it is depicted in the character of Black
 69

maid Aibileen in the Help (2009) on different occasions. Black people have inverted the table that

white are superior and skillful than the black people Therefore the binary opposition between

Black and white depicts that black people are not inferior and unimaginative.

5.12 Binary opposition is showcased depicting character of the Black maid and the White

Mistress.

The Black maid Aibileen Subjugated

The opening chapter of the novel demonstrates that Aibileen, a Black maid has to look

after the things which are related to domestic chores. Aibileen has the skill to look after the

children. She takes care of the White children more than their biological mother. Aibileen has

been depicted inferior in The Help (2009). Characters on the various occasions in the novel,

usually abide by the decree of their White mistress. Aibileen does not show any kind of

aggression and she control her emotions, whenever her emotions are hurt by the Miss Leefott.

Many things are to be said and expressed by Aibeleen, but she does not reveal it. Aibileen does

not want to show her feelings and emotions because of her white mistress`s oppression and

subjugation. Thus, Aibileen has controlled her emotions and feelings.

“I‘m so mad at Miss Leefolt. I‘m biting my tongue. If the fool would just pay her child

some attention, this wouldn‘t happen! — She still kinda fussy from this morning. I reckon I am

to, but I done pushed it down to a place where I don‘t have to worry about it”. (Stockett, 2009, p.

25,)

It is visible from the actions and thoughts of the Aibileen that she is maid. Therefore, she

cannot express her feelings and emotions. Aibileen does not try to demonstrate her feelings but

she holds them. Characters like Aibileen cannot express their thoughts and emotions in such
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societies that are under control of the figure like Miss Leefott. Where mistress dominates their

maids. The hierarchies are constructed between the maid and mistress. Maids must follow the

decrees of their mistress.

“Mister Leefolt, and I have decided to build you your very own bathroom. It‘s right out there in

the garage. So, from now on instead of using the guest bathroom, you can use your own right out

there. Won‘t that be nice?‖— I say what I know she want to hear ―I use my colored

bathroom.‖ I put the iron down real slow, feel that bitter seed grow in my chest.” (Stockett,

2009, p. 40)

The above quote reveals the discussion between Miss Leefott and Aibileen. Miss Leefott

has strictly forbidden Aibileen that she must not use colored bathrooms. Aibileen has to follow

whatever Miss Leefott wants, she wants that her maids follow her decrees. But Aibileen does not

like the sour behavior of her mistress, and she cannot reveal her emotions and feelings against

the bitter behavior of the Miss Leefott, and she has followed whatever her mistress want her to

be.

Needy

At the time of the Civil Right Movement, Black people are considered to be slave, and

they work in the cotton plantation. A part from that, Black women work as maids in the White

families. Black maids not only take care of the children, but they also prepare food and sweep the

house. Despite too much busy life, the novel depicts that Aibileen cannot fulfill her needs and

daily expenditure.

“I get paid forty-three dollars ever Friday, which come to $172 a month. That means

after I pay light bill, water bill, gas bill, and the telephone bill, I got thirteen dollars and fifty
 71

cents a week left for my groceries, my clothes, getting my hair done and tithing to the church.—

Thank the Lord for Ida Peek, else I be eating nothing”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 22)

The above quote demonstrates that Aibileen cannot fulfill her domestic needs with her low

salary. She hardly manage to fulfill her requirements. It does not provide her better and

comfortable life.

Deprived of Education

Aibileen is uneducated. She cannot purse her studies because of her Low and poor status in

the society. Aibeleen family has remained uneducated from generation to generation, because

they have not been given the rights to get education, and they have remained slaves and maids.

“Did you know when you were a girl, growing up, that one day you‘d be a maid?

‖ ―Yes ma‘am. Yes I did.—Mama was a maid. My granmama was a house slave.‖ Did you. . .

Ever dreams of being something else? ‖ ―No. No mama I didn‘t.‖” (Stockett, 2009, p. 26)

The above quote depicts that Aibileen has no other means to acquire money except to

work as maid, and there is no profession which she can do. The only profession which suits her is

that she has to work as maid. Aibileen and her family have been working for the White families

for several generations. Aibileen does not join primary School, because she has to help her mother

in earning money.

“When I tell my seventh-grade teacher I aren’t coming back to school because I got to

help out my mama”. (Stockett, 2009, p, 30)

Aibileen conversation shows that she does not get education, because she is poor; and she

has to work and help her mother in earning money. Later on, Aibileen has become maid like her

mother. Aibileen does not get education because there is no opportunity for Aibileen to get
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education, and because they are living in a very poor condition. Other Black girls and women are

also working as maids. They are also uneducated because they are unable to get education. Hence,

as the Black are uneducated, so they have to spend their lives like maids and servants.

Ill-mannered

Socially and culturally Black people are considered uncivilized and ignorant in American

society. Aibileen has been considered uncivilized and impolite by her White mistress.

“I look over and see Miss Leefolt‘s eyes done wandered down to my bare legs. I think her

curious, you know. I bet she isn’t never seen bare legs up close before.—―And I can‘t have you

serving us like that, with your—your legs showing!‖” (Stockett 2009,p, 536)

When the weather is too hot and Aibileen has put off her stocking. When mistress watches

her, she tells her that she must not walk bare legs. It is improper for the maids to walks open their

legs. Being servent to Miss Leefott, Aibileen have to hide her body and behave like maid. Miss

Leefott has considered her maids as dirty, ignorant and uncivilized. Miss Leefott has considered

the Black as disease, and the White should keep themselves away from them.

Thief

“Aibileen, ‖ Miss Hilly says and lick her lips. ―When you returned my silver yesterday, there

were there pieces missing out of that felt wrapper. One silver fork and two silver spoons.‖”

(Stockett, 2009, p. 604)

The quotation above demonstrates that Aibileen has stolen the silver of Miss Leefott

friend Miss Hilly. White people have general assumption that Black people are always stealing

things. Black people have been considered immoral and bad mannered in society.
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Impure

Black people are considered nasty and impure in the other part of the novel. Mae Mobley

has called her teacher as Black which means she is means impure, nasty and ignorant. According

to White people the Black people have negative traits and they have nasty and bad behavior.

“I colored myself black, ‖ she cried— ―Miss Taylor said to draw what we like about

ourselves best. —She said black means I got a dirty, bad face.‖ she plant her face in her pillow

and cried something awful” (Stockett, 2009, p. 562).

Furthermore, on various occasions in the novel, Miss Leefott insults the Black maids that

they have different characteristics. Black people have been given separate bathrooms in the house.

“I did not raise you to use the colored bathroom! ‖—―This is dirty out here, Mae

Mobley. You‘ll catch diseases! No, no! ‖ – I want to yell so loud that Baby Girl can hear me that

dirty isn’t a color, disease isn’t the Negro side a town”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 130-131)

According to the assumption of Miss Leefott, the Black maids and Aibileen have diseases.

The White class of the society have the same opinion that Black people are dirty, impure and

disease in the society. Therefore, White people must keep themselves away from Black people.

Benevolent

Aibileen has been depicted as pious lady in The Help (2009). She always takes care of the

children like their biological mother, and she is kind and merciful. She has warmth and affection

for Mae Mobley, even though she is not her biological mother. Mae Mobley has been treated like

her own child by Aibileen.

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“I don‘t feel good. My frat hurts, Aibee.‖ I know what a frat is and I know how to fix it. Baby

Girl getting a summer cold.—ever afternoon, me and Baby Girl set in the rocking chair

before her nap. Ever afternoon, I tell her: You kind, you smart, you important.” (Stockett,

2009, p. 274)

Aibeleen has always think positive for Mae Mobley, and she has been loved by Aibileen.

Mae Mobley has been treated positively, and she has been taught to speak and think positively.

Furthermore, Aibileen always prays for others. She is a very kind and merciful lady. She has

always prayed for others. She has great love and affection for children.

“I got my prayer book out so I can write some things down. I concentrate on Mae

Mobley, — Show me how to teach Baby Girl to be kind, to love herself; to love others, while

I got time with her”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 265)

Aibileen has always prayed for Mae Mobley, because she has too much love and

affection for children. Aibileen hopes that Mae Mobley has to lead a prosperous and happy life.

Furthermore, Aibileen has always been desired to help other, because she feels satisfaction after

doing so. Aibileen has not only prayed for herself, but she also prayed for the Mae Mobley.

The White Miss Leefott

Dominant

Many times in the novel, Miss Leefott has given orders to Aibileen, it is not only bad and

concerning for her, but also hurts her emotions. Miss Leefott has given order to construct a new

bathrooms in her house. When the construction has been done. Miss Leefott does not allow

Aibileen to use that bathrooms. She has given order to Aibileen that go and use colored

bathrooms which are located outside the house.

 75

“Mister Leefolt, and I have decided to build you your very own bathroom. It‘s right out

there in the garage. So, from now on instead of using the guest bathroom, you can use your own

right out there. Won‘t that be nice?‖— I say what I know she want to hear ―I use my colored

bathroom.‖ I put the iron down real slow, feel that bitter seed grow in my chest”. (Stockett,

2009, p. 40)

The quote above shows that Miss Leefott does not allow Aibileen to use the guests`

bathrooms. Miss Leefott wants whatever she says Aibileen must follow. Miss Leefott only wants

that her maids must follow her orders. Aibileen gets angry and she dislikes the behavior of her

mistress, but she does not responded in bad way. On the contrary, she has responded in good and

polity way, and she has followed whatever her mistress says.

Rich

Being a White, Miss Leefott considers herself as noble and pious lady. She considers

herself and White people superior to other races in the society. White people are economically

stable, therefore they should be given respect in the society. The novel depicts that When Miss

Leefott becomes the member of the Bridge Club, where high class women want to impress one

another by their looks and behaviors. They want to prove that they have better life style.

“I arrange the-this and the-that for her lady friends. Set out the good crystal, put the

silver service out—. Ms. Leefolt she like it fancy when she do a luncheon”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 4)

The above quote depicts that Miss Leefott wants to prove herself sophisticated and fancy.

Most of the White women have been living in a sophisticated and fancy life style in the society,

and they lead an honorable and prestigious life style.

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“See, Miss Leefolt, she dress up nice every day. Always got her makeup on, got a carport,

double-door Frigidaire with the built-in icebox. You see her in the Jitney 14 grocery; you never

think she go and leave her baby crying in her crib like that. But the help always know”. (Stockett,

2009, p. 6)

In the above quote, Miss Leefott has been depicted as noble and great lady. Miss Leefott

wears beautiful and fancy dress to show her wealthy status in the society. Miss Leefott has proven

herself good and kind lady among the people, but Aibileen knows that she is ignorant from her

own children.

Rich

It has been depicted in the novel that white people must treat their children in a polite and

good manner. As what happens to the Miss Leefott daughter she has been taught to speak with the

elders by saying yes.

“Mae Mobley, did you like that smocked dress I sent over last week?‖

―Yeah,‖ Baby Girl saying to her granmama.—―You say yes ma’am. Young lady. Do you

hear me? ‖ Mae Mobley, she get a dull face, say, ―Yes ma‘am.‖” (Stockett, 2009, p. 273)

The above quote shows that White people wants that they must be given respect and honor

for centuries. White people teach their children to speak and act in positive way, and don’t acts as

an uncivilized person. Aibileen has been warned by Miss Fredrick that keep yourself away from

the Mae Mobley, because she teaches Mae Mobley to speak and acts in civilized and polite

manners to impress other people.

Uncaring.
 77

Many times in the novel, Miss Leefott has been depicted as arrogant and selfish. She has

remained self-centered on each and everything. Miss Leefott does not give her daughter attention

whenever she requires it.

“Baby Girl hold her arms out for her mama to pick her up, but Miss Leefolt

Open a cabinet, act like she don‘t see”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 15)

The reaction of Miss Leefott towards her babies are not satisfactory. She does not look

after her babies. Miss Leefott is aware about that Mae Mobley seeks her attention, but Miss

Leefott does not realize her that she knows about her needs. Miss Leefott does not paid any

attention to her babies. When Miss Leefott is talking on phone sitting in the kitchen, Mae Mobley

wants to talk with her, but Miss Leefott has ignored her. The baby girl cheeks gets red and she

says Mama.

“At her.—―Mama! Mama! ‖ she say trying to crawl up in Miss Leefolt‘s lap. ―No, Mae

Mobley .‖ Miss Leefolt nudge her down. ―Mama‘s on the telephone. Let Mama Talk”.

(Stockett, 2009, p. 21)

Miss Leefott reaction towards her daughter’s demonstrates that she only cares about

herself. Similarly, when Mae Mobley tries to get her mother attention, she remains busy on phone

and does not respond to her.

Rude

The care of Miss Leefott has made Mae Mobley rude and arrogant. She gets angry

whenever someone does not go according to her will. Mae Mobley gets angry when Miss Leefott

has prevented her from such arrogant acts.

“She keep craning her neck around, winning, ―Mama, Mama,” trying to get her
 78

attention.— She run straight to her mama and stick out her chin and jerk the phone cord as hard

as she can.—Miss Leefolt slaps baby Girl on the back a her bare legs so hard”. (Stockett,

2009, p. 24-25)

The above quote depicts that Mae Mobley is ignored by Miss Leefolt when she disturbed

her while she was talking on phone. Miss Leefott cannot bear any one while she is busy in doing

something. Therefore, she has used abusive and offensive language for her own daughter.

Moreover, she has remained very arrogant many times.

“This is not your bathroom.‖ Baby Girl wagging her head.―My bathroom!”

Miss Leefolt snatch her up, give her a pop on the leg”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 130)

It depicts that Miss Leefott does not give permission to Mae Mobley to use colored

bathroom which are constructed for black people especially Aibileen. Many times in the novel at

any moment, Aibileen has taught to Mae Mobley how to use bathroom. Aibileen has prevented

Mae Mobley to not use the bathrooms which are for colored people. At the response of Aibileen,

Miss Leefott has hit her daughter in the leg, for not following what she says.

5.13 Binary opposition is showcased depicting character of the Black maid and the White

Mistress

5.14 The skillful white and the unskillful Black

Miss Leefott and Aibileen are different from each other. They both are playing different

role in the society. Aibileen is maid and Miss Leefott is her mistress. The relationship between

master and servent has revealed the binary opposition in their statuses. It depicts that one is

superior and the other one is inferior. Derrida says for deconstruction, language is wholly

ideological: it consists entirely of the numerous conflicting, dynamic ideologies—or systems of

 79

beliefs and values—operating at any given point in time in any given culture.(Tyson 2006, p258)

Miss Leefolt has always remained cruel and rude to Aibileen. She always orders Aibileen to take

care of the house, and place each and everything in order. It has been demonstrated in the

previous part of characterization that, Aibileen has to follow the decree of her mistress, even

though if she doesn't like it. She must be obedient to her mistress and agreed with her. It shows

that Aibileen is oppressed and subjugated in the whit-centered society. Miss Leefott has

constructed new bathroom for Aibileen and has been ordered to use the bathroom in the house.

Aibileen feels too much uneasy while using bathroom outside the house, but she cannot refuse her

mistress. Moreover, it has been demonstrated in The Help (2009) that Aibileen is not able to say

what she wants. She must control her emotion and feeling, she does not have the right to express

her will. When Mae Mobley has been beaten by Miss Leefott, Aibileen cannot say anything.

Aibileen must be kept silent because she is oppressed and she cannot raise her voice against the

atrocities of the white. Derrida says, a human concept and therefore a product of human language,

how can it be outside the ambiguities of language? (Tyson, 2006, p 263) .the atmosphere where

the mistress oppressed and subjugated the servant, it reveals that Aibeleen cannot express her

emotions and feeling.

5.15 The Imaginative White and the unimaginative Black

Being White, Miss Leefolt considers herself civilize and imaginative. The character of

Miss Leefott represents that she belongs to high class people. She wears neat and fancy dresses

and she behaves in polite manners. She does not want that someone draws faults in her
 80

personality. She tries to give good and positive response to other people. For Derrida, the answer

is that no concept is beyond the dynamic instability of language, which disseminates (as a flower

scatters its seeds on the wind) an infinite number of possible meanings with each written or

spoken utterance? (Tyson, 2006, p 263). It has been depicted that White people behave in good

manner. Miss Fredrick, Leefott mother has taught Mae Mobley to speak and respond positively.

Grandmother asks Mae Mobley, either she like to wear fancy dress or not, Mae Mobley says yes.

Her grandmother Miss Frederick does not acknowledge, but she says to Mae Mobley to say yes

Mama. White people does not like impolite behavior. They teach their children from generation

to generation to speak politely. Miss Frederick taught her granddaughter Mae Mobley, whatever

she says, she must follow her, and speak in well manners. Black people have been considered

unimaginative, dirty, and uncivilized, instead of their noble and pious charactersitics. Aibeleen

has been accused as thief, and it has been said that Miss Hilly silver has been stolen by Aibileen.

The Black has been considered savage and uncivilized. Therefore, Miss Leefott friend, Miss Hilly

has put the allegations of silver stealing at Aibileen. Even they do not have any proof.

5.16 The sophisticated White and the unsophisticated Black

The characterization between Miss Leefott and Aibileen depicts that they have been

differentiate on the basis of their skin and color. Black and White color have made the racial

discrimination between the two races. White people has considered themselves superior because

of their color .They have considered themselves as civilized and imaginative. White people have

set their own standard and they have proven themselves good manners people. On the other hand,

Aibileen has considered as dirty and exotic, on the basis of her black skin and color. Blacks have

been considered inferior and subjugated on the basis of their black color. General perspective

have been created that black people are impure and nasty. Black people have been perceived as
 81

disease and they have not been given any kind of status in the society. Hence, White people have

tried to keep themselves away from Black people. Meanwhile, isolation and discrimination have

been occurred in the society in the form of school, public transport, and bathroom. The dialogues

between Miss Leefott and Aibileen show that white people usually considered themselves

superior than black people. White people have been considered superior and civilized because of

their skin color and their social status in the society. Whereas, Black people have considered

inferior because of their social and economic position. Black people have been considered dirty

and impure by the white people.

5.17 Binary Opposition is deconstructed using the role of the Black maid and the White

mistress.

5.18 The skilful Black and The unskillful White

In the above discussion, Aibileen has been portrayed oppressed because of her submissive

behavior. Whatever her mistress says she has to follow and do what she says. Moreover, the

master and servent relation has made different situations between the two characters, miss Leefott

as the White mistress has power and authority and she has been given superior status,

whereas ,the black maid Aibileen has been considered inferior and subjugated and she does not go

according to her will. She must obey her mistress. The character of Aibileen has been depicted

very powerful and impressive than the character of Miss Leefott. In the same way, the Black maid

has taught the White children how to speak politely and in a good manner. The Black maids have

the skills to raise and take care of White children. Miss Fredrick, the mother of Miss Leefott, has

discussed in a passage.

“They head out the door with Miss Fredericks pinching the back a Miss Leefolt‘s arm. ―You
 82

don‘t know how to hire proper help, Elizabeth. It is her job to make sure Mae Mobley has

good manners.‖” (Stockett, 2009, p. 274)

The quote above depicts that the Black maids have the skills and abilities to raise the

White children. They have brought up the White children more properly than their biological

mother. There is no getting beyond language, beyond the play of signifiers, because we exist—we

think, we see, we feel—within the language into which we were born.(Tyson,2006, p 275).Most

of time in The Help (2009), the White children have been raised and educated by Aibeleen and

other black maids. The binary opposition between the Black and the White demonatses that the

Black maids are superior and skillful than white mistress, because the Black maids raised the

White children.

“This is not your bathroom!—I did not raise you to use the colored bathroom! ‖ I

hear her hiss-whispering, thinking I can‘t hear, and I think, Lady you didn’t raise your child at

all”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 130)

The debate between Miss Leefott and Aibileen demonstrated that Mae Mobley allows

Aibileen to use bathroom. The look after of Aibileen and her civilized manners have proven that

Mae Mobley treats her like human being, not as maid. When Miss Leefott comes to know that she

gets angry. Derrida argues that language has two important characteristics: its play of signifiers

continually defers, or postpones, meaning, and the meaning it seems to have is the result of the

differences by which we distinguish one signifier from another (Tyson, 2006, p 260). She does

not allow her children to use colored bathroom. It is the civilized and imaginative characteristics

of Aibileen which made little kid acts as human and treats other in good way. Furthermore, the

Black maid has realized the White children to different and understand the relationship between

the two races. The Black maids have depicted themselves superior, because they educate the
 83

White children and reduce the difference between the Black people and the White people. The

Black people had proven that the White and the Black people have same values and importance.

They both are human beings and no one is superior and inferior, and they are equal.

“Come on, Aibee. Time for my secret story— tell me, tell me about the brown wrapping. And

the present.‖—That‘s her favorite story cause when I tell it, she get two presents.—She take it

real serious, the unwrapping, letting me tell the story about how it aren’t the color a the wrapping

that count, it‘s what we is inside”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 407)

The white children have been raised by Aibileen because it was a very big advantage for

her to realize the white children to take care of the black color people and other people who are

living with them because all human beings are equal. Aibileen has treated the white children and

aware theme about the fact that Black people are not as bad as they are perceived in the white

society. She has given too much love and warmth to the white children. The Black people are

skilful and have the power to determine the future of the white children. The Black people have

the benefits of raising children because they tell the Black children about the black people when

white people say something improper about the Black about people.

“Miss Taylor says kids that are colored can’t go to my school cause they‘re not smart

enough.‖—―You think I‘m dumb?‖ ―No,‖ she whispers hard, like she means it so much,

she look sorry she said it. ―What that tell you about Miss Taylor, then? Means Miss Taylor

aren’t right all the time. I say she hug me around my neck, say, ―You’re righter than Miss Taylor. I tear

up then”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 538-539)

The above quote depicts that Aibileen and Mae Mobley little girl have strong and good

relationship. Aibileen has given the awareness to the Mae Mobley that what white people think
 84

about the Black is not fine. The White generally say that Black are bad, but Aibileen has realized

to the white people that they are not right. Mae Mobley has realized that Aibileen is not dumb.

Derrida explains, because we must use the tool at our disposal if we don’t have another. But even

while we use this tool, we can be aware that it doesn’t have the solidity and stability we assumed

it has, and we can therefore improvise with it, stretch it to fit new modes of thinking (an activity

he calls bricolage). Derrida does this stretching activity when he puts words under erasure, as he

calls it, by writing them and then crossing them out (Tyson, 2006, p 275) It has been depicted that

black maids are superior and they paly pivotal role in the society and in the lives of the White

people. The Black people are experts in raising, educating and teaching good manners to the

white children. On the other hand, the White people consider the Black maids dumb and ignorant.

And the White people give orders and responsibilities to raise their children. The Aibileen has

taught the White children and spread awareness among them that black and white are different,

they share same characteristics. The White and the Black people are biologically same. She has

also give an insight that colored folk is not as worse as they have been marked with negative traits

in the White societies.

5.19 The imaginative Black and the unimaginative White

In the chapter of character analysis. The White people have been observed as civilized and

imaginative folk in the society. They have been considered high social status, so they have to be

respected in the society. Furthermore, the Black people have been seemed as cruel and

uncivilized. They are shown deliberately as impolite and ill-behaved human beings. Even they

have been considered like animals. The White centered assumptions and perspectives show that

black are inferior and uncivilized. For deconstruction, writing is as dynamic, ambiguous, and

unstable as the language of which it is composed. (Tyson 2006, p 276) The binary opposition
 85

between the Black and the White people demonstrates that Aibileen is very pious and generous

women. She takes care of the others especially children. She has always good and positive

feelings about others. She has always been sympathetic and helpful to others. She usually writes

prayers in her book. She does not pray only for herself, but for others as well.

“I got my prayer book out so I can write some things down. I concentrate on Mae Mobley, try to

keep my mind off Miss hilly. Show me how to teach Baby Girl to be kind, to love herself; to

love others, while I got time with her”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 265)

Aibileen always prays for Mae Mobley. She always asks God to keep Mae Mobley safe

from the evil eyes. Mae Mobley considers Aibileen as her mother, because she gives her a lot of

love and affection. She takes care of the Aibileen, and prays for her prosperous and happy life.

Mae Mobley has been taught to love others. In The Help (2009), it has been depicted Aibileen is

like a mother figure, she gives a lot of love and warmth to the children. She has the ability to

fulfill the desires of the Children, and she has told her to speak positive words to others.

“I don‘t feel good. My frat hurts, Aibee.‖ I know what a frat is and I know how to fix it. Baby

Girl getting a summer cold.—ever afternoon, me and Baby Girl set in the rocking chair before

her nap. Ever afternoon, I tell her: You kind, you smart, you important.” (Stockett, 2009, p. 274)

The Blacks are said to be cruel and barbaric. But, in the novel, they are not as they are

considered. In contrast, they are imaginative, civilized and sympathetic than the White people.

“They’d a knock on the back door. I open it to see one a the workmen standing

There. He real old. Got coveralls on over a white collar shirt. ―Hide, ma‘am.

Trouble you for some water? He ask. I don‘t recognize him. Must live somewhere

south a town. ―Snuff, I say. I go get a paper cup from the cupboard”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 26)
 86

The quotation above demonstrates that Aibileen always wants to help other people. When

there is an old man, he needs drink, she has given him drink and does not reject his request. Even

if she does not know the old man. Furthermore, there are general assumptions that White people

are imaginative and civilized, but The Help (2009) does not depict them as they have been viewed

by white people. For deconstruction, language is dynamic, ambiguous, and unstable, continually

disseminating possible meanings; existence has no center, no stable meaning, no fixed ground;

and human beings are fragmented battlefields for competing ideologies whose only “identities”

are the ones we invent and choose to believe (Tyson, 2006, p 275). Miss Leefott is a rich and

economically stable women. She has joined Bridge club where she goes to meet the high class

women. Miss Leefott is wealthier than her black maids, but she does not speak in good and

positive manners. Wealth is not the guarantee that she is civilized. The opening chapter of the

novel depicts that Miss Leefott is mean to her own children. She does not give attention to Mae

Mobley, whenever she needs her attention. She ignores her when she is busy on phone.

“She keep craning her neck around, whining, ―Mama, Mama,” trying to get her

attention.— She run straight to her mama and stick out her chin and jerk the phone cord as hard

she can.—Miss Leefolt slap Baby Girl on the back a her bare legs so hard”. (Stockett, 2009,

p. 24-25)

Miss Leefott has not remained rude and arrogant to her children at one place in The Help

(2009). Miss Leefott has remained rude and arrogant to Mae Mobley, she uses the bathrooms of

the colored people. The issue of using bathrooms has remained unresolvable and complicated

between Aibileen and Miss Leefott. And she has constructed new bathrooms to separate the

White and the Black in the house. Miss Leefott daughter has started to use Aibileen`s bathrooms.

Miss Leefott has realized that she has beaten her daughter, for not following her mistress.
 87

“ This is not your bathroom.‖ Baby Girl wagging her head.―My bathroom!”

Miss Leefolt snatch her up, give her a pop on the leg”. (Stockett, 2009, p.130)

The above quotation depicts that Miss Leefott is arrogant and rude mother, and she has

brought upt her children with punishment. Whenever Mae Mobley commits any mistake. She

torture her physically and mentally. She wants to teach her daughter that how to talk and act. It

reveals that white people are not civilized and imaginative. To reveal a text’s decidability is to

show that the “meaning” of the text is really an indefinite, undecidable, plural, conflicting array of

possible meanings and that the text,(Tyson,2006 p 276). Mae Mobley has been scared by Miss

Leefott through her abusive and arrogant behavior. She does not feel comfortable. She feels

comfortable with Aibeleen. Mae Mobley has been treated with affection and love by Aibileen. In

some parts of the novel. Mae Mobley understands Aibileen as her mother. Aibileen has been

called Mama by Mae Mobley.

“Then she say, ―Aibee, you‘re my real mama.‖ She don‘t even look at me.—

―Your mama‘s off getting her hair fixed. Baby Girl, you know who your mama is.‖ But she shake

her head, cuddling that doll to her ― I‘m your baby, — Shh! Don‘t tell! She say. ―She‘ll spank

me.‖” (Stockett, 2009, p. 392,394)

The actions and behavior of the Mae Mobley depicts that Aibileen is her real mother. She

has loved, taught and taken care of her. Mae Mobley does not understand that Miss Leefott is her

mother. The acts of Mae Mobley has inverted the so called notion that the White are superior and

civilized and that the Black are uncivilized and inferior. The generosity of Aibileen has realized

Mae Mobley that the Black people are civilized and the White and the Black are same in the

society.
 88

5.20 The Sophisticated Black and the Unsophisticated White

The white people consider themselves superior and imaginative, because of their high

social class and status. They are educated and civilized. They have their own comfortable lifestyle

whereas the Black are considered inferior and uncivilized because of their social and economic

instability. The White people perceives that Black are dirty, insanitary and disease. The Black

people are considered barbaric and exotic in the society because they are poor. The Black people

have inverted the idea that they are inferior and subjugated by their actions and behaviors.

The previous discussion depicts that the White people including Miss Leefott is civilized

and normal, and they are the basic unite of civilization. When Miss Leefott has become the leader

of the Bridge Club, she has placed each and everything to the high class women because she

wants to prove herself as civilized and good manner lady. Therefore, she has placed each and

everything on the table.

“I arrange the-this and the-that for her lady and friends. Set out the good crystal, put the

silver service out.—Put a cloth on top to cover big L-shaped crack, move that red flowers

centerpiece to the sideboard to hide where the wood all scratched.—They aren’t rich folk, that I

know. Rich folk don‘t try so hard”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 4-5)

The above quote depicts that the White people and especially Miss Leefott has proven

herself perfect and she has exaggerated in front of other White people. In reality, Miss Leefolt

wants to show that she belongs to great and noble background. Miss Leefott wants to assure

others that she is honorable and virtuous lady. Miss Leefott wants that people call her noble,

wealthy and valuable. If anyone fined any kind of mistake in her personality, she feels insecure

and anxious.
 89

According to White people, black are like disease because of their skin colour, they are

dirty and ignorant, but as far as the Aibileen is concerned she has different qualities. As Derrida

would put it. This type of philosophy—in short, all Western philosophy—Derrida calls

logocentric because it places at the center (centric) of its understanding of the world a concept

(logos) that organizes and explains the world for us while remaining outside of the world it

organizes and explains (Tyson 2006, p 264) Aibileen does not hide her reality from White people,

because she believes in the inner beauty, not fancy-dresses and surface appearance.

“Come on Aibee, ‖ Mae Mobley, —Time for my secret story.‖—She take it real serious, the

unwrapping, letting me tell the story about how it aren’t the colora the wrapping that count, it‘s

what inside”. (Stockett, 2009, p. 407)

The above quote depicts that Aibileen does not believe in the perception of White

people that Black are dirty and that they have Black colour. Aibileen does not believe on the

surface beauty because according to Aibileen inner beauty and helping other is the real beauty.

So, the binary opposition between Black people are superior and normal than White people.
 90

Chapter 6

CONCLUSION

To sum up, the research concludes the results of the finding so that to address the question

formulations. The first question is that what are the factors of socio-cultural binary opposition

between Hazaras and Pashtuns and the Black and the White in the selected text. The second

objective is that how the inversion of stereotypical social -cultural norms empowers the

previously marginalized communicates in the selected text.

The above part of the analysis is based on the characteristics of Hassan, the Hazara, and

Assief and Amir, the Pashtuns. They have been assimilated to the certain norms and values such

as the characteristics of the Pashtuns rich, dominant, arrogant, careless and good manner. On the

other hand, the Hazaras are demonstrated subjugated, poor, deprived of education, thief and ill-

mannered. The researcher has identified some traits of the characteristic and some binary

opposition have been created. The first question proves that some binary pairs are brave Pashtuns

and coward Hazara, truthful Pashtun and Lire Hazara, talented Pashtun and talentless Hazara,

loyal Pashtun and disloyal Hazara.

The first binary opposition is brave the Pashtuns and the coward Hazara. The binary

opposition between Hassan and Assief depict that Pashtun are superior and they have dominated

the Hazaras. The Pashtuns has proven themselves brave and they do not let any other race in the

afghan society. The Kite Runner (2003) has depicted that Hassan is coward, and he does stand

against the cruelties and atrocities of the Pashtuns. Hassan has been raped and humiliated many

times in the novel but he does not dare to take his revenge. So, the binary opposition between the
 91

Hazaras and Pashtuns have depicted that Hassan is oppressed and subjugated in the society.

Another constructed binary is that Pashtun are truthful and Hazara are lire. This binary shows that

Hazaras especially Hassan and Ali speak lie to their masters where’s the Pashtuns are always

remained truthful and sincere to the Hazaras. So, the binary opposition shows that Pashtun are

truthful and the Hazaras lire and faithfulness as depicted in the characteristic of Hassan and Ali.

The third binary opposition is the talented Pashtun and the talentless Hazaras. Hassan a Hazara is

uneducated. He cannot read and write. He is considered illiterate in The Kite Runner (2003). Amir

always makes fun of Hassan because Amir reads in high class school and gets quality education.

In the kite running tournament, Hassan does not fly the kite, because he doesn't have the skills to

participate in the tournament. On the other hand, Amir a (Pashtun) has won the kite running

tournament, and he proves that Hazara Hassan is not talented and imaginative than Amir. The last

binary opposition is the loyal Pashtuns and disloyal Hazara. The disloyalty has ruined the lives of

Ali and Hassan. They have abandoned Baba house, because Hassan has been accused of stealing

the watch and money from Amir’s room. So, Hassan (Hazara) has proved to be disloyal and

unfaithful to his friend and master. Whereas, Baba and Amir have provided whatever Hassan and

Ali needed in their home. Baba has done the plastic surgery of Hassan upper lip, and bring

expensive gifts for him on his birthday. Every year, but Hassan and Ali have proven themselves

as disloyal.

The second question in this reference shows the other part of analysis. It demonstrates that

the binary opposition between the Hazara and the Pashtun are not fixed. Deconstruction theory

draws the hidden themes and meanings in the text. The first binary opposition on brave Pashtuns

and coward Hazara demonstrates that Hazaras Hassan has played very important role in saving

the wining Kite of the Amir. It reveals that Hassan has lost his honor, but he does not dishonor his
 92

friend. So, it reveals that Hazaras are brave and fearless. The second concept is that Hazaras are

truthful and Pashtuns are lier. It demonstrates that Hassan has never told lie in his life. He always

speak truth because his father has taught him to speak truth, but as far as Amir is concerned, he

tells lie that his watch has been stolen by Hassan. The third concept is the talented Hazara and the

talentless Pashtun. Hassan does not get education. Whenever Amir narrates story, and Hassan

draws faults in the story. He always makes another scene in the story, and Amir says how can a

cook is more intelligent than him, because he is uneducated and I am educated. The last concept

of the binary pair between the Pashtuns and the Hazars are loyal Hazara and disloyal Pashtun.

Hassan and Ali have remained in Afghanistan when the war breaks out in the country. Ali and

Hassan has lost their lives in the war, but Amir and Baba leave for America. The binary pair

between the Hazara and the Pashtuns reveals that Hazars are loyal to their homeland as depicted

in The Kite Runner (2003).

Similarly, in The Help 2009, it has also depicted the same charactersitics of the same

characteristics of the White and Black people. The features of Miss Leefolt's White Mistress and

Aibileen's Black Servant are associated with specific norms. From the traits, Miss Leefolt has

been depicted rich, good manner, carless, and rude. On the other hand, the black maid Aibileen

has been depicted as subjugated, needy, deprived of education, ill-mannered, thief, impure, and

benevolent. Then the researcher discovers the charactersitics of every character, few binary

opposition are made. The first findings in this thesis made binary opposition are skilful White and

unskillful Black, The imaginative White and unimaginative Black, sophisticated White and

unsophisticated Black.

The first binary opposition is skillful White and unskillful Black. In this section, the

relationship between a black maid and a white mistress made the supremacy of white people over
 93

others. Aibileen is subjugated instead White people understand they are superior and they have

the power to subjugate others. As a result, maids have to follow the decree of their mistress.

Furthermore, Aibileen is subjugated because she is unable to express her emotions and feelings.

The White Lady's dominance formed Aibileen hold astern her emotions. The second bifold

antinomy among Aibileen and Miss Leefolt is the imaginative White and unimaginative Black.

The White Mistress has been define as a gentle and cultured folk. Meanwhile, the Black maid has

been act like different. In novel, Blacks have been portrayed thief and character less, because the

Whites consider that Aibileen has stolen silver. In addition, the Black maids have been portrayed

as unimaginative because they do not know how to speak in good manners. The last bifold action

is the relationship among the sophisticated White and the unsophisticated Black. Miss Leefolt is

presented as sophisticated as a result she speak for central culture. In contrast, Aibileen are gifted

as unsophisticated as a result of their dark color, which implies that they are cruddy, sick, and

change from others.

Another finding in this analysis leads to another point. Using a deconstructionist aspect,

the binary oppositions are shown not to be true. Depend on further research, the deconstructionist

aspect sees the secret meanings in text. First, the concept where the skilful White and the

unskillful Black have been demolished. According to analysis, the Black Maid has a vital role in

the upbringing and educating of white adolescent. The general acceptance is that whites have

charge to adjust, advice and rule over other races. Meanwhile, it is blacks themselves who are

raising the white breeding. Second, concept where the imaginative White and unimaginative

Black is deconstructed. From the Analysis, white people do not speak of an imaginative entity. In

novel, Miss Leefolt is shown to be assailing and has a tendency to be cruel to her daughter. Based

on research, Miss Leefolt cannot manage her behavior and emotions. As a result, her daughter is
 94

worried about her. In adverse, Aibileen is search to be altruistic and benevolent entity as she uses

kind words and banquet others with her heart. Additionally, Mae Mobley calls Aibileen Mom

appearance that the Black Maid represented an imaginative mother figure, something which is

lacked in Mae Mobley`s biological mother, a white mistress. In addition, Aibileen understand

how to treat others decently and understand how to manage her feelings. Finally, the bifold action

the sophisticated White and the unsophisticated Black is also demolished. The analyzers finds that

there is tendency where the characteristics of a person are appeared by the color of the skin. The

Black are portrayed to be unsophisticated because they are dark in color, sick and dirty and the

white are referred to as sophisticated as a result they show good values. At this stage, the

deconstructionist aspect violates this kind of surmise. Thorough analysis into peculiar of the

Black Maid and the White Mistress appear that a person's true qualities are known by what comes

from within, and not by the color of his/her skin. Binary oppositions among the Black people and

the Hazaras and the White people and the Pashtuns are made from the views of history. Each

breeding begins to believe the surmise that the White people and the Pashtuns are not as good as

the Black people and the Hazaras. In fact, this study proves that the binary oppositions given to

Aibileen and Hassan and Miss Leefott and Assief and Amir does not really express who they

really are.
 95

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