Prajya Dec 2022 Digital - Final 1 PDF

Volume: 02 Issue: 04 December 2022 Rs.
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India's G20 Presidency

GURU NANAK DEV
JAYANTI
8th November
T h e P r a j ya T e a m
Published by:
Arya Samaj Charitable Foundation
Editorial Board:
अप्राय्यंनामनेहािस्तधीर�व्यवसाियनः।
Smt Mali Nandakumar
Educational Consultant (Translation: Nothing is unattainable to the one who has courage and
Shri Nandakumar V works hard.)
Educational Consultant It takes a lot of courage to face competition from a behemoth like China.
Smt Nandhini S Courage alone doesn’t take one far. It has to be supplemented by hard work. There
Principal | D.A.V. Sec School, Mogappair was ample evidence of this when Kalyani Cast Tech successfully manufactured and
Student Contributors: exported cargo containers worth USD 1.4 million to Europe.
Kum S.AN. Ananiya | Class XI Zoho Corporation is another illustrious example of unconventional
Kum Inshirih Rizwankhan | Class IX
Chi Shashank Ranganathan G | Class X entrepreneurship. With the courage of conviction to not spend too much on
marketing and instead working hard to let its products speak for themselves, it has
Teacher Contributors:
spread its customer base and grown to be a billion-dollar company. Its policy of
Smt Archana Sundar
“spending or reinvesting around 50% of its profits in new projects” is praiseworthy.
Smt Meenakshi S
Sri Krishna Kumar C.S India’s first successful flight test of the Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD)
Kum Priyadharsshini S interceptor missile AD-1 capable of neutralising long-range missiles and aircraft
Smt Ramamani N is yet another exemplar of resoluteness and diligence. The indigenous missile
Smt Sarada Devi Ravutu
showcases India’s potential in newer realms placing India in the company of
Smt Sandhya Nair
Smt Shubha T R advanced nations with such air defence capability.
Kum Silpa Nandakumar Success is inevitable when resolve and industriousness go together.
Smt Sumathi Ramakrishnan
Read, reflect and revert with your thoughts and feelings.
Independent Contributors:
We look forward to your support and suggestions.
Kum Anu Narayan
Shri Bharath Editorial Team
Kum Deepasri
Smt Gaayathri
Kum Kavya R
Shri Mrithyunjay GN Dear Readers,
Shri Nagarajan R
Dr. Padma V There have been requests from quite a few readers for hard copies of Prajya. We
Dr. Preethy S P understand that quite a high percentage of our young readers keep revisiting some
Shri Sampath D articles, and a handy print version within reach induces one to read more often,
Shri Saravanan J
highlight things and make notes. This also partly contributes to students spending
Col Shashidhar M V (Retd)
Smt Shyamala Viswanathan less screen time. The Prajya team is happy to bring to you the issue in print.
Shri Sivakumar
Shri Sridhar P However, there are few things that we want to be careful about:
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Smt Vanaja Shankar
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December 2022 Prajya 3

International 16 Railways
Current Affairs commissions 15 Gati
6 Rishi Sunak first Shakti multi-modal
Indian-origin Prime cargo terminals
Minister of the U.K. 17 Kashi –Thamizh
7 Cargo containers Sangamam
exported to Europe 19 ISRO’s heaviest rocket
places 36 satellites in
8 Immersive view is
coming to Google orbit
Maps 20 Minicoy Thundi
& Kadmat beach
9 Probe on Ukraine's
become blue beaches
alleged bio weapons-
India abstains from 21 Plastic paves the way
UNSC 21 Sri Ram Mandir
10 Lula Da Silva - Brazil’s foundation to be
new president earthquake proof
10 Netanyahu returns to 22 Pilot for
power in Israel Digital Rupee
11 G20 Ministers launch 23 North India’s
billion-dollar fund to hyperscale data
tackle next pandemic center in greater
Noida
National 24 First smart
Current Affairs instrumentation
12 Fines on Google factory in Bengaluru
13 11 Crore farmers 26 97% of mobiles used
to benefit from PM- by Indians are Made
Kisan scheme’s 12th in India
instalment 25 Mangarh Dham
14 One district One declared a national
product scheme monument
15 Carbon footprint 25 Bengaluru airport
reduction measures becomes the first to
by Indian Railways offer 5G network
4 Prajya December 2022
27 Longest steel deck Defence Updates
on India’s longest sea 46 India tests nuclear-
bridge
capable Agni Prime
28 Novel Technology Ballistic Missile
to produce new-
generation super 47 Upgrading advanced
abrasive tools landing ground
for fighter operations
29 Two women officers
in top positions in 48 Deesa Airbase in
CRPF Banaskantha district
30 India’s cost-effective 49 New interceptor for
manufacturing facility two-tier Ballistic
31 EWS Quota – an Missile Shield
affirmation or negation
General
of equality ?
Knowledge
33 Tamil Nadu’s 17th
wildlife sanctuary 52 Curiosity Corner-
Indian Beaches
34 India's G20
Presidency 54 Financial Literacy
36 India’s first private - Beware of digital
rocket launched banking frauds - 2
37 Justice 57 Law in focus
D.Y.CHANDRACHUD -Taxation Law - GST
sworn in 59 Living Naturally
38 ZOHO is now a billion- - Tulsi
dollar company
60 Know your nation
39 Linguistic survey of -Himachal Pradesh
India
62 Spotlight of the
40 IRCTC offers medical month - Govinda Hari
tourism online
Sonawane
41 Bumper harvest
63 Noble Prize series -
of saffron in
Kashmir Click Chemistry
42 National Sports 64 Padma Awardee -

Awards 2022 Darshanam
44 India’s plan for Net Mogilaiah
Zero emissions by 65 Fascinating Feathers
2070 - Migration
Kum Sunita D Behera
Rishi Sunak
first Indian-origin
Prime Minister of the U.K.
O
n 25th October 2022 - 10, Downing world, he worked at various investment
Street saw its first Hindu Prime banking firms and financial companies.
Minister, Rishi Sunak. In the year 2010, Rishi Sunak started
He was born into an immigrant working for the Conservative Party. His
family in Southampton, England. His political career saw him wearing various
grandparents moved from Punjab to East hats.
Africa pre-independence and later laid
Boris Johnson, the 55th Prime
their roots in the UK.
Minister of England appointed Sunak
Sunak attended Winchester College
as the Chief Secretary to the Treasury in
and Lincoln College, Oxford – both
2019. He later went on to become United
known to produce Prime Ministers
Kingdom’s 4th youngest finance minister.
and Finance Ministers. As he
During his tenure, he powered through
studied, he waited tables
many challenges that the government and
at a Southampton Indian
restaurant. He completed the citizens faced during the Covid-19
his MBA from Stanford Pandemic.
University, where In a series of resignations under
he met his wife, Johnson’s government due to conflicts,
Akshata Murthy, Rishi Sunak left his post in July 2022.
fashion designer and It led to Boris Johnson stepping down
co-founder of as the Prime Minister and Leader of the
Infosys. Conservative Party.
During his After Johnson, Liz Truss became the
study at Oxford, next Prime Minister. Sunak landed second
he had the place in the ministerial race.
opportunity to
She had the shortest tenure of 45 days
intern at the
Conservative in the history of U.K., as she failed to
Party head contain the rising inflation.
quarters. Rishi Sunak, who enjoyed massive
B e f o r e support from the MPs, was voted to
stepping into become the next Prime Minister and
the political Leader of the Conservative Party.

Kum Kavya R
Cargo containers
exported to Europe
T
he Make in India initiative has been a focused
effort in making India not just self-sufficient
but also a global manufacturing hub capable
of exporting its goods and services to other countries.
In line with its successes, the initiative has garnered
another success: the export of cargo containers to
Europe, despite direct competition from China.
Manufactured and exported by Kalyani Cast
Tech, 360 shipping containers worth USD1.4 million
have been shipped to Europe in October 2022. KCT is
one of the few manufacturers in the world capable of
competing with the stranglehold that China has in the processes are top of the line and customizable to meet
cargo container manufacturing industry. Most countries the need of customers.
across the world import containers manufactured in With a current daily export capacity of 12
China. containers per day, KCT is on increase their
With the successful completion of this order, KCT manufacturing capabilities to meet higher demands.
is in line to make a big change. Despite just being an Their success will surely pave the way for more
internationally certified manufacturer for only 3 years, indigenous companies in many other industries to
they have made great strides in ensuring that their become global manufacturers.

Shri Mrithyunjay GN
Immersive view is coming to
G
oogle has made some view automatically learns historical
major changes to its search trends for a place to determine what
algorithm in recent times, an area will be like tomorrow, next
which was the topic of discussion for week and even next month.
its event Search On 2022, held on
In the coming months,
28th September 2022. It announced
immersive view will be launched
4 new updates for Google maps,
in Los Angeles, London, New
with the most exciting one being the
York, San Francisco and Tokyo on
immersive view.
both Android and iOS. This will
Google Maps first launched
consist of 250 photorealistic aerial
to help people navigate to their
views of global landmarks that span
destinations. Today, from live
everything from the Tokyo Tower to
traffic to finding a restaurant in your
the Acropolis.
neighborhood, Maps has evolved
to be much more. Advances in Along with immersive view,
computer vision and AI have Google Maps has also introduced
further increased the scope of Live View, eco-friendly routing and
Google Maps. neighbourhood vibe. These new
Immersive view helps you visual and intuitive maps will allow
see stunning multi-dimensional the users to experience a place as
views of an area with critical if they are there in person, from
information like the weather, traffic the comfort of their homes. This
and busyness layered on top. Using will also help users make informed
predictive modeling, immersive decisions and explore new things.

Kum Silpa Nandakumar
Probe on Ukraine's alleged bio weapons

India abstains from UNSC
A
motion was set to establish violation of the Biological Weapons to the UN said that India gives
a commission to investigate Convention (BWC). Only two high importance to BWC and
claims by Moscow that the members - Russia and China - voted remains committed to enhancing its
US and Ukraine are carrying out in favour of the probe. effectiveness and strengthening its
"military biological activities" A resolution at the Council implementation.
in Ukraine. India abstained from needs to get at least 9 positive votes India had recently abstained
voting at the United Nations for it to be adopted. from another one, which sought to
Security Council (UNSC). The declare Russia's annexation of 4
Counsellor A. Amarnath
alleged bio arms are carried out in Ukrainian territories as invalid.
from India's Permanent Mission
Biological Weapons
Convention is the first
non-discriminatory
disarmament treaty
banning a complete
category of weapons
of destruction. It
supplements the 1925
Geneva Protocol signed
at a conference held by
the League of Nations.

Smt Shubha T R
Lula Da Silva
Brazil’s New President
77
- year - old Luis his opponent Bolsonaro’s 49.1% Workers Party. He is credited with
Inacio Lula da Silva, votes. building extensive social welfare
veteran politician, programmes during his Presidential
Lula was born on 27th October
popularly called Lula, made his big (2003-2010) tenure which helped
1945 into a poor peasant family,
presidential comeback, when he push 20 million citizens out of
defeated incumbent Jair Bolsonaro worked as a shoeshine boy and
poverty. There were also corruption
to become Brazil’s next president. peanut vendor before becoming a
allegations against him and he was
metal worker at the age of 14. jailed for 580 days. His conviction
Lula will become Brazil’s 39th
president in Jan 2023. He garnered In February 1980, he with though was later annulled by
50.9% of the polled votes as against few others, founded Brazil’s Brazil’s Supreme Court.
Shri Sampath D
Netanyahu
returns to power in Israel
F
ormer Prime Minister state: Jewish or democratic. In a
Benjamin Netanyahu gesture of inclusivity Netanyahu
returned to power after promised to serve all Israelis, those
winning the national election, with who voted for his party and those
current Prime Minister conceding who did not – stating that it is his
defeat. He is the longest - serving responsibility.
prime minister, having been elected Netanyahu who has won a
for five times over the course of 15 mandate to form the government
years. will have to overcome the issue of
Netanyahu was officially tasked corruption charges which are under
with forming a new government, investigation.
paving the way for his comeback as partners capturing a solid majority PM Modi has congratulated
the head of what is widely expected in Israel’s Knesset, or parliament. Netanyahu for his success in the
to be the most right-wing coalition It puts an end to Israel’s political Israeli general elections. He said, he
in the country’s history. instability, for now. It also leaves is looking forward to continue their
Final results showed Israelis split over their leadership joint efforts to deepen the India-
Netanyahu’s Likud Party and its and over the values that define their Israel strategic partnership.

Shri Sampath D
G20 Ministers launch

billion-dollar fund to tackle
next pandemic
T
he G20 Presidency of Developed with Indonesia’s
Indonesia, in partnership and Italy’s leadership during their
with the Pandemic Fund respective G20 presidencies, the
There is an Secretariat, officially launched Pandemic Fund has US$1.4 billion
imperative need the Pandemic Fund at a high- in seed funding already committed
level event. It is an important step by 24 donors.
to improve the toward strengthening global health G20 countries have
global health architecture. provisionally agreed to set up a
The launch of the fund was multi-billion-dollar fund that health
architecture welcomed as a key element of a officials have said will finance
because of solution in reducing risks from efforts like surveillance, research,
epidemics and pandemics in the and better access to vaccination
the COVID-19 most vulnerable parts of the world for lower-to-middle income
and contributing to a healthier and countries, among others. The World
pandemic. safer world. Bank, which will house the fund,
and the World Health
Organization (WHO),
which is advising on the
facility, estimates that the
annual funding gap for
pandemic preparedness
is $10.5 billion.
There is an
imperative need to
improve the global health
architecture because
of the COVID-19
pandemic that has been
sweeping the globe since
the beginning of 2020.

Shri Sivakumar R
Google penalized
T
he Competition Commission confirmed by the European Court
of India (CCI) has imposed this year along with most of the
a fine of $1,337.76 crore anti-competitive practices identified
on Alphabet-owned Google for by the probe.
“abusing its dominant position” In an earlier investigation,
in markets related to the Android CCI had imposed a fine of
mobile device ecosystem. CCI
Companies like $ 135.86 crore on Google for "search
also restricted Google from certain
bias" and abusing its dominant
Google may revenue sharing agreements with
position in online general web
smart phone makers, noting that
be very large such practices helped Google to
search and web search advertising
services in India in February 2018.
and mighty, secure exclusivity for its search
In November 2020, CCI
services "to the total exclusion of
but with CCI competitors." directed a probe into the issue of
mandatory use of Google Play
around, the The CCI, India’s competition
Store’s payment system for paid
watchdog is empowered under the
consumer Competition Act, 2002, to check
apps and in-app purchases.
whether companies especially The investigation will also
is assured examine whether Google's payment
large tech companies are not
of a choice eliminating healthy competition business Google Pay has abused its
in the market and creating a dominance in the digital payments
amongst monopoly. market. The decision in this case is
similar quality The CCI’s current case in expected to be announced by CCI in
India has identified almost identical about a year’s time.
products at a abuse of the Android ecosystem by Companies like Google may be
fair price. Google as the European Union’s very large and mighty, but with CCI
Competition watchdog did in 2018. around, the consumer is assured of
The over $4 billion fine on Google a choice amongst similar quality
imposed by the EU regulator was products at a fair price.

Kum Kavya R
11 crore farmers to benefit from

PM-Kisan Scheme’s
12th instalment
O
n 17th October 2022,
Over the PM Modi released the
12th instalment of PM-
past 3 years KISAN, the government’s flagship
scheme to benefit farmers across
farmers have
the country. The latest instalment
received of this 3-year programme aims to
provide financial benefits of up of $6000 per year in instalments
financial aid of $2000, every 4 months. These
$ 16,000 crores to more than 11 crore
of $2.6 lakh eligible farmers across the country. funds are directly transferred to
the farmers. Over the past 3 years
crores. As per the scheme, eligible
farmers have received financial aid
farmers receive financial benefit
of $2.6 Lakh crores.
This instalment is meant to
provide farmers with the funds
ahead of the rabi season. In the
PM Kisan Samman Sammelan
2022 event, PM Modi stressed on
the importance of the government
supporting the farmers.
The two-day event also featured
presentations and events conducted
by more than 1500 agri-startups and
was attended by more than 13,000
farmers from across the country.

Shri Sivakumar R
One District
One Product
Scheme
T
he Central Government has (DEPCs) have been constituted in
initiated the One District One 36 States/UTs to provide support
The objective Product (ODOP) in different for export promotion and address
of One District States/UTs of the country. ODOP the bottlenecks for export growth in
is seen as a transformational step the districts.
One Product towards realizing the true potential
ODOP was initially launched
of a district, fueling economic
scheme is to growth, generating employment and
by Uttar Pradesh Government
in 2018 and after its success, the
convert each rural entrepreneurship, taking us to
Central Government adopted
the goal of Atmanirbhar Bharat.
district of the ODOP is operationally merged with
the plan for the entire country in
2019-20.
country into a ‘Districts as Export Hub (DEH)’
In Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
initiative of the DGFT, Department
manufacturing of Commerce, with the Department Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana,
for Promotion of Industry and Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand,
and exporting Internal Trade (DPIIT) as a major Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh,
hub. stakeholder. Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan,
ODOP is aimed at fostering Sikkim, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh
balanced regional development and West Bengal, exports have
across all districts of the country increased more than thrice since the
enabling holistic socio-economic introduction of ODOP-DEH plan.
In SEZs, business growth across all regions. Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu have
and trade laws are registered increases of 218% and
The objective is to convert
different from the 192 % respectively.
each district of the country into
rest of the country a manufacturing and exporting To conclude, what the SEZ
for increasing trade hub by identifying products with (Special Economic Zone) initiative
balance and investment, export potential in the district. of the earlier times lacked, the
employment, job Institutional mechanism in the current ODOP initiative is plugging
creation and effective form of State Export Promotion the gaps and the immediate results
administration. Committees (SEPCs) and District foretell that India will soon emerge
Export Promotion Committees as a global export powerhouse.

Kum Kavya R Kum Kavya R
Carbon footprint reduction

measures by Indian Railways
R
ailway Minister Ashwini These freight rakes will help fast-
Vaishnav flagged off track the country's ambitious plan
India’s first indigenously to modernise freight transportation
manufactured aluminium goods and enable significant carbon
train rake from Bhubaneshwar, savings for the Railways.
Odisha on 16th October 2022. With
Indian 61 wagons, this new rake is 180
IR is planning to deploy
more than one lakh wagons in
Railways tonnes lighter than the current steel the upcoming years. This would
rake resulting in increased speed constitute around 5-20% shift to
is on a and lower power consumption for aluminium which can potentially
mission to the same distance. They also carry reduce annual CO2 emissions by
5-10% more load. around 25 lakh tonnes.
achieve net "These wagons save 14,500 IR is on a mission to achieve
zero carbon tonnes of CO2 emissions, have more net zero carbon emissions by 2030
carrying capacity, consume less to become the world’s largest Green
emissions energy and are corrosion-resistant. Railway. Additionally, the Indian
They are 100 % recyclable and
by 2030 even after 30 years, they will be
Railway Board has gone paperless
from 1st November 2022. All types
to become as good as new. These aluminium of correspondence in its various
wagons will enable us to achieve departments are being done through
the world’s our climate goals," the minister e-filing on the e-office system.
largest Green said.
The railway ministry believes
The aluminium rake was that the implementation of e-office
Railway. manufactured in collaboration with will promote a more transparent,
Besco Limited Wagon Division efficient and systematic work
and aluminium major Hindalco. culture.

Smt Meenakshi S
Railways commissions
15 Gati Shakti multi-modal
cargo terminals
C
argo terminal is a place logistics cost and bring synergy
where goods or container among ministries. The first Gati
cargos are stored in Shakti Cargo Terminal was
order to transfer them to other commissioned in Asansol Division
locations. Cargo terminals may by the Indian Railways.
include accessory warehouses, rail Railway Ministry has
roadyards, storage yards and offices. commissioned 15 more ‘Gati Shakti
PM Gati Shakti is an initiative Multi-Modal Cargo Terminals’
to accelerate transportation, cut and these are being developed for
handling rail cargos.
Around 96 more locations have
been provisionally identified for
development of GCTs. It has been
targeted to commission 100 GCTs
within the next three financial
years. Location of GCTs is being
decided on the basis of demand
from industry and potential of cargo
traffic. GCTs are being developed
by private players and can be
developed on non-Railway land or
fully/partially on Railway land.

Shri Bharat
Kashi –Thamizh Sangamam

The Event Tamil Nadu. Seminars,lectures and
PM Modi inaugurated the discussions are organized as part of
month-long programme of the Kasi- this event.
Thamizh Sangamam at Varanasi
Sangamam or Sangam
on 19th November 2022. This
Sangamam of event organized by the Ministry Sangamam can be defined as
the confluence of individuals, rivers,
scholars and of Education in collaboration
thoughts, ideologies or knowledge.
with the ministries of Culture,
intellectuals Textiles, Railways, Tourism, Sangamam of scholars and
Food Processing, Information & intellectuals to discuss, debate and
to discuss, Broadcasting and the Government exchange ideas on various aspects of
debate and of Uttar Pradesh, is to celebrate the the society is an ancient Bharathiya
historical, cultural and civilizational tradition and it has resulted in
exchange bond between India’s North and the invaluable and unmatched literary
South. treasures. Ancient Thamizh land has
ideas on had three Sangams. Tholkappiyam,
This endeavour is consistent
various with the emphasis of the National
Ettuthogai and Pathupattu are
all products of the Sangam. The
aspects of Education Policy 2020, on
sangamam of rivers for example are
integrating the wealth of ancient
the society also celebrated.
Indian knowledge systems with
modern systems of knowledge.
is an ancient IIT Madras and the Banaras Hindu
Kashi-Thamizh Connection
While inaugurating the event
Bharathiya University are the knowledge
the PM said,
partners for the event.
tradition. About 2400 people from Tamil “Embracing entire India, Kashi
Nadu will visit Kashi for eight days is the cultural capital of India
to get familiarized with the ancient whereas Tamil Nadu and Tamil
knowledge shared by Kashi and culture is the centre of India's
antiquity and glory.”

The spiritual and religious called mini–Tamil Nadu and these
importance of Kashi can be gauged families are keeping the Tamil
from the fact that almost every traditions alive.
Hindu feels that life is incomplete
without a pilgrimage to Kashi. Well Begun
King
It was King Parakrama This event, being the first of
Parakrama Pandiyan who installed the its kind could just be the beginning
Sivalingam brought from Kashi, at of resurrecting and rejuvenating
Pandiyan
Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu. the shared heritage and the people-
installed the Later it was Adhiveerarama to-people bond between various
Pandiyan who built the Kasi regions of India.
Sivalingam
Viswanathar Temple at Tenkasi More such events involving
brought from after returning from a pilgrimage to the various states of India
Kasi. There are hundreds of Shiva would strengthen the unity
Kashi at temples in Tamil Nadu that bear the and integrity of India. That is
Sivakasi in name of Kashi. after all the objective of the ‘Ek
Kumara Guruparar Swamigal Bharat, Shreshtha Bharat’(Ore
Tamil Nadu. of the Dharmapuram Adheenam, Bharatham, Unnadha Bharatham)
consecrated the Vishveswaralingam initiative.
at Kedarghat in Varanasi. He National poet Subramanya
composed the Kasi Kalambagam. Bharati said:
Later his disciples also built a Kasi “Muppadhu Koti muga
Viswanathar Temple
mudaiyal uyir moympura
at Thirupanandal in
ondrudaiyal,
Thanjavur district.
There is also a Ival seppumozhi padhinett
strong connection udaiyal enin sindhanai
between the traders ondrudaiyal.”
dealing in silk
saris and textiles
from Varanasi and
Kanchipuram.
About 70
Tamil families live (Rough translation: India has
in the Hanuman thirty crore faces but is united in
Ghat Mohalla in soul; she speaks eighteen different
Varanasi. This is languages but is united in thought.)

Kum Anu Narayan
ISRO’s heaviest rocket

places 36 satellites in orbit
I
n a significant technological achievement has pushed the LVM3
leap for the Indian Space into the global commercial launch
Research Organization market, marking the second launch
(ISRO), India’s heaviest rocket has vehicle available to customers after
successfully placed 36 broadband PSLV.
communication satellites of U.K.- This marks One Web’s 14th
based One Web. launch and represents more than
The Launch Vehicle Mark 3 70% of the planned total of Low
(LVM3) has a gross lift-off weight Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite fleet. If
of about 640 tons including the total successful, this fleet would provide
combined satellite weight of about high-speed, low-latency internet
5.7 tons. Its powerful cryogenic connectivity worldwide.
engine enables the LVM3 to deploy Formerly known as the
heavy payloads at altitudes as low as Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
600 km. Taking off from the second Vehicle Mark 3 (GSLV Mark 3),
Low Earth Orbit Satellites launch pad of the Satish Dhawan ISRO renamed the rocket when
are placed less than Space Center SHAR, Sriharikota it proved successful in placing
1,000 km above the earth’s at 12:07 am, the rocket injected the the satellites in Low Earth Orbits.
surface, while satellites in satellites into orbit about 75 minutes This triumph also improved the
later. credibility of the GSLV Mark 3
Geostationary Equatorial
Part of a commercial agreement Launch Vehicle, which is currently
Orbit are placed 35,000 km
between New Space India Ltd. and being human-rated for Gaganyaan
above the surface. the UK-based One Web Ltd, this mission to carry astronauts to space.

Kum Meenakshi R
Minicoy Thundi &

Kadmat Beach
become Blue Beaches
B
lue Flag is a unique eco-label
certification presented to coastal
areas all over the world as a mark of
environmental distinction. The Foundation
for Environmental Education (FEE), a non-
profit organization with its headquarters in
Copenhagen, Denmark, runs the Blue Flag
initiative in support of the United Nations.
According to the FEE, Blue Flag is one
of the world’s most recognized voluntary
awards for beaches, marinas and sustainable
boating tourism operators. To qualify,
stringent environmental, educational, safety
and accessibility criteria must be met and
maintained.
Twelve famous beaches in India already
have this certification and now two more -
Minicoy Thundi and Kadmat from Lakshadweep
have entered the coveted list.The beaches are
a part of the country's relentless journey
towards building a sustainable
environment. These give
a sense of pride to the
community and attract
tourism.

Kum S. An. Ananiya - Student
Plastic paves the way

D
id you know that India in Bhutan, a 2.5 km long road on
generates 3.6 lakh million Balipara Chardur Tawang and 1 km
tonnes of plastic in one long road on Roing Koronu Paya,
year? What if this plastic waste the border regions of Arunachal
could be put to good use by Pradesh.
constructing roads? Indian Border Apart from being an effective
Road Organisation (BRO) lays means to manage waste, these
and maintains roads across the plastic roads are likely to be more
borders of the country. As a part durable. Additionally, trials for
of its Special Campaign 2.0, BRO construction of plastic roads have
has paved an 8 km long road using been carried out in Noida, Mumbai,
shredded plastic waste spanning Kolkata and Maharashtra. BRO
across Arunachal Pradesh and is now taking efforts to maximise
Bhutan. the use of shredded plastic in
This includes a 4.5 km long resurfacing roads as a step towards
road in Pheuntsholing – Thimpu a cleaner and greener India.
Smt Sarada Devi Ravutu
SRI RAM MANDIR FOUNDATION TO

BE EARTHQUAKE PROOF
T
he Ram Janambhoomi used to make the foundation heat,
Teerth Kshetra Trust has water and earthquake-proof.
been undertaking the The stones had been tested
Ram Mandir’s at a 1500 0C temperature and also
construction on
by exposing them to freezing
the banks of the
temperatures for more than 24 hours,
river Saryu, in
making them totally waterproof.
Ayodhya. The
special stones Each block will be 5 feet
from the mines long, 3 feet thick, and 2.75 feet
of Gukanhalli and wide. According to the geologists,
Adigullu villages the granite rocks formed in
on the outskirts Chikkaballapur about 2500 million
of Chikkaballapur years ago are hard in nature and
district of there would be no impact of an
Karnataka will be earthquake on them.

Kum Gaayathri
Pilot for
Digital Rupee
A
Central Bank Digital India's first digital rupee pilot
Currency (CBDC) or project for wholesale (e$-W) has
Digital Rupee is a digital been rolled out by RBI. Digital
form of currency note issued by a rupee (e$) will be used for issuing
central bank. It is substantially not virtual currency for transactions in
Digital rupee different from bank notes, but being Government Securities. The money
digital it is likely to be easier, faster will be in virtual form but the digital
(e$) will be and cheaper. rupee will not be decentralised, it
used for Apart from reducing the will be regulated by the RBI. The
transaction cost, having a digitised digital rupee will be completely
issuing virtual currency will make it easier legal and acceptable to the Indian
Government.
currency for for governments to access all
transactions happening within The digital rupee rollout is
transactions the authorized networks. Another a big step ahead in India's digital
benefit of digital currency is that transformation. It will be an
in Government they do not get torn, burnt or excellent opportunity for India
Securities. physically damaged. Neither can since it will potentially increase the
they be physically lost. ease of doing business, as well as
improve resilience and security of
CBDC can be classified into the entire payment’s infrastructure.
two types
Nine banks namely State Bank
 Retail(CBDC-R):This would of India, Bank of Baroda, Union
Sweden is the country be potentially available for Bank of India, HDFC Bank, ICICI
which is fully cashless. use by all. Bank, Kotak Mahindra Bank,
 Wholesale (CBDC-W) is Yes Bank, IDFC First Bank and
designed for restricted access HSBC have been identified for
to select financial institutions. participation in the pilot.

Shri Sampath D
Hyperscale Data Center

in Greater Noida
H
iranandani Group’s Data tional, Yotta D1 will see an addi-
centre business, Yotta tional investment of $ 5,000 crores
Yotta D1 can Infrastructure has unveiled in IT equipment.
North India’s first hyperscale data The Indian Government has
house 5000 center, Yotta D1. It was inaugurated been pushing IT companies to host
racks across by Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, its customer's data locally, and
Yogi Adityanath and Rajeev on account of it, the Data Center
seven server Chandrasekhar, Union Minister of market in India has opened up
State for Electronics & IT and Skill
floors and investment opportunities.
Development & Entrepreneurship
Yotta D1, a part of the Yotta
offers fail-safe, in the presence of leading IT leaders
Greater Noida Data Center Park,
and government officials.
48-hour power is located near National Capital
The first of 6 data center build- Region, providing an impetus to
backup on full ings built and made operational in a the region’s digital economy. It
record time of 20 months has been spans over 3,00,000 sq. ft., across
load. set up with an investment of around ground plus 7-floors and offers an
$1,500 crores. Once fully opera- IT load capacity of 28.8 MW. Yotta
D1 can house 5000 racks
across seven server floors
and offers fail-safe, 48-hour
power backup on full load.
The company also
entered into an MoU with
the Government of Uttar
Pradesh to invest $39,000
crore in a phased manner over
5-7 years. The investment
will be used to construct
the data center campus and
procure IT equipment and
other hardware for Yotta
customers.

Chi Shashank Ranganathan - Student
First Smart Instrumentation

Factory in Bengaluru
A
BB (Asea Brown supporting the local economy,
Boveri, a Swedish- the factory is equipped with
Swiss multinational state-of-the-art manufacturing
corporation) inaugurated its technology to meet the growing
smart instrumentation factory demand for instrumentation
in Bengaluru for flexible mass devices that enables more
Smart Instrument is an
production of measurement and efficient and sustainable
electronic device that uses analytical devices. customer operations.
embedded sensors and This factory supports The factory also features
software to monitor and report the region’s ambition of innovative first-of-its-kind
on its own performance and transforming into a global automated welding, enabling
design and manufacturing a significant productivity
the performance of the system
hub. In line with the “Make improvement and helping in
it is part of. in India” programme aimed at manufacturing a product of
superior quality.
The modular production
flow design increases flexibility
and enables additional
manufacturing capacities to
introduce new products in
line with future customer
expectations.

Mangarh Dham declared a

National Monument
M
angarh Dham is a symbol Gujarat-Rajasthan border, with a
of the sacrifice of tribals. large tribal population.
PM Modi declared
The tribals and forest
Mangarh Dham in Rajasthan
dwellers' fight against the British
as a national monument, which
is a memorial for around 1,500 was led by social reformer Govind
tribals who were massacred on Guru. The massacre that took place
17th November 1913 by the British six years before Jallianwalla Bagh
Army in the hills of Manghar. It is is sometimes referred to as the
located in Banswara district on the “Adivasi Jallianwala”.
Kum Silpa Nandakumar
Bengaluru airport
becomes the first to offer
5G Network
K
empegowda International on 1st October in Delhi, Mumbai,
Airport at Bengaluru Chennai, Bengaluru, Hyderabad,
became the first airport in Siliguri, Nagpur and Varanasi.
India to get access to ultra-fast 5G
The company claims that it
network.
runs on a technology that has the
Bharti Airtel launched its 5G most developed ecosystem which
services in Terminal 2 in one of
ensures that all 5G smart phones
South India's busiest airports. It
can smoothly connect to the
allows all Airtel customers with
network.
5G smartphones to enjoy blazing
speeds while they are at the arrival, 4G SIM will also
departure terminals, lounges, automatically connect to the 5G
boarding gates, migration, network once it is in the vicinity.
immigration areas, security gates, Airtel is planning to have its 5G
baggage claim belt area etc. coverage across urban India by
5G services or fifth generation December 2023 and across the
services of Airtel was launched country by March 2024.

Shri Mrithyunjay GN
of mobiles used by
Indians are Made in India
W
e live in a digital age and India is currently the second largest
there is no bigger evidence manufacturer of mobile phones. In
for that than the devices Tamil Nadu there are 5 manufacturing
we use on a daily basis. Across India plants worth Rs. 6500 crores, a result of
the usage of smart phones has grown the Indian Government’s Production
exponentially. This has also created Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme. This
Production a great need for new, reliable devices. has created over 45,000 direct jobs.
Linked In 2014, 90 % of smart phones in India
PLI scheme aims to give companies
were imported, mostly from countries
incentives on incremental sales from
Incentive like China.
products manufactured in within the
scheme But Union Minister of State for country.
Electronics and Information Technology
The scheme invites foreign
aims to give Rajeev Chandrasekhar revealed in a
companies to set up units in India and
recent interview that, with the success of
companies initiatives as Amritanirbhar Bharath
also encourages local companies to set
up or expand existing manufacturing
incentives on and Make in India, over 97 % of
unit, to generate more employment
mobile phones sold in India have been
incremental manufactured in the country itself.
and cut down the country’s reliance on
imports.
sales from Speaking at the inauguration of
The Union Minister stressed that
a new mobile phone manufacturing
products facility of Taiwanese electronics
the next leap in development will
come in India’s increase in production
manufactured major Pegatron at Chengalpattu, the
capacity of other electronics, such as
minister said that this drastic shift in
in within the manufacturing efficiency has made laptops, smart watches and so on.
India an important player in the He also stressed the developments
country.
technology manufacturing sector, and happening through the government’s
has also created increasing demand “Internet for All” plan which aims to
for skilled labour in various other provide India’s 120 crore citizens fast
supporting sectors. and reliable internet access by 2026.

Shri Nagarajan R
Longest steel deck

on India’s longest Sea Bridge
T
he Mumbai Metropolitan Mumbai and Navi Mumbai from 2
Region Development hours to 25 minutes. The bridge will
Authority (MMRDA) has also open up real estate development
successfully launched the Mumbai opportunities with affordable houses
Trans-Harbour Link's (MTHL) near Mumbai.
longest Orthotropic Steel Deck When completed, it would be the
Once opened (OSD). longest sea bridge in India and would
At 2,400 MT, these OSDs weigh cater to 70,000 vehicles daily. MTHL
to the traffic,
as heavy as six large-sized aircraft is a 22 km long, 6-lane bridge with
the bridge and give a navigation space of 180 m about 16.5 km long over the sea and
to ships traversing under the bridge about 5.5 kms long via duct on land
will cut the without obstruction. These steel on either side.
travel time deck superstructures, being used for The sea bridge will be equipped
the first time in India, will carry the with an intelligent transport
between vehicular load more efficiently and system (ITS) and other amenities.
improve the load-carrying capacity of
Mumbai the bridge as compared to a concrete
Traffic conditions on the stretch will
be monitored and managed from the
and Navi superstructure. These also weigh less traffic control centre with the help of
than concrete girders. CCTV cameras and related facilities
Mumbai from Up till now, five OSDs have been installed.
2 hours to launched on the MTHL. The first one The project cost is pegged at
was launched on 3rd January and was $17,843 crores. About 75 % of piers
25 minutes. 70-metres long. There will be a total work is complete and the overall
of 70 OSDs on MTHL. project progress achieved is about
Once opened to the traffic, it 67 % to date. The project is expected
will cut the travel time between to be complete by 2023.

Kum Sunita D Behera
Novel Technology
to produce new-generation
Super Abrasive Tools
 Abrasives can be
sandpapers, honing stones,
polishes, grinding wheels,
A
etc. These form the core of
some of the biggest industries research team from IIT This new technology can now
like the manufacturing of Madras led by Dr Amitava produce super-abrasive tools to
automobiles, aerospace, Ghosh has used advanced meet high productivity requirements
mining and dental surgery – chemical bonding technology to that can withstand more grinding
all these require components create an application-specific novel force and are energy efficient with
and ultrasmooth surfaces formulation for various purposes in enhanced tool life.
that are highly precise. the manufacturing industry. The tools made of this bond
 Super abrasives or have remarkable strength
abrasives can be sharp and characteristics that are
or hard materials used to superior to those of their
shape and polish softer, commercial counterparts.
less resistant materials. This indigenous tool
These include natural and fits the requirement of the
synthetic substances in the Make-in-India mission and
formula found in household is under lab validation. It
cleaners and the polish used is ready to be taken up by a
for diamonds. start-up or any industry for a
full-scale launch.

Sri Krishna Kumar C.S
Two women officers in

top positions in CRPF
Seema Dhundiya Annie Abraham
T
he mission of Central in the armed forces. In 1986, the Annie Abraham will be posted as
Reserve Police Force CRPF became the first Central the head of the Rapid Action Force
(CRPF), a federal police Armed Police Force (CAPF) to (RAF) of the CRPF.
organisation under the Ministry of induct women in combat. Indian Culture always respects
Home Affairs (MHA), is to enable Recently, two women officers and promotes Nari Shakthi (Power
the government maintain rule of CRPF, Seema Dhundiya of Women). The lives of these two
of law, public order and internal and Annie Abraham have been brave women officers will serve
security effectively and efficiently. promoted to the rank of Inspector as an inspiration to the girls of our
Efforts are taken to ensure General. Seema Dhundiya will head country to chase their passion and
higher representation of women the Bihar sector of the CRPF while achieve success in life.

Shri Sivakumar R
India’s
manufacturing
facility
T
he US News and World costs, which is headed by India,
Report states that India has also includes Thailand (fourth),
been ranked as the nation Philippines (fifth), Bangladesh
with the cheapest manufacturing (sixth), Indonesia (seventh),
cost ahead of China and Vietnam. Cambodia (eighth), Malaysia
According to the report, out of (ninth) and Sri Lanka (tenth).
The list of top 85 nations, India has secured the China, which is India’s prime
31st position in the Overall Best
10 countries Countries ranking.
economic competitor in South Asia
is placed in the second spot behind
with the The report evaluates India. Vietnam, which has attracted
cheapest 85 countries across 73 attributes. a slew of apparel and footwear
The attributes are grouped into manufacturers over the past few
manufacturing 10 sub-categories; including years, has been placed at the third
adventure, agility and spot.
costs is entrepreneurship, open for business, Initiatives of the Central
headed social purpose and quality of life. Government such as Production-
Under the open for business Linked Incentive (PLI) schemes in
by India. sub-category, India has scored several sectors, the ODOP initiative
100 % when it comes to cheap and the reduction of compliance
manufacturing costs. burdens have helped build India as
The list of top 10 countries a major ‘manufacturing hub’ and
with the cheapest manufacturing a big alternative to China.

Shri Bharath
EWS Quota
– an affirmation or negation of equality ?
The Act residential land shall be excluded.
On 7th November 2022 a This was challenged by Janhit
Constitution Bench of the Supreme Abhiyan and others.
Court of India upheld the validity
History of economic criteria
of the 103rd Amendment Act of the
based reservations
Parliament by a 3-2 majority. This Act
that was passed by the Parliament in There were three earlier attempts
2019 provided for the reservation of at reservations based on economic
10% for employment in government criteria – one by M G Ramachandran
Those whose jobs and for admission to government in Tamil Nadu in 1979, second by
Narasimha Rao in 1992 and the third
annual family and private unaided educational
by Anadiben Patel in Gujarat in 2016.
institutions for the Economically
income is Weaker Sections (EWS) amongst All the three met with either political
those who are not eligible for the backlash or judicial roadblocks.
less than $8 existing caste based reservation The Gujarat Government's appeal is
lakhs shall meant for the OBCs, SCs and STs. pending before the SC.
The minority educational institutions
be eligible have been exempted.
Janhit Abhiyan vs Union of India
Let us try to understand in simple
for this The amendment introduced
terms the vital details of this case and
changes in Articles 15 and 16 of the
reservation. constitution that includes the right
Judgment.
to equality. Those whose annual The key issues involved in this
family income is less than $8 lakhs case are:
shall be eligible for this reservation. a) While the constitution provides
Households with more than 5 acres for reservations on the basis
of agricultural land or 1000 sq.ft. of of social and educational

backwardness, can it be of State Policy of our constitution. governance from the current
granted solely based on The amendment is constitutionally group centric approach. It is also
economic criteria? valid on this count. a movement towards a class based
b) Does this reservation violate The majority of three judges society from a caste based one.
the basic structure of the D. Maheswari, B.M.Trivedi and This act seems to have factored
constitution? J.B. Pardiwala felt that this the aspirations and the dynamics of
c) Can the SCs, STs, OBCs amendment did not violate the the polity today and expands the
and other communities basic structure of the constitution. logic of affirmative action in India.
that are beneficiaries of the On the other issues while the It is also a proactive step to prevent
reservations be excluded from majority upheld the amendment, the any counter mobilization that may
the ambit of this reservation? dissenting judges did not dwell on happen against reservations. In
them as they felt that the amendment a vast and diverse country like
d) Can the total percentage of
is unconstitutional. India where there are still great
reservation breach the 50%
disparities, reservations cannot be
ceiling laid down by the SC?
Possible impacts on the wished away.
e) Can states stipulate society and governance
But there is a crying need to set
reservations in private This judgment has wider up a permanent and independent
educational institutions that ramifications on many fronts- body to objectively study the impact
do not receive government political, social, legal,constitutional of reservations on the beneficiary
aid? and governance. There are opinions groups and dynamically change
On the first question there was and analyses supporting the the criteria and the groups/
unanimity and all the 5 judges ruled judgment and against it. Review individuals that would be eligible
that reservations can be based on petitions are being filed for a review for reservations every decade.
economic criteria alone. of the judgment.
This could take us to
In fact the dissenting judges The operational constraints the egalitarianism that our
U.U.Lalit CJI and S.R. Bhat J and challenges in implementation Constitution makers dreamt of. If
invoked the obligation of the state notwithstanding, this Act is a step properly implemented, the 103rd
to address economic inequalities as in the right direction. It is a step Amendment Act could be a major
outlined in the Directive Principles forward towards individual centric step towards that goal.

Tamil Nadu’s 17 th
Wildlife Sanctuary
T
he Tamil Nadu government also an important elephant habitat
543
India has about has declared an area in in Southern India.
that the reserve forests of
wildlife sanctuaries Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri as the
It is home to 35 species of
918 mammals, 238 species of birds,
cover an area of 118, Cauvery South Wildlife Sanctuary. Leith’s soft-shell turtles, smooth-
tal.
square kilometres in to The area has a unique ecological, coated otters, marsh crocodile, and
faunal and floral significance. It is four-horned antelopes. Grizzled
giant squirrels and Lesser Fish
Eagles which are exclusively
dependent on the Cauvery River
and its riverine forest system are
also found here.
The sanctuary will connect
Cauvery North Wildlife Sanctuary
of Tamil Nadu with Cauvery
Wildlife Sanctuary in neighbouring
state of Karnataka thereby forming
a large, contiguous network of
protected areas of wildlife.
The landscape maintains
further continuity to the Nilgiris
Biosphere through Malai
Mahadeshwar Wildlife Sanctuary,
Billigiri Rangaswamy Temple,
Tiger Reserve and Sathyamangalam
Tiger Reserve.

Shri Mrithyunjay GN
India's G20 Presidency

I
n 2023, India will become the December 2022, India will assume
president of G20. Founded the presidency from Indonesia
This in 1999 and convening every and will convene the G20 leaders’
presidency year since 2008 G20 or Group of summit in the country in early 2023.
Twenty, is an intergovernmental Speaking in his monthly radio
will be an organization of 19 countries and the broadcast Mann Ki Baat PM Modi
opportunity European Union. It aims to address proclaimed that this presidency
issues related to global economy, will be an opportunity for India to
for India to climate change, sustainable focus on global good as it is capable
development and so on. of providing solutions for various
focus on
Each year, one of the member global issues.
global good. countries holds the G20 presidency During the unveiling of
and decides the issues that the the new G20 Logo, the PM
organization will focus on. On 1st emphasized the principle of
Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and the
theme of One earth, one family,
one future. India will prioritize
sectors of energy, agriculture, trade,
digital economy, employment,
environment and health, anti-
corruption, countering terrorism,
and women empowerment.
Advancing Sustainable
Development Goals for 2039 will
also be a major focus during the
presidency. These are 17 goals
adopted by the United Nations to
promote development of countries
across the world.

In the post-pandemic economy, developing countries, which may
India’s focus is expected to be on not have a powerful voice.
multilateral development. During India is expected to host
its presidency, India plans to hold leaders from all member countries,
200 meetings of different G-20 including Russia and the US.
tracks in cities across the country. This might be a challenge due
These meetings will mark some to the ongoing conflict between
of the most significant diplomatic them. But India’s doctrine of
outreach that India has ever strategic autonomy, maintaining
undertaken. a diplomatic middle ground is
India has, as of September expected to provide avenues
2022, become the fifth largest to ensure that diplomacy and
economy in the world, pushing cooperation prevail.
United Kingdom to the 6th place. This will be a chance for India
The presidency gives India a chance to prove itself as a unifying force
to ensure that its growth will be for good; also grow and uplift its
used to help support some of the international allies along.

Kum Kavya R
India’s first
private rocket
launched
 A single stage spacecraft

is capable of achieving
orbital speed starting from
Earth’s surface without
using separating parts.
 Suborbital flight means
that the vehicle will cross
I
the boundary of space but
it will not be travelling with ndia’s first privately developed It was developed within
rocket, Vikram-S was launched a record time of two years
sufficient speed to stay in
at 11.30 AM on 18th November by incorporating advanced
orbit once it gets there. So, 2022 from Indian Space Research technologies including carbon
it will come back to Earth. A Organisation’s (ISRO) launchpad in composite structures and
spacecraft/vehicle needs to Sriharikota. This is a monumental 3D-printed components.
achievement for India in terms of Vikram-S reached a peak altitude
reach a speed of 28,000 km/h
private sector participation in space of 89.5 km, higher than NASA's
or more to stay in orbit. programmes. designated Earth-space boundary
 Solid-fuel propulsion Developed by Hyderabad-based of 80 km, but short of the Kármán
systems carry the fuel and startup Skyroot Aerospace Private line (about 100 km above Earth),
oxidizer mixed together in a Limited, Vikram-S is a 6-metre-tall considered the boundary of space.
launch vehicle named after Vikram This was a technology demonstration
solid state, which is pumped Sarabhai who is known as the father flight to showcase the capabilities of
into the combustion of India’s space programme. It is a the company. The rocket will help
chamber to propel the rocket single stage suborbital space launch validate the technologies that will
forward. vehicle powered by solid-fuelled be used in the subsequent Vikram-1
propulsion. orbital vehicle of Skyroot.

Kum Inshirah Rizwan Khan - Student
Justice D.Y.CHANDRACHUD
sworn in
O
n 9th November 2022, Dhananjaya Justice D.Y. Chandrachud has
Yashwant Chandrachud was sworn in an
by President Draupadi Murmu as the  an LLM from Harvard
50th Chief Justice of India.
 an LLB from Delhi University
 an Honours in Economics
and Mathematics from
St. Stephen’s College, Delhi
 a Doctorate in Judicial
Sciences from Harvard
University, USA
His father Y.V. Chandrachud

was the 16th and the longest
serving CJI. (February 1978
to July 1985).
CAREER
 Former Chief Justice of
Allahabad High Court and
judge of Bombay Court.
 Former ex-officio executive
chairman of the National
Legal Services Authority
whilst holding the position of
J1 (the senior-most judge after
the CJI)
Some of his most impactful
judgements were written in cases
dealing with Constitution (45)
issues. Among the sitting Supreme
Court judges, Justice Chandrachud
has written 73 judgements - the
most by any.

Shri Mrithyunjay GN
is now a billion-dollar company

I
ndian Software-as-a-Service affordable prices," said Zoho CEO
An intro to Zoho (SaaS) firm Zoho announced on and co-founder Sridhar Vembu.
Zoho is a privately held, 9th November that it has crossed By offering unified solutions
Indian multinational tech USD 1 billion in global revenue, across various categories (customer
company that was founded with India leading the growth. experience, employee experience,
in 1996 by Sridhar Vembu India's annual revenue increased marketing, collaboration, etc),
and Tony Thomas. It by 77% in 2021, which makes up that also integrate well with third-
offers over 55 business almost 10% of its global revenue. party solutions, Zoho is witnessing
applications unified in a "We have also crossed an increased adoption from mid-and-
single operating system important milestone of USD 1 large size businesses, especially in
known as the ‘Zoho Office billion in annual revenue. While India.
Suite’. It has more than 80 growth has slowed down quite a bit The company also announced
million users around the in 2022 over 2021, our diversified that it plans to open 100 network
world. Headquartered in product portfolio and the fact that PoPs (point of presence) around
Chennai, it has 12 offices we save money for customers has the world in the next five years for
operating in 9 countries helped us so far. providing users with faster networks,
around the world. Its current We hope to continue to serve and also double investment for
workforce is estimated to our customers by bringing the technologies such as blockchain
be over 11,000 employees. highest quality offerings at very and artificial intelligence (AI).

Dr Padma V
Linguistic Survey
of India
I
ndia is a kaleidoscope of culture, The survey is being carried
cuisines, languages, religious out state by state, using a
beliefs and landscapes. scientifically devised questionnaire.
The landscape that became The results being published in a
India was made into states, based on common template have led to the
As per the the language spoken by the majority identification of a good number of
of people in that geographical area. mother tongues not recorded earlier.
survey, there As per the survey, there are only 4
But are we really a land of entirely
are only four different tongues? language families in India, the Indo-
Aryan, Austro-Asiatic, Dravidian
language The first Linguistic Survey
and the Tibeto-Burman.
of India conducted under Sir.
families in George Abraham Grierson, based Indo-Aryan tongues (574) -
on the census of 1891, resulted in Punjabi, Gujarati, Assamese,
India, the the understanding that the Indian Sindhi, Marathi, Kashmiri, Lahnda,
Maithili etc.
Indo-Aryan, tongues could be classified into
five major families, namely, Indo- Dravidian languages (153) -
Austro-Asiatic, Nesian, Austra-Asiatic, Karen, Man Tamil, Telugu, Kannada,Konda,
and Siamese-Chinese. Toda, Tulu, Kuvi, Gondi, Parji,
Dravidian and
The confirmation of the vast Kolami etc.
the Tibeto- number of mother tongues in the Austro-Asiatic languages (65) -
1961 census led to more research Santali, Mundri, Bhumji, Savari etc.
Burman.
and reclassification. Languages Tibeto-Burman Languages (226)
were studied for similarities and - Lepcha, Sikkimese, Garo, Bodo,
differences. Manipuri.

Reports have been published People with Bengali as covered in LSI-Orissa and is likely
for Orissa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, their mother tongue speak either to be covered in the LSI of Bihar
Sikkim (Part I and II) and Rajasthan Assamese, English, Urdu, Arabi, and Jharkhand also.
(Part I). The latest is for West Santali, Oriya or Nepali, if they The phrase “Unity in Diversity”
Bengal (Part-1). are bilingual. If trilingual, they that we often hear is not a cliché.
speak languages spoken in far off The project of studying tongues
Bengali a part of the Indic geographical locations like Tamil distributed in contiguous states
group of the Indo-Aryan branch Nadu and Kerala apart from the may one day help us realise that
of the Indo-European family of ones that the bilinguals speak. we are indeed one “linguistic
languages has similarities with Santali, the third most populous area” just as we are cognizant of
Oriya and Assamese. language of West Bengal was partly being in one “geographical area”.
Smt Sandhya Nair
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6.97 lac medical in an effort to improve its • Opportunity to explore new
tourists visited travel and tourism is aggressively destinations
India in 2019. marketing its medical tourism

initiative through the network WHY INDIA?
of hospitals, nursing homes and • Doctors and surgeons with
diagnostic centers empanelled with international exposure
its technical partner. • Medical professionals are
Medical tourism Medical tourism refers to fluent in English
refers to the the rapidly-growing practice of • Top-of-the-line medical
travelling across international and diagnostic equipment
rapidly-growing borders to seek healthcare services. available
practice of ADVANTAGES
• Indian nurses are of top
quality
travelling • Cost-effective
• Budget friendly
across • Shorter waiting time
• First-rate service and luxury
• Quality healthcare amenities
international • Wide range of procedures
borders to seek available HOW TO USE
• Access to specialists A customer has to log in to the
healthcare
• Availability of alternate tourism portal of IRCTC and fill
services. treatments up a basic enquiry form detailing
his need of treatment.

Shri Nagarajan R
Bumper harvest
of saffron in
Kashmir
How to use
Kashmiri Kesar?
R
ed gold, as they call saffron,
is a legendary crop of
Kashmir. Due to favourable
weather conditions, there has been
a 20 % increase in the harvest this
year in comparison to last year.
The botanical name of
Demand for saffron is good due to
the flower is Crocus sativus. which farmers are also getting a
Once the flowers have been good return for their produce. in puja and making sweets for
harvested, its stigmas must festivals is considered auspicious. It
Saffron production provides great flavour and taste to
be plucked and dried for dishes.
Year Production (in tons)
around 12 hours. The saffron farmers indicated
2017 16.45
It takes between 15,000- that the Geographical Indication
2018 5.2
16,000 flowers to produce (GI) tag will benefit them as it
2019 5.9 makes sure the purest Kashmiri
1 kilogram of saffron
2020 6 saffron is sold in the market.
spice. In terms of labour,
A little above 16,000 families With the establishment of Spice
producing this amount takes are engaged in saffron cultivation Park in Dussu village of Pampore,
370–470 hours! It is this in the valley compared to 19,000 a consumers purchase pure saffron
labour-intensive harvesting few years ago. The Pampore area from the farmers at reasonable costs,
in Pulwama is the main hub for and this has benefited the producers.
process that makes saffron
growing saffron. This year a kg Online bids are submitted by clients
so expensive. costs $2.5 lakh. The use of saffron from numerous states and nations.

Smt Shyamala Vishwanathan
National Sports
Awards 2022
T
he Ministry of Youth Affairs four years and for showing
& Sports announced the qualities of leadership,
National Sports Awards sportsmanship and a sense of
2022 in November. The awardees discipline.
received their awards from the • Seema Punia (Athletics)
National President of India, Droupadi
• Eldhose Paul (Athletics)
Murmu at Rashtrapati Bhavan on
Sports 30th November 2022. • Avinash Mukund Sable
(Athletics)
Awards is National Sports Awards is a
collective name that is given to the • Lakshya Sen (Badminton)
a collective 6 Sports Awards of the Republic • HS Prannoy (Badminton)
of India. This year’s recipients are • Amit (Boxing), Nikhat Zareen
name that mentioned alongside under each (Boxing)
is given to category. • Bhakti Pradip Kulkarni
1. Major Dhyan Chand Khel (Chess)
the 6 Sports Ratna Award is given for • R Praggnanandhaa (Chess)
Awards of the the spectacular and most
• Deep Grace Ekka (Hockey)
outstanding performance in
Republic of the field of sports by a sports • Shushila Devi (Judo)
person over the period of the • Sakshi Kumari (Kabaddi)
India. previous four years. • Nayan Moni Saikia (Lawn
• Table Tennis player Bowl)
Sharath Kamal Achanta • Sagar Kailas Ovhalkar
2. Arjuna Award is given (Mallakhamb)
for good performance over • Elavenil Valarivan (Shooting)
a period of the previous

• Omprakash Mitharval (Shooting) • TransStadia Enterprises
• Sreeja Akula (Table Tennis) Private Limited
• Vikas Thakur (Weightlifting) • K
alinga Institute of Industrial
Technology
• Anshu (Wrestling)
• L
adakh Ski and Snowboard
• Sarita (Wrestling)
Association
• Parveen (Wushu)
5. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
• Manasi Girishchandra Joshi (Para (MAKA) Trophy- The overall
Badminton) top performing university in
• Tarun Dhillon (Para Badminton) inter-university tournaments.
This year, for • Swapnil Sanjay Patil (Para • G
uru Nanak Dev University
the first time, Swimming) of Amritsar.
• Jerlin Anika J 6. Dhyan Chand Award for
applications (Deaf Badminton). Lifetime achievement in Sports
were invited 3. Dronacharya Award is given and Games is given to honour
to coaches for their outstanding sports persons who have
only online and and meritorious work on a contributed to sports by their
sports persons/ consistent basis and for enabling performance and who continue to
sportspersons to excel in do so in the promotion of sports
coaches/ international events. even after their retirement.
entities were • Jiwanjot Singh Teja (Archery) • Ashwini Akkunji C
• Mohammad Ali Qamar • Dharamvir Singh
permitted to (Boxing) • B.C Suresh
self-apply • S
uma Siddharth Shirur (Para • Nir Bahadur Gurung
Shooting)
through a This year, for the first time,
• Sujeet Maan (Wrestling) applications were invited only online
dedicated 4. Rashtriya Khel Protsahan and sports persons/coaches/entities
were permitted to self-apply through
portal. Puruskar is given to entities
(both in private and public a dedicated portal. A large number of
sector), Sports Control Boards, nominations were received which were
NGOs, including sports bodies considered by the selection committee
at the State and National level, headed by Justice A. M. Khanwilkar,
who have played a visible role in Retd. Judge, Supreme Court of India
the area of sports promotion and and members from eminent sports
development. persons, sports administrators and
sports journalists.

India’s plan for
Shri Sridhar P
net zero emissions

by 2070
C
OP (Conference of Parties) less than 20C from the pre-industrial
is perhaps the most well times by the year 2100 to prevent
attended international catastrophic extreme weather
conference on environment and events. That demanded a clear road
climate change, including the recent map to curtail the emissions of
one, COP 27 at Sharm el Sheik, green house gases that cause global
Egypt. warming.
Over its rather contentious
journey of 30 years several
international agreements, ideas
surfaced, only to get mired in
technical jargons and word play,
snowballing to ambiguity and
According to establishing consequent escape
routes.
the latest data Amongst nations with top The explosion of ambiguous
75% of India’s economies India was perhaps technical jargons finally settled
the only nation with a clear road on “Nationally determined
energy comes map to achieve net zero carbon contributions” (NDC). The COP
emissions by the year 2070. It is 26 meet held last year at Glasgow
from coal fired required countries to cut greenhouse
worth while revisiting the outcomes
plants, rest of Paris Accord on climate change gas emissions by 45% by 2030,
that moved countries like India to compared to its 2010 levels and
from nuclear, establish infrastructure to explore achieve net zero emissions by 2050.
hydro, solar, various options to harness the
power of renewables to power Why is India important?
oil and natural Indian economy of the future. India is the world’s third
gas. largest emitter of green house
Paris summit gases, though per capita emission
Paris summit on climate change is at 2.4 tonnes of CO2 a year, well
saw countries agreeing to restrict below the world average. India has
the rise in global temperature to emerged as a leading software and

manufacturing power, thanks to is around 13,000 MW. During Blending petrol with ethanol can be
two decades of sustained economic peak wind season wind energy useful in saving precious foreign
growth. constitutes more than a third of exchange. Ethanol blending is to go
As a responsible economic its electricity consumption. It is up to 20% from 10% as of 2023.
power India needs to demonstrate quite obvious that India is heavily Dedicated freight corridor
leadership in cutting down dependent on coal for its energy (DFC) and mass transportation:
emissions and focus on sustainable needs. Movement of freight by rail is the
economic growth. Technological most efficient way. Rail freight
innovation with capacity building India’s plan for Net Zero by in India now is 17%. 8,000km of
is a powerful determinant for 2070 dedicated freight corridor is to
the success of renewable energy. The Paris Accord on climate be established. That would bring
Fortunately India has the capacity change mandated countries to down transportation cost of goods.
to absorb technology transfers, submit a clear roadmap as to how Massive expansion of public
thanks to its robust industrial they are to cut emissions, that transportation is also on the cards.
base and impressive domestic was followed up and reviewed Hydrogen: Integrating hydro-
consumption. Several projects at the Glasgow summit last year. gen as a transportation fuel is at a
involving diverse forms of Achieving net zero emissions nascent stage for it is costly, leaves
renewable energy production had to consistently for most countries is a lingering doubt about its practical-
be shelved elsewhere, for the place an extremely difficult milestone, ity in doing so. But India is upbeat
of renewable energy production for it “awaits” technology. India has on hydrogen for it is certainly a
were uncomfortably far away committed to produce 50% of its competing fuel in long haul bus, rail
from population centres, hence electricity consumption from non- and shipping.
transmission loss rendered these fossil sources by 2030.
projects unviable. Not so in India. Reforestation: An additional
Nuclear: Nuclear power 2.5 to 3 billion tons of CO2 is
The energy consumption mix constitutes just 3.2% of India’s to be sequestered with massive
in India energy mix now and is to be tripled reforestation programmes.
According to the latest data by 2030. This is crucial for much of India bargained for “phasing
75% of India’s energy comes from it might come from thorium. India down coal” than phasing out
coal fired plants, rest from nuclear, sits on 30% of the world’s proven coal” at Glasgow last year. It simply
hydro, solar, oil and natural gas. reserves of thorium. exhibited India’s logic,sincerity in
It varies from state to state. Tamil Ethanol blend: India imports lowering emissions an commitment
Nadu’s electricity consumption 80 to 85% of its crude requirements. to net zero emissions by 2070.

Col Shashidhar
India tests nuclear-capable

Agni Prime
Ballistic Missile
T
he Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
Canisterised means the
successfully tested the new-generation nuclear-capable ballistic
missile is capable of launch
missile Agni Prime (AGNI-P) from APJ Abdul Kalam Island off
at short notice through
the coast of Odisha on 21st Oct 2022. Agni Prime is the latest and sixth
improvements in its storage
variant of the Agni series missiles. With multiple independently targetable
and handling features.
re-entry vehicles, the missile is capable of delivering a number of warheads
at separate locations.
What is Agni Prime Missile?  Comes with new composites,
 Two-stage canisterised solid propulsion systems, and
propellant ballistic missile innovative guidance and
with dual redundant navigation control mechanisms, besides
and guidance system. the latest navigation systems.

A canisterised surface-to-  Sixth in the Agni (missile)
surface ballistic missile with a series of ballistic missiles.
range 1,000 - 2,000 km.
Capabilities and significance
 A new generation advanced
variant of the Agni class The Agni P, initially named
(under IGMDP - Integrated Agni-1P is the lightest and smallest
Guided Missile Development (weighs 50% less than the Agni-III
Program). missile) because of technological
advancements.
As a counter force weapon, it
enhances movement and launch
options for India’s nuclear arsenal.
It can be launched from rail or road
and can be transported to various
parts of the country.
Its low weight facilitates the
configuration of the missile to
be integrated to naval warships
as an anti-sip attack weapon. As
an arsenal for peace, it validates
India’s “No-First-Use” policy
while reserving the right of massive
retaliation if struck with nuclear
weapons first.

Col Shashidhar
Upgrading advanced
landing ground
for fighter operations
Overview options to develop airfields in Recently IAF has built one
T
he Indo - China debacle eastern Ladakh including Daulat of the world’s highest mobile air
(1962) resulted in a Beg Oldi (DBO), Fukche and traffic control (ATC) towers. The
humiliating defeat and our Nyoma, all which are close to the ATC controls operations of the
losing a large chunk of territory in LAC. fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters
Aksai Chin in Eastern Ladakh. Even operating in the eastern Ladakh
Nyoma Advance Landing region.
now, the Indian Army and China’s
Ground (ALG)
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Border roads Organisation
are still locked in a standoff along Nyoma ALG is strategically (BRO) will develop airport and
the Line of Actual Control (LAC). important also because it enables other military infrastructure.
quick movement of troops and This will significantly strengthen
China has refused to return
logistics to Eastern Ladakh by the IAF capability to tackle any
to the April 2020 status quo and
overcoming terrain restrictions for misadventures at lightning speed.
established buffer zones instead
the IAF who have now successfully
out of Indian territory. To counter Regular deployment of own
been operating presently the
this, India is considering multiple fighter aircraft including the
Apache attack helicopters, Chinook
Rafale and MiG-29s for carrying
heavy-lift helicopters,
out operations in Ladakh has
Mi-17 helicopters
commenced for making our skies
and C-130J special
and borders impregnable.
operations aircraft
for transportation of Nyoma ALG is a big proactive
troops and logistics. step towards power projection
i.e., to engage the enemy far away
Plans are afoot to
from your own soil thus building
deploy fighter aircrafts
our capability to establish combat
soon and fixed wing
air superiority in Eastern Ladakh
operations soon once
besides improving air connectivity
the infrastructure
for the entire population in the
upgrade is completed.
eastern Ladakh region.

Col Shashidhar
Deesa Airbase in
Banaskantha district
P
M Modi laid the cornerstone Significance It will significantly increase the
of 52 Wing Air Force Station The IAF had earlier potential threat level of cities like
at Deesa in Gujarat, located encountered numerous difficulties Hyderabad, Karachi, and Sukkur in
only 130 kilometres from the in 2017 to establish relief air-bridge Pakistan and make them vulnerable
Indo - Pak border. when flood relief operations were to our deep penetration strike
severely affected in Banaskantha aircrafts.
district. GOI swung into action and Own air defence fighters
construction of the airbase picked like MiG-29 and Tejas are likely
up speed. to be stationed here to intercept
enemy fighters from targeting
The way forward Gujarat’s industrial complex. Once
Deesa with a single airstrip operationalised, the airbase can
is presently used for helicopter also be used to retaliate in case of
landings for VIPs and civilian a major terror strike in Gujarat or
aircraft operations. along the south-western sector apart
Once constructed, the runway from giving support to own land
at the new base (approx. 45,000 offensive in future.
acres) will be designed to handle By 2024, this air base is
Deesa air base will act as
new-generation air carriers such expected to give fillip to our
the fire wall between Mirpur Khas,
as the Boeing C-17 Globemaster. defence capabilities. It will also
Hyderabad and Shahbaz F-16
After Vadodara, Jamnagar, Bhuj enhance regional connectivity Ude
airbase in Jacobabad(Pakistan)
and Naliya air bases, this will be Desh ka Aam Naagrik (UDAN) and
and Ahmedabad, Bhavnagar and
a strategic location for the South facilitate smooth conduct of High
Vadodara which house Gujarat’s
western Air Command which will Availability Disaster Recovery
industrial complexes which are
witness the airport, taxiway, and (HADR) operations during natural
potential economic targets on the
aircraft hangars being built in its calamities.
western border.
first phase.

Col Shashidhar
New interceptor for

Two - tier ballistic missile shield
I
ndia’s nuclear policy of ‘No failed, DRDO has effectively has
First Use’ implies that it is now achieved a “kill probability
prepared to absorb a first strike of 99.8%” with the mix of exo
and still can retaliate (a ‘second- and endo-interceptor missiles.
strike’) for which deploying an The BMD system includes the
“effective missile-defence shield” endo-atmospheric Advanced Air
to thwart some or all of inbound Defence (AAD) interceptor and the
missiles without resulting in major exo-atmospheric Prithvi Air
India’s first damage to its own war machinery. Defence (PAD) systems.
interceptor On 2nd Nov 2022, a gigantic
BMD Phase 1
strategic leap happened in
missile was achieving Ballistic Missile  The outer layer for high-
Defence (BMD) capability when altitude interception currently
tested in consists of Prithvi Air
DRDO successfully tested the
November AD-1 Interceptor Missile as part of Defence (PAD) Hypersonic
Phase 2 of India’s BMD System. Missile Interceptor with an
2006. AD-1 can intercept and destroy operational range of 300 to
Intermediate Range Ballistic 2000 km which can intercept
Missiles (IRBM) like Pakistan’s and destroy missiles at
Ghauri and Shaheen Missiles and altitudes of 50 to 180 km.
China’s Dongfeng (DF)-21. The PAD consists of a solid-
fuelled first stage and a
Genesis liquid-fuelled second stage.
India’s first interceptor missile The interceptor mounts an
was tested in November 2006. After active phased array radar with
over a dozen tests, a few of which the capability to track 200

targets at a range of 600 km. designed with a single-stage
In the first live-firing test of solid-fuel motor, with an
the PAD (November 2006) operational range of 200 km,
it successfully intercepted a to intercept and neutralise
Prithvi-II Prithvi-II Ballistic Missile hostile missiles in the endo-
at an altitude of 50 km. atmosphere at altitudes of 15
Missile was This Prithvi-II Missile to 40 kilometres and at speeds
modified to was modified to mimic the below Mach 5.
trajectory of China’s nuclear-  In December 2007 and March
mimic the capable M-11. 2011 from the Integrated Test
trajectory  A second PAD test (March Range at Chandipur, Odisha,
2009) against a Dhanush AAD successfully intercepted
of China’s Missile (ship-launched and destroyed a modified
nuclear- variant of Prithvi) was carried Prithvi acting as a target
out by the Swordfish Radar ; missile. Subsequent tests were
capable successfully intercepted and held twice in 2015; May 2016,
destroyed the target at an December 2017 and August
M-11. altitude of 75 km. 2018.
 The second or inner layer for  Development of Phase-I of
low-altitude interception is the two-tier BMD designed
the Advanced Air Defence to track and destroy nuclear
(AAD), Supersonic Missile missiles both inside (endo)
Interceptor (SMI) which is and outside (exo) the earth’s

atmosphere at control on-board rocket
altitudes from thrusters to manoeuvre in a
15-25 km to near-vacuum environment-
80-100 km for this along with other
“a higher kill requirement is likely to be met
probability” by the under-development
is presently AD-2 Interceptor, as part of
deemed to be Phase 2 of BMD.
complete.  Enhanced detection ranges
 Short-range and longer-range, over-
interception in the-horizon (OTH) target
the BMD will acquisition/tracking radars
be achieved with the interceptors
by missiles themselves having hypersonic
like the Akash capability (speeds greater
Surface-to-Air than Mach 5) with high
Missile (SAM) manoeuvrability and the
with a kill- ability to counter any
probability as foreseeable/ deployable
high as 95%. interceptor countermeasures
 A l s o onboard.
inducted is
System Architecture
the Russian
S-400 Triumf The system architecture of the
surface-to-air missile systems BMD Phase 2 would consist of
that can detect, track and launch vehicles, commanded from
destroy incoming strategic Launch Control Centres (LCC)
bombers, jets, spy planes, distributed over a wide geographical
drones and even some area to reduce response time. The
intermediate-range ballistic LCCs, along with Early Warning
An effective missiles. Radars, would in turn be linked to a
Mission Control Centre (MCC).
BMD shield BMD Phase 2 India joins the select list
over India will  Whereas the AD-1 is a of nations like the US, Russia,
long-range interceptor Israel and China who have fully-
provide an apt missile designed for both low operational BMD systems with
exo-atmospheric and endo- an overlapping network of early-
foil to China’s
atmospheric interception of warning and tracking sensors,
Anti-Access long-range ballistic missiles reliable command and control
with ranges upto 3000 km centres, land and sea-based
Area-Denial as well as aircraft, especially batteries of advanced interceptor
strategy. adversary’s high-value missiles. An effective BMD
Airborne Early Warning & shield over India will provide an
Control Aircraft. ICBMs, apt foil to China’s Anti-Access
with ranges up to or over 5000 Area-Denial strategy. Greater
km and apogees (the farthest incorporation of layered BMD
point from the earth) well and improving the kill-probability
clear of earth’s atmosphere of its vectors would ensure far-
will need an exo-atmospheric reaching regional security, both in
interceptor with thrust vector time and space.

Smt Archana Sundar
INDIAN BEACHES
Indian beaches are known across the world for their beauty and
glory. India has the longest stretch of coastline with some serene
beaches.
Find out the names of the beach with the given clues, out of which
12 are Blue Flag certified .
1 2 3
This beach in Maharashtra has The backwaters of A part of an Indian

one of the best coral reefs on the Chunnabar river will greet you archipelago.
Indian mainland. as you arrive.
4 5 6
It is known to be the second It is a large, pristine lagoon It is famous for the Dakkebali
largest beach in the world. on the western side. ritual held once in two years.
7 8 9
It is referred to as beach
number seven. This was once It is known for its religious
voted Asia's Best Beach by It was known as Covelong significance.
TIME Magazine.

10 11 12
The shape of the beach In the foregone era, this

actually resembles the shape beach acted as a major
of an Om in Sanskrit which trading point and today this is It is disabled-friendly.
makes it quite interesting. a traveller’s paradise.
13 14 15
This was listed by Lonely

Planet as one of the world’s
It is famous for its splendid It is known as the longest most unusual beaches and
view, cathedrals and Drive-in Beach in Asia. is unique for its disappearing
fortresses. sea.
16 17 18
Countless devotees flocking to The place where Portuguese

take a dip for purification is the explorer Vasco da Gama
Jewel of the east coast.
quintessential scene. landed with his entourage in
1498.
19 20
This virgin beach is covered in white sand

It is known for its assortment of wonderful and surrounded by Casuarinas.
butterfly species.
Answers on page 58
Smt Vanaja Shankar
Beware of
Digital Banking Frauds - II
G
randpa, Shravan and Gita “Sir, I am Lakshman, a
were at the society hall. software engineer. I’d like to share
Grandpa started the second an incident that happened in our
part of the discussion on digital office.”
banking fraudswith a quick recap. Juice Jacking Fraud -
“We have already covered the Lakshman said, “Rs. 40,000 was
following topics on digital banking debited to my boss’s account for an
frauds: online purchase. He had not shared
• Safety tips for internet his card details or passwords with
banking, mobile banking and anyone. His laptop had high level
debit card transactions. of security because it had official
data. We wondered how the fraud
• Different types of frauds
could have happened.
– Phishing, Vishing, Card
activation fraud, KYC We checked the CCTV footage
activation fraud, Rewards and in the office for any suspicious
refund fraud. activity. That is when we noticed
that the boss had charged his phone
Now, we have to be aware of
at a charging station near the coffee
many more types of frauds. If any
counter in the cafeteria.
one has experienced a different type
of fraud, please share the details When we investigated, we
here to caution others.” found that the cable was tweaked to
send a virus to the mobile to hack
A hand went up in the audience.
important data.”

Online job fraud – Here is a
different type of fraud. In this story,
a girl got an offer for a freelance job
online. She was asked to provide
her bank details for credit of her
monthly fees. The job seemed
genuine and she uploaded her
work to the employers’ site. She
received a few thousand rupees for
the work submitted. However, she
did not realize that the employer
was a fraudulent company and
that hackers had gained access to
Grandpa nodded. “Yes. This is personal data on her laptop. Thus,
called Juice Jacking fraud. The she lost a big amount to fraudulent
cartoon story in “Raju and the forty online transactions.”
thieves” talks about a gentleman SIM swap/upgrade fraud
borrowing a charger from someone -Lakshman stood up again. “Sir,
at the airport. Within a week, he another important fraud nowadays
finds unauthorized transactions in is the SIM swap fraud. Fraudsters
his account.” offer free upgrade of your SIM to
So, the lesson is, do not charge 5G. Then they deactivate the SIM,
your mobile phone at charging go to the bank with your documents
stations in public places. The and change the mobile number
charger could have viruses that registered to your account. So, don’t
hack our personal data.” get tempted by the fake offers for
Grandpa continued. free 5G SIM.”
“There are some more frauds Importance of checking
we can prevent if we are careful. mobile alerts - Grandpa nodded.
“Thanks Lakshman. We need to
Fraud using public Wi-Fi- A
remember that our mobile number
gentleman used public Wi-Fi at a
is very important in digital banking
restaurant to pay the bill since his
for receiving OTP, authenticating
mobile data was not working. He
transactions and receiving
later found unauthorized debits
transaction alerts. So, we should
in his account. Fraudsters had
be careful not to let others use
accessed his bank details through
our mobile. We should also check
the fraud Wi-Fi network.
messages in our mobile regularly so
Fake loan offer – Sometimes that we do not miss any transaction
fraudulent apps offer loans at alerts from banks. “
very attractive rates and ask us
An elderly lady raised her hand.
to submit our bank details. Many
Shravan ran to her. She said, “I am
have succumbed to this fraud, lured
Latha Swami. One of my bank
by easy loan at a cheap rate. The
accounts was linked to the mobile
fraudsters have used the submitted
number that I do not use regularly.
documents to take loans under a
Last week, when I checked this
false ID or have stolen the data to
old mobile, I found a message for
withdraw money. So, we should
debit of $1000. The message was a
borrow only from banks and
month old. I was so shocked. I went
reliable financial institutions and
to the bank to complain. Luckily the
not through these apps and agents.

bank officer was able to identify the Mr. Lakshman put up his hand.
mistake and recover my money. The “He must check the identity of the
bank officer told me that I should agent, verify if he is from the bank.”
have complained within 3 days and Grandpa nodded. “Yes, but
it’s not always possible to recover Raju was so agitated about losing
the money if it is too late.” his bike that he did not stop to think.
Grandpa nodded. “Yes. The So, he paid $5000 to the visitor,
important learning here is to who asked him to collect the receipt
check our mobiles every day for from the bank. Later, Raju found
transaction alerts from banks.” that he had been cheated.
Grandpa continued. “Here is We need to be alert whenever
another story.” we interact with unknown persons
Lottery fraud -“Raju received or receive messages from unknown
a message that he had won a jackpot numbers.”
of $10 lakhs. To claim the prize A young woman stood up.
money, he called the number given Electricity bill/Utility bill
in the message. The caller asked payment alert fraud- “Sir, I am
him to send an initial amount of Girija. I received a message two
$1000 immediately to process the days back from an unknown number
claim. Raju sent the money. The saying that my electricity connection
caller confirmed the receipt and will be cut for non-payment of bill.
asked Raju to send $25,000/- for It read “To make payment click the
tax fees, so that they could send the link here or call this number.”
prize money of $10 lakhs. Without
“I panicked and was about to
thinking, Raju sent $25,000/-.
click the link when I remembered
He waited for a few days for the
that I had already paid the electricity
prize money of $10 lakhs. Then he
bill. Then I remembered last week’s
realized that he had been cheated.”
session on phishing frauds. I read
“How can he send money to an the message again and found that
unknown person? We can see that it neither my name nor my consumer
is a fraud.” Mrs. Gupta exclaimed. number was mentioned. Then, I
The fact that Grandpa answered. “The fact realized it was a fraud message.”
lottery frauds that lottery frauds are happening Grandpa smiled. “Yes. We
shows that people get tempted by must stop and think before we act
are happening the offer of a lottery. They don’t on any communication through
think before sending the initial
shows that payment. We should be cautious
email, message or phone. Fraudsters
always project a sense of urgency,
people get about jackpot offers from fake pushing us to act without thinking.”
companies. We should not respond
tempted by to such messages.”
This has been a very interesting
session because of everyone’s
the offer of a Recovery frauds
participation. We covered a lot
of topics but we must continue to
lottery. Grandpa continued. “In another stay updated as newer frauds are
story, Raju had taken a vehicle loan attempted daily. So, I’m sharing the
and had not paid EMI for three link of the RBI cartoon series with
months. A man visited his house, you all. I suggest that you read about
said he was the recovery agent from all the forty different types of frauds
the bank and threatened to seize so that you can be aware when you
the vehicle if Raju did not pay his encounter similar situations.”
dues.”

Kum Deepasri
Law in Focus
TAXATION LAW
in India - II
The GST
A
regime was s discussed in the previous there was a possibility of multiple
introduced edition, indirect taxes are taxes (or double taxation) on the
those which are not levied same transaction. There was also
with a view directly on the income of a person a ‘cascading effect’ of taxes since
but on the ultimate consumer there was no option for ‘set-off’
to remove of goods and services, for the of taxes. The GST regime was
difficulties consumption of the same. Currently introduced with a view to remove
in India, the major form of indirect these difficulties by bringing in a
by bringing taxes is the Goods and Services Tax uniform system of taxes across the
(GST), which has been in effect nation, with clear categorisation of
in a uniform
since 2017. transactions which are taxable.
system of
Background Overview
taxes across In the erstwhile regime of GST is a consumption-based
the nation. indirect taxes, goods were subject tax levied based on the ‘Destination
to tax by both the Centre and the Principle,’ which levies tax at the
State. There were taxes including point of consumption. There are
excise, sales tax and value added various rates for different categories
tax. Some challenges were differing of activities. It also allows set-off of
rates of tax in different states; taxes throughout the value chain.
lack of uniformity in registration, Many of the existing taxes have
filing, refund mechanism, etc; been brought under GST. However,
multiple components in the form certain categories have been kept
of surcharges and cesses, etc. out of the ambit of GST, such as
Due to the multiplicity of taxes, motor vehicles tax, alcohol and

electricity. India has adopted a dual lists the activities which are to be
GST model, where tax is imposed treated as supply and Schedule III
concurrently by the Central and lists activities which are not to be
State Governments. In intra-state considered supply.
transactions, tax is split equally into Often, goods and services are
Central GST (CGST) and State GST supplied in combination. When
(SGST). For inter-state transactions, two or more taxable supplies are
Integrated GST (IGST) is collected naturally bundled and made in
by the Centre. GST is governed a single transaction, it is called
Cascading effect: largely by the CGST Act, IGST Act, ‘composite supply.’ When they are
Imposition of taxes on UT (Union Territory) GST Act and deliberately bundled, it is called
products at multiple the GST (Compensation to States) ‘mixed supply’ and the taxability
stages in the supply chain Act. varies accordingly.
(from raw material to Key Concepts Exemptions
consumption). In any tax, the crux of taxation The government has the
is the ‘incidence,’ or the event/point power to grant exemptions based
Set-off: Adjustment or
at which the tax becomes leviable. on goods and services consumed
reduction of a future In GST, ‘supply’ is the taxable by low income and disadvantaged
payment, to the extent of event. Such supply must be of persons etc. General exemptions
an excess payment made goods or services and must be made may be granted by notification and
for a consideration. specific exemptions may be granted
earlier.
However, Schedule I of the by way of special orders. Further,
Subsumed: Absorbed CGST Act lists some transactions some essential goods and services
which may not have consideration are exempt supplies, including
but are still taxable, as they are education, healthcare, milk, eggs,
‘deemed supply.’ Schedule II vegetables, etc.
What is Blue Flag certified beach?

The Blue Flag is a voluntary tag given to environment-friendly and clean
beaches with hygienic facilities. The tag is part of an eco-tourism model
of page 52 & 53 that promotes sustainability in the tourism sector through environmental
awareness, protection and sustainable development practices.
1. Tarkarli,
3. Kadmat, Lakshadweep
Maharashtra
4. Marina, Tamil Nadu
2. Eden Beach –
Puducherry 6. Padubidri Beach, Karnataka
5. Minicoy Thundi, 9. Dhunshkodi, Tamil Nadu
Lakshadweep 10. Om, Karnataka
7. Radhanagar, 13. Ghoghla Beach, Diu
Andaman and 14. Muzhappilangad, Kerala
Nicobar
16. Rushikonda, Andhra Pradesh
8. Beach, Tamil Nadu
17. Golden, Odisha
11. Poovar, Kerala
18. Kappad, Kerala
12. Shivrajpur, Gujarat
19. Butterfly, Goa
15. Chandipur, Odisha
20. Kasarkod Beach, Karnataka

Dr.Preethy SP Living Naturally
Tulsi
A holy medicinal herb
A
common herb grown in a few tulsi leaves and eat them daily
homes for its holiness, the during stressful times. However,
Tulsi is an aromatic shrub eating too much can cause hormonal
native to India and the eastern imbalance in men.
world. Tulsi can also be used as herbal
Called as “The Incomparable mouth wash for treating bad breath,
One,” “Mother Medicine of gum disease and mouth ulcers.
Nature”, “The Queen of Herbs” Did you know that Tulsi
and an “elixir of life” in Ayurveda, has also been used to combat air
it is known for its medicinal and pollution? Especially in Agra, to help
spiritual properties. protect the iconic Taj Mahal from
There are different types of environmental pollution, thousands
Tulsi, such as Rama Tulsi (Green have been planted around it.
leaf), Krishna Tulsi (purple Drinking a concoction of Tulsi,
leaf),Vana Tulsi (Wild Leaf) and ginger, lemon and honey can be
Kapoor Tulsi (Heavy Flowered). a soothing remedy for cold and
 Tulsi is held as a Tulsi tastes hot and bitter. cough.
Consuming a few tulsi leaves every
sacred plant as per day will help to prevent disease Recipe
the Sanatana Dharma. and promote longevity. Tulsi has 1. Wash and clean the ginger
been recommended for a variety of thoroughly. Then grate it
 It is planted in the ailments including anxiety, cough, without peeling.
centre of the central asthma, diarrhoea, fever, dysentery, 2. Take water in a saucepan and
courtyard of many arthritis, eye diseases, otalgia, boil it.
indigestion, hiccups, vomiting,
houses in India for gastric, cardiac and genitourinary
3. Add the grated ginger and boil
for 2-3 minutes again.
spiritual reasons. disorders, back pain, skin diseases,
ringworm, insect, snake and 4. Add the tulsi leaves.
 Tulsi revered for scorpion bites and even malaria. 5. Turn off the heat, cover the
its self-purifying Tulsi has a unique combination vessel and allow it to remain
of anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, for 2-3 minutes.
properties and is used
memory enhancement and 6. Add honey, squeeze lemon
in the water offered immunomodulatory properties. juice and give a quick stir.
during worship. These properties help to maintain the Serve hot.
body's homeostasis and hence tulsiis Drinking this tea is more
a potent anti-stress relief.Tulsi has a beneficial when on an empty
calming effect on the mind. Just grab stomach.

Kum Priyadharsshini S Know Your Nation
HIMACHAL
Balu
PRADESH Dadu
B
alu sat at the table feeling Balu: Wow! Dadu, isn't Himachal Balu: Dadu, if you tell me more
hungry. Soon, Dadu came Pradesh a state bordering about this place, I can take
with a basket of apples. Jammu and Kashmir, upsome projects connected
Balu picked up one and relished the Ladakh, and Punjab? to the lesson, "Our Country,
juicy apple. Dadu: Perfect!! India."
Balu:
Dadu, this is delicious. Balu: Also, today my social Dadu: I am amazed by your desire
Where are these from? studies teacher told us in to learn. Now, it is time to
Dadu:
A good friend had been class that "Himachal Pradesh know more about Himachal
to Himachal Pradesh. He is situated in the Western Pradesh.
brought these Shimla apples Himalayas; it is one of the Tribal people known as
and handicrafts. Have a thirteen mountain states and Dasas were the area's first
look! has breathtaking landscapes recorded residents. Later,
featuring several peaks and the land was ruled by Aryans
extensive river systems. from the Mauryan Empire,
Himachal is also known the Kaushans, the Guptas,
as Dev Bhoomi, meaning and the Kanuaj dynasty.
"Land of Gods," and Veer Ranjit Singh annexed many
Bhoomi, which means "Land kingdoms in the 19th century,
of the Brave." then the British defeated the
Dadu: Impressive! Gorkhas and entered into
treaties with some Rajas and
annexed their kingdoms.
After Independence,
30 princely states in the
area were united; Himachal
Pradesh was formed on 15th
April 1948.

Balu: What do they do for their Dadu:
These are the must-see
livelihood? attractions and highlights.
Dadu: They depend on agriculture,
pastoralism, horticulture,
industry and forestry.
Industries are known
for their production of
agricultural implements,
turpentine, resin, fertilizers,
cement and electronic goods.
Hydropower is one of the Tribal Dress
major sources of income.
Kullu Manali
Balu: Fantastic! What about their Dadu: These are the state's well-
culture? known delicacies.
Dadu: The culture of Himachal
Pradesh is largely reflected
in the diverse cuisine,
occupations and traditional
dress. Himachali caps are
a representation of cultural
identity. It is a state with
different religions, beliefs
and rituals and a home for
various tribes. Look at what Shimla
my friend has clicked! Aktori
Kasauli
Mittha
Pahari People
Dharmasala
Balu: Thanks, Dadu, it is going

to be very helpful for
tomorrow’s social science
Rajputs Dhaam class.

Smt Ramamani N
Spotlight of the Month
Go v i n d a H a r i
Sonawane
G
ovinda Hari Sonawane, looking for entrepreneurial options.
an entrepreneur from Hes tarted CFL bulb assembly and
Nimbhora village of Raver mobile charger circuit business.
tehsil in the Jalgaon district of He lost money in the business as
Maharashtra has made a portable the bulb performance guarantee
machine named BioChar. It provisions were not sustainable.
converts agricultural waste and He took the tube/circuit from the
crop residues into products like faulty bulbs, repaired and resold
bio-incense sticks, paper plates and them till 2019. While exploring
Govinda’s vegan leather without electricity. options for business development,
Govinda’s start-up “Agri Waste he researched and designed the
start-up Agri machine (BioChar) this year.
Pvt Ltd” enables farmers to earn
Waste Pvt additional income from agri-waste;
Features
reduce air and soil pollution due to
Ltd enables the burning of this waste. It also • A prototype with 200 litre-
capacity drum.
farmers to creates employment opportunities
in rural areas for small-scale • Operates without electricity.
earn additional entrepreneurs. • Works on a simple principle
of feeding crop waste and
income from He comes from a family with
economic constraints. While his converting it into charcoal.
agri-waste; father did carpentry to run the • Corn cobs usually take 90
family, Govinda completed his minutes to turn into charcoal
reduce air and schooling and college in Jalgoan; while dry leaves of plants or
soil pollution completed MSc. Electronics and cotton stalks take less time.
later movedto Pune for a job. • Uses a filter to control the
due to the Govinda worked there till amount of smoke generated.
burning of this 2014 and returned to his village • The flame is reduced when the
charcoal has been produced
waste. B2B2C - business-to- and extracted from the outlet.
business-to-consumer, is an • Eliminates more than 95% of
eCommerce model where smoke as against traditional
businesses access customers
burning of stubble.
through a third party but are
unable to interact directly Govinda also built a B2B2C
through their own brand. model wherein the charcoal is
converted to incense sticks and sold.

Shri Sridhar P Noble Prize Series
Click Chemistry
T
he Nobel Prize for new molecules, especially complex can build big molecules easily.
chemistry for 2022 has organic molecules have been If modern chemists need to add
been awarded to K. Barry laborious, costly, time consuming two big molecules they just have
Sharpless from Scripps Research with poor yields. The development to introduce azide in one and
Institute, Morten Meldal from the of “Click chemistry” solves many alkyne in another. In the presence
University of Copenhagen and of the problems of synthetic of copper as a catalyst they just
Carolyn.R.Bertozzi of Stanford chemistry. bond in a snap to creating bigger
University, for developing molecules. Sharpless and Meldal
independently this exciting field of What is click chemistry? have revolutionized the process of
“Click chemistry”. Molecules often do not bond building molecules like building
together easily while creating with Lego blocks. The co-winner
Synthetic chemistry bigger ones. Sometimes inreaction Bertozzi took it to a different level
Synthetic chemistry is the molecules behave very differently by introducing click chemistry in
synthetic creation of new chemicals in the presence of unique catalysts. living organisms where copper is
or molecules or developing new That is what Nobel Laureates toxic, by using a different organic
techniques to synthesize existing Sharpless and Meldal observed catalyst.
inorganic or organic molecules. The while using copper as catalyst,
bewildering array of chemicals, and the breakthrough came with Applications
medicines, biological molecules copper catalysed azide-alkyne Limitless! Pharmaceutical
we use today owe their existence cycloaddition. They bonded like the chemistry will benefit for it is
to synthetic chemistry. Creating “Click“of a seat belt as suggested all about building target specific
by Sharpless. That molecules of higher order. Bertozzi
is the origin of click and her colleagues worked on
chemistry. mapping glycans(carbohydrate
-based polymers produced by all
How does it help living organisms). Her studies
The beauty of showed that Glycans appear to
their invention lies protect tumour cells from the
in its astonishing body’s immune system. Bertozzi
simplicity in and her colleagues built anew
practical appli- type of biological molecules using
cation. Modern day techniques of click chemistry that
chemists, thanks joined glycan specific antibodies to
to this remarkable enzymes that break down glycans
work of these on the surface of tumour cells,
Nobel Laureates allowing the immune system to act.

Smt Ramamani N
Know your Padma Awardee
Kinnera musician
Darshanam Mogilaiah
K
innera is a string instrument
with a bamboo neck, dried
and hollowed gourds as
resonators.
 Made using bamboo, the dried
outer shell of a round bottle gourd,
honeycomb, bull-horn, beads,
He is the mirrors and peacock feathers.
only person  Originated in the 4th century,
played by the nomadic tribes in
in Telangana Dakkali and Chenchu (Tribal
as a daily wager on construction sites.
to play this villages in Deccan Plateau).
Known for his unique voice, he sings
 Reinvented by Mogilaiah (fifth-
12-fret generation artist) who upgraded it
dramatic ballads of popular folklore
heroes, learning the art from his father,
instrument to 12 frets instead of the 7, 8 or 9
Yellaiah.
frets used by his forefathers.
today. A fret is any of the thin strips of
His ancestors are believed to have
played the instrument in the court of
material, inserted laterally at specific
the Wanapathy kings about 400 years
positions along the neck or fretboard
ago. They used women’s hair, horse-
of a stringed instrument.
tail hair and animal nerves as strings.
Mogilaiah replaced it with the metal
Profile
sting. He decorated the instrument
Born in 1951 in a Madiga family with a wooden turtle puppet attached
in the Ausalikunta village in the to it. The puppet bows, jumps and
Nagarkurnool district of Telangana salutes the audience. He is the only
along the stretches of Nallamala Hills. person in Telangana to play this 12-fret
Without formal education, he faced instrument today.
many hardships in life. He also worked
The reinvention by the artist
kept the rare musical instrument
alive. He was awarded the Ugadi
Puraskaram (2015), the highest
state honour of Telangana.
Dharashanam Mogilaiah
received the Padma Shri award this
year for his distinguished service in
the field of art.

Shri Saravanan J Fascinating Feathers
Migration
B
ird migration is the regular the cold weather and scarcity of not have the beautiful breeding
seasonal movement, food. They do not migrate a long plumages during migration.
often north and south distance but from higher to lower  They look thinner when they
along a flyway, between breeding altitudes like from peak to foothills. arrive and will look larger as they
and wintering grounds; driven Some examples are Nutcrackers. go back. This is because they arrive
primarily by the availability of food  Passage migration: During the exhausted and before leaving, they
and severe weather. Many species intercontinental migration, some eat and stock up fat in their body.
of bird migrate. birds take a small resting period  The migratory birds look dull
India has about 1350 birds of in suitable location. This is to when they arrive and brighter and
which 60-70% are migratory birds. replenish their fat reserves and give more colorful as they leave. This is
rest to tired wings. After a few days, because they arrive in non-breeding
There are many types of they are back on their migration season and leave just as their
migration: route. India has a good number of breeding season approaches. The
 Intercontinental migration: passage migrants visiting its North birds start getting more of breeding
Many birds fly across oceans and West Borders like Greater Rann colors and shed their old feathers to
seas, deserts, mountain ranges and of Kutch, Rajasthan andLadakh. get better and stronger feathers to
other geographical blockages to Well-known passage migrants in help in reverse migration.
reach a suitable area where they India are Lesser Kestrel, Red-Back
can stay for a few months totide Shrike, Read-tailed Shrike, Rufous- Astonishing facts
over the inclement weather in their tailed Scrub Robin. It is a wonder how these birds
homes. Many cross over hundreds  Reverse migration: Birds make especially the small ones can fly such
of miles, countries and sometimes a great guest as they know that long distances, some even without a
continents to reach the suitable area. they cannot overstay and enjoy the break. To understand this feat, we
Some migrating birds in India are hospitality. They migrate back to need to look at bird behavior. The
Demoiselle Cranes, Steppe Eagle, their homes as soon as the weather birds will eat to their heart’s content
Imperial Eagle, Godwits, Harriers, becomes suitable (summer arrives). before migration and reverse
Rubythroats, Bluethroats, Pochards, migration. This over eating is called
Ducks and Geese. Characteristics of migratory hyperphagia. They store the fat over
 Altitudinal migration: During birds organs like liver and stomach. This
winter many birds fly from higher  They are also called wintering is called hyperlipogenesis. During
altitudes to lower altitude to escape or non-breeding birds as they do the migration they utilize this fat in

bodies. When they feel tired, they Advantages of migration to
drop the twig on water and sit on it environment
for some time. They also use man  Pest control - eating large number
made floating structures like ships, of locusts, rats, snakes etc.
oil barrages and even thermocol to
 Cross pollination and dispersal
rest while they migrate.
of seeds.
Birds remember the route of
 Role in food chain – falling
migration. This is through a
prey to local predators.
combination of Astro
alignment in sky, Danger to birds
their magnetic field of
Predation: Exposure to predators
body. This is like Earth and their own memory in
during the journey from breeding to
consuming a part of their own body. terms of landscapes and sounds
wintering grounds.
This is called autophagy. The birds (they can hear subsonic sounds).
have to do a delicate balancing act The birds are known to have Hunting: Humans are the biggest
to ensure that they store enough fat magnetite in their beaks; this sends danger specially to fowls and
for the journey but are also light signal to their brains to help them pheasants. These are hunted for
enough to fly. For this they shrink follow the right migration route food or as just game. Some are
organs that they do not need, like using earth’s magnetic field. This captured to be reared as pets.
their reproductive system. is also how homing pigeons know Buildings and lights: In last 100
The birds usually fly in large where their home is as they return year the skyline of many countries
groups (example Cranes, Geese, post delivering messages. This has seen rise of large buildings ;
Ducks, starlings). They fly in a “V” knowledge is passed from one light pollution is very high in cities;
shape formation. This reduces the generation to other both genetically electricity transmission wires have
drag on the birds flying in the rear. and though learning. maimed many birds in migration.
The birds flying in front will have
to do more work as they face the Record holders Bond with humans in India
air currents. Hence, they will take Bar-headed Geese: Highest flying Demoiselle cranes: In Keechan
turns and exchange their positions birds. They have been seen flying village in Rajasthan, over lakhs
at regular intervals so that not one over Mount Everest. Their body and of demoiselle cranes arrive on
bird faces all the burden. This is blood is suited for such high flights. migration. The kind villagers feed
an example of how they utilize Artic Tern: 90,000 km flight from them with seeds and millets; have
the aeronautic principles without Arctic to Antarctic every year. made a large reservoir of water for
even knowing the basic physics but them.
Bar-tailed Godwit: Longest non-
have mastered the art of flying in Amur Falcon: One of the world’s
stop migration. They have been
formation. longest migrations is that of Amur
recorded to fly over 12,000 km
The small birds who fly solo nonstop without food or rest. Falcon from Russia to South of
also use a very innovative trick. Africa. They cross the state of
Adélie Penguin: They are known
They carry a small twig in their Nagaland in India. They were
to trek an average 13,000 km. This
beak when crossing large water earlier hunted and captured as
is longest for a flightless bird.
pets. But with conservation efforts
now the villagers in Nagaland are
helping in protecting these. Hunting
is banned and visitors can only see
them from a distance so that they
are not disturbed.
We should become a part of this
fascinating natural phenomenon
by watching and caring for these
birds.

NOV 7
NATIONAL
CANCER
AWARENESS
Day
Together we can
beat Cancer!
Cancer is curable.
Let’s fight it!
Cancer is one of the
most deadly diseases
and every year
National Cancer Day is
observed with a theme
that encourages its
prevention. Almost one-
third of all cancer can be
cured if detected early.
National
Unity
DAY 31st October
eeeeeeeeee
Different languages, Different costumes,
Different religions, Different beliefs,
eeeeeeeeee
But…United we stand.
" Togetherness leads to harmony.

Harmony leads to peace."
Celebrates the birthday of

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
as
RASHTRIYA
EKTA DIWAS

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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 December 2022 Rs.

India's G20 Presidency

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Seema Dhundiya Annie Abraham

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is now a billion-dollar company

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Smt Sandhya Nair

India in 2019. marketing its medical tourism