ONLINE GATE COACHING CLASSES

BY

Prof. Ch. SAI BABU,

Professor of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
JNTUK Kakinada

Lecture1 of Electrical Machines

Topic: DC Generator
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada-533003,
Andhra Pradesh

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 Number Syllabus Detailed Syllabus

Lecture I Electromechanical Energy Principles of

Conversion Electromechanical
Principles & DC machines separately Energy Conversions, Energy,
excited, series and shunt, Co
motoring and generating mode of Energy, Principle of
operation and their Operation of DC
characteristics Generator, EMF Equation,
Various Characteristics of
DC Generators.

Principles of Electromechanical Energy Conversion , Energy , CoEnergy

Topics to be covered
1)Introduction
2)EMF in Electromechanical Systems
3)Force and Torque on a Conductor
4)Force and Torque Calculation from Energy and Co energy
5)Model of Electromechanical Systems 2
Introduction
For energy conversion between electrical and mechanical forms, electromechanical
devices are developed. In general, electromechanical energy conversion devices can be
divided into three categories:
(1)Transducers (for measurement and control)
These devices transform the signals of different forms. Examples are microphones,
pickups, and speakers.
(2)Force producing devices (linear motion devices)
These type of devices produce forces mostly for linear motion drives, such as relays,
Solenoids (linear actuators), and electromagnets.
(3)Continuous energy conversion equipment
These devices operate in rotating mode. A device would be known as a generator if it
convert mechanical energy into electrical energy, or as a motor if it does the other way
around (from electrical to mechanical).

In this chapter, the methods for determining the induced emf in an electrical circuit and
force/torque experienced by a movable part will be discussed. The general concept of
electromechanical system modeling will also be illustrated by a singly excited
3
rotating stem.
4
Induced emf in Electromechanical Systems
Consider a conductor of length l placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux
density B. When the conductor moves at a speed v, the induced emf in the
conductor can be determined by

The direction of the emf can be determined by the "right hand rule" for cross
products. In a coil of N turns, the induced emf can be calculated by

Where λ is the flux linkage of the coil and the minus sign indicates that the
induced current opposes the variation of the field. It makes no difference
whether the variation of the flux linkage is a result of the field variation or coil
movement. In practice, it would convenient if we treat the emf as a voltage.
The above express can then be rewritten as

In a rotating system, the torque about an axis can be calculated by

5
where C is the contour of the conductor. For a homogeneous conductor
of length l
carrying current I in a uniform magnetic field, the above expression can
be reduced to

if the system is magnetically linear, i.e. the self inductance is independent of the
current. It should be noted that the self inductance is a function of the
displacement x since there is a moving part in the system.

Force and Torque on a Current Carrying Conductor:

The force on a moving particle of electric charge q in a magnetic field is
given by the Lorentz's force law:

The force acting on a current carrying conductor can be directly derived

from the equation as
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Force and Torque Calculation from Energy and Co energy:

A Singly Excited Linear Actuator

In the diagram below, it is shown that the magnetic energy is

equivalent to the area above the magnetization or λ -i curve.
Mathematically, if we define the area underneath the magnetization
curve as we
thecan obtain
co energy (which does not exist physically), i.e.

7
Therefore
From the above diagram, the co energy or the area underneath the
magnetization curve can be calculated by

and the force acting on the plunger is

then
For a magnetically linear system, the above
expression becomes

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Singly Excited Rotating Actuator
The singly excited linear actuator mentioned above becomes a singly excited rotating
actuator if the linearly movable plunger is replaced by a rotor, as illustrated in the
diagram below. Through a derivation similar to that for a singly excited linear actuator,
one can . readily obtain that the torque acting on the rotor can be expressed as the
negative partial derivative of the energy stored in the magnetic field against the angular
displacement or as the positive partial derivative of the co energy against the angular
displacement, as summarized in the following table

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Doubly Excited Rotating Actuator
The general principle for force and torque calculation discussed above is
equally applicable to multi-excited systems. Consider a doubly excited
rotating actuator shown Schematically in the diagram below as an
example. The differential energy and co energy functions can be derived
as following:

Respectively, and it can be shown that they are equal.

Therefore, the torque acting on the rotor can be calculated
as

Because of the salient (not round) structure of the rotor, the self inductance of the stator
is a function of the rotor position and the first term on the right hand side of the above
torque expression is nonzero for that Similarly, the second term on the
right 10
hand side of the above torque express is nonzero because of the salient structure of the stator. Therefore,
these two terms are known as the reluctance torque component. The last term in the torque expression,
however, is only related to the relative position of the stator and rotor and is independent of the shape of
the stator and rotor poles.
Model of Electromechanical Systems
To illustrate the general principle for modeling of an electromechanical system, we still use the doubly
excited rotating actuator discussed above as an example. For convenience, we plot it here again. As
discussed in the introduction, the mathematical model of an electromechanical system consists of circuit
equations for the electrical subsystem and force or torque balance equations for the mechanical
subsystem, whereas the interactions between the two subsystems via the magnetic field can be expressed
in terms of the emf's and the electromagnetic force or torque. Thus, for the doubly excited rotating
actuator, we can write

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 is the angular speed of the rotor, Tload the load torque, and J the inertia of the rotor and
the mechanical load which is coupled to the rotor shaft. The above equations are
nonlinear differential equations which can only be solved numerically. In the format of
state equations, the above equations can be rewritten as

Together with the specified initial conditions (the state of the system at time zero in terms of the state
variables):

the above state equations can be used to simulate the dynamic performance of the doubly excited
rotating actuator. Following the same rule, we can derive the state equation model of any
electromechanical systems. 12
 Multiple Choice Questions on
Electro mechanical Energy Conversion Principles
1. An electro-mechanical energy conversion device is one which converts
a)Electrical energy to mechanical energy only
b)Mechanical energy to electrical energy only
c)All of the mentioned
d)None of the mentioned Answer: c
Explanation: The operating principles of electrical to mechanical and mechanical
to electrical conversion devices are similar, hence, the common name electro-
mechanical device.However, their structural details differ depending on their
function.
2. What is the coupling field used between the electrical and mechanical systems
in an energy conversion devices?
a)Magnetic field
b)Electric field
c)Magnetic field or Electric field
d)None of the mentioned
Answer: c
Explanation: Either electric field or magnetic field can be used, however most
commonly we use magnetic field because of its greater energy storage capacity. 13
3.The energy storing capacity of magnetic field is about times greater than that of
electric field?
a) 50,000
b) 25,000
c) 10,000
d) 40,000
Answer: b
Explanation: As the energy storage capacity of the magnetic field is higher, it is most
commonly used as coupling medium in electro-mechanical energy conversion devices.

4.The formula for energy stored in the mechanical system of linear motion type is
a) 1/2 Jw 2
r

b) 1/2 mv2

c) 1/2 mv
2
d) Jw r

Answer: b
Explanation: Energy stored is kinetic energy, since the system is of linear motion.

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5. In an electro-mechanical energy conversion device, the coupling field on the
(i)electrical side is associated with emf and current
(ii)electrical side is associated with torque and speed
(iii)mechanical side is associated with emf and current
(iv)mechanical side is associated with torque and speed

From the above, the correct statements are

a)(i) & (ii)
b)(ii) & (iii)
c)(iii) & (iv)
d)(i) and (iv)
Answer: d
Explanation: The coupling field will be associated with the electrical quantities on
electrical side and vice versa.

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6. A coupling magnetic field must react with
(i)electrical system in order to extract energy from mechanical system
(ii)mechanical system in order to extract energy from mechanical system
(iii)electrical system in order to extract energy from electrical system
(iv)mechanical system in order to extract energy from electrical system
(v)electrical or mechanical system for electro-mechanical energy conversion

From the above, the correct statements are

a)(i), (ii) & (iii)
b)(ii), (iii) & (v)
c)(ii), (iii) & (iv)
d)(ii), (iii) & (v)
Answer: b
Explanation: To convert electrical to mechanical, the coupling magnetic field must
take energy from input, the electrical system and vice versa.

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7. The developed electromagnetic force and/or torque in electromechanical energy
conversion system, acts in such a direction that tends to
a) increase the stored energy at constant mmf
b) decrease the stored energy at constant mmf
c) decrease the co-energy at constant mmf
d) increase the stored energy at constant flux
Answer: b
Explanation: fe=-(∂Wfld (φ,x))/∂x= -(∂Wfld (∅,x))/∂x and Te=-(∂Wfld (φ,θ))/∂θ=-(∂Wfld(∅,θ))/∂θ.
8. The developed electromagnetic force and/or torque in electromechanical energy
conversion systems, acts in a direction that tends to
(i) increase the co-energy at constant flux
(ii) increase the co-energy at constant mmf
(iii) decrease the stored energy at constant mmf
(iv) decrease the stored energy at constant flux

Which of the above statements are correct?

a)(ii), (iv)
b)(i), (iii)
c)(ii), (iii)
d)(i), (iv)
Answer: a
Explanation: fe=-(∂Wfld (φ,x))/∂x and fe= (∂W
d fl (F,x))/∂x.
1

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9. A physical system of electromechanical energy conversion, consists of a
stationary part creating a magnetic field with electric energy input, and a
moving part giving mechanical energy output. If the movable part is kept fixed,
the entire electrical energy input will be
a)stored in the magnetic field
b)stored in the electric field
c)divided equally between the magnetic and electric fields
d)zero

Answer: a
Explanation: As the movable part is fixed, Wmech=0, we know, Welec=Wmech+
Wfld,therefore, Welec=Wfld.

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OPERATION OF DC GENERATOR, EMF EQUATION,
VARIOUS CHARACTERISTICS OF DC
GENERATORS
• The initial electromagnetic generator (Faraday disk) was invented by British
scientist namely Michael Faraday in the year 1831.
• A DC generator is an electrical device used for generating electrical energy. The
main function of this device is to change mechanical energy into electrical energy.
• There are several types of mechanical energy sources available such as hand
cranks, internal combustion engines, water turbines, gas and steam turbines.
Generator provides power to all the electrical power grids.
• The reverse function of the generator can be done by an electric motor.

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What is a DC Generator?
A DC generator or direct current generator is one
kind of electrical machine, and the main function
of this machine is to convert mechanical energy
into DC (direct current) electricity. The energy
alteration process uses the principle of
energetically induced electromotive force. The
dc generator diagram is shown below.

When a conductor slashes magnetic flux, then energetically induced

electromotive force will be generated in it based on the Electromagnetic
Induction principle of Faraday’s Laws. This electromotive force can cause a
flow of current when the conductor circuit is not opened.

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Constructional Details Of DC Machine

Armature Windings
The armature core slots are mainly used for holding the armature windings.
These are in a closed circuit winding form, and it is connected in series to
parallel for enhancing the sum of produced current.

Yoke
The external structure of the DC generator is Yoke, and it is made with cast iron
otherwise steel. It gives the necessary mechanical power for carrying the
magnetic-flux given through the poles.
Poles
These are mainly used to hold the field windings. Usually, these windings are
wound on the poles, & they are connected in series otherwise parallel by the
armature windings. In addition, the poles will give joint toward the yoke with
the welding method otherwise by using screws.

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22
Pole Shoe
The pole shoe is mainly utilized for spreading the magnetic flux as well as to
avoid the field coil from falling.

.Commutator
The working of the commutator is like a rectifier for changing AC voltage to the
DC voltage within the armature winding to across the brushes. It is designed
with a copper segment, and each copper segment is protected from each other
with the help of mica sheets. It is located on the shaft of the machine
Brushes
The electrical connections can be ensured between the commutator as well as
the exterior load circuit with the help of brushes.

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Working Principle of DC Generator
The DC generator working principle is based on Faraday’s laws of
electromagnetic induction. When a conductor is located in an unstable magnetic
field, an electromotive force gets induced within the conductor. The induced e.m.f
magnitude can be measured from the equation of the electromotive force of a
generator.
If the conductor is present with a closed lane, the current which is induced will
flow in the lane. In this generator, field coils will generate an electromagnetic
field as well as the armature conductors are turned into the field. Therefore, an
electromagnetically induced electromotive force (e.m.f) will be generated within
the armature conductors. The path of induced current will be provided by
Fleming’s right-hand rule.

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Faradays laws
First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is always
induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkages.

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 FLEMING'S RIGHT HAND RULE

• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
Lenz’s Law
“The induced currents in a conductor are in such a direction as to oppose the change in
magnetic field that produces them..” (OR)
“The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is such that it opposes the cause of
producing it..”

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SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR

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GENERATORS

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31
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SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR
WITH SLIP RING

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 GENERATORS

Basic operation of the generator

As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux
through it changes with time
This induces an e.m.f and a current in
the external circuit
The ends of the loop are connected to
slip rings that rotate with the loop
Connections to the external circuit are
made by stationary brushes in contact
with the slip rings

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SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR
WITH SPLIT RING

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SIMPLE LOOP GENERATOR
WITH SPLIT RING

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 The output voltage always has the
same polarity
 The current is a pulsating current

 To produce a steady current,

many loops and commutators
around the axis of rotation are
used
The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the output is
almost free of fluctuations

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 Unidirectional current wave shape

Resultant current wave shape when number of conductors

used result current wave shape

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DC Generator E.M.F Equation

The emf equation of dc generator according to Faraday’s Laws of

Electromagnetic Induction is

Eg= PØZN/60 A
Where Φ is a flux or pole within Weber
Z is a total no.of armature conductor
P is a number of poles in a generator
A is a number of parallel lanes within the armature
N is the rotation of armature in r.p.m (revolutions per
minute)
E is the induced e.m.f in any parallel lane within the
armature
Eg is the generated e.m.f in any one of the parallel
lanes
N/60 is the number of turns per second
Time for one turn will be dt = 60/N sec
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Types of DC Generator
The classification of DC generators can be done in two most important
categories namely separately excited as well as self-excited.

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Separately Excited

In separately excited type, the field coils are strengthened from an autonomous
exterior DC source.

Self Excited
In self-excited type, the field coils are strengthened from the generated current
with the generator. The generation of first electromotive force will occur
because of its outstanding magnetism within field poles.

The produced electromotive force will cause a fraction of current to supply in

the field coils, therefore which will increase the field flux as well as
electromotive force generation. Further, these types of dc generators can be
classified into three types namely series wound, shunt wound, and compound
wound.

 In a series wound, both the field winding & armature winding are connected
in series with each other.
 In shunt wound, both the field winding & armature winding are connected in
parallel with each other.
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 The compound winding is the blend of series winding & shunt winding.
Separately Excited DC Generator
These are the generators whose field magnets are energized by some
external DC source, such as a battery.
A circuit diagram of separately excited DC generator is shown in the
figure below. The symbols below are:
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated EMF (Electromagnetic Force)

Power generated is equal to

Power delivered to the external load is equal to

Voltage drop in the armature = Ia × Ra

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Self Excited DC Generators
• Self-excited DC generators are generators whose field magnets are energized by
the current supplied by themselves. In these type of machines, field coils are
internally connected with the armature.
• Due to residual magnetism, some flux is always present in the poles. When the
armature is rotated, some EMF is induced. Hence some induced current is
produced. This small current flows through the field coil as well as the load and
thereby strengthening the pole flux.
• As the pole flux strengthened, it will produce more armature EMF, which cause
the further increase of current through the field. This increased field current
further raises armature EMF, and this cumulative phenomenon continues until
the excitation reaches the rated value.
• According to the position of the field coils, self-excited DC generators may be
classified as:
 Series Wound Generators
 Shunt Wound Generators
 Compound Wound Generators

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Series Wound Generator
In these type of generators, the field windings are connected in series with armature
conductors, as shown in the figure below.
Whole current flows through the field coils as well as the load. As series field winding
carries full load current it is designed with relatively few turns of thick wire. The
electrical resistance of series field winding is therefore very low (nearly 0.5Ω ).
Here:
Rsc = Series winding resistance
Isc = Current flowing through the series field
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated EMF

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Shunt Wound DC Generators
In these type of DC generators, the field windings are connected in parallel with
armature conductors, as shown in the figure below. In shunt wound generators the
voltage in the field winding is same as the voltage across the terminal.
Here:
Rsh = Shunt winding resistance
Ish = Current flowing through the shunt field
Ra = Armature resistance
Ia = Armature current
IL = Load current
V = Terminal voltage
Eg = Generated EMF

The effective power across the load will be maximum when IL will be maximum.
So, it is required to keep shunt field current as small as possible. For this purpose
the resistance of the shunt field winding generally kept high (100 Ω) and large no
of turns are used for the desired EMF.
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Compound Wound DC Generator
In series wound generators, the output voltage is directly proportional with load
current. In shunt wound generators, the output voltage is inversely proportional with
load current.
A combination of these two types of generators can overcome the disadvantages of
both. This combination of windings is called compound wound DC generator.
Compound wound generators have both series field winding and shunt field
winding. One winding is placed in series with the armature, and the other is placed
in parallel with the armature. This type of DC generators may be of two types- short
shunt compound-wound generator and long shunt compound-wound generator.

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Short Shunt Compound
Wound DC Generator
Short Shunt Compound Wound DC
Generators are generators where only the
shunt field winding is in parallel with the
armature winding, as shown in the figure
below.
Long Shunt Compound Wound DC
Generator
Long Shunt Compound Wound DC Generator
are generators where the shunt field winding is
in parallel with both series field and armature
winding, as shown in the figure below.
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In a compound wound generator, the shunt field is stronger than the series
field. When the series field assists the shunt field, generator is said to be
commutatively compound wound.

On the other hand, if the series field opposes the shunt field, the
generator is said to be differentially compound wound.

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50
Characteristics of DC shunt Generator

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52
Characteristics of DC Series Generator

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56
57
58
59
Practical Dc Machine

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 Applications of DC Generators
• The separately excited type DC generator is used for boosting as well as
electroplating.
• It is used in power and lighting purpose using field regulator
• The self-excited DC generator or shunt DC generator is used for power as well as
ordinary lighting using the regulator.
• It can be used for battery lighting.
• The series DC generator is used in arc lamps for lighting, stable current generator
and booster.
• Compound DC generator is used to provide the power supply for DC welding
machines.
• Level compound DC generator is used to provide a power supply for hostels,
lodges, offices, etc.
• Over compound, DC generator is used to reimburse the voltage drop within
Feeders. 61
 Multiple Choice Questions on
Operation of DC Generator, EMF Equation, Various
Characteristics of DC Generators.
1. Which of the following characteristics reveal about the magnetization
nature of the machine?
a) No-load characteristics
b) Load characteristics
c) Armature characteristics
d) Both no-load and load characteristics View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: Both no-load as well as load characteristics are required to
predict the magnetization of the machine.

2. Choose the most inappropriate out of the following for the no-load
characteristics of the dc generator.
a) It is the open circuit characteristic of the machine
b) It is magnetization characteristic of the machine
c) It is conducted on the unloaded machine
d) None of the mentioned View Answer
Answer: d
Explanation: All the mentioned nature of the characteristics are correct.
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3. The external characteristic is plotted between
a) terminal voltage vs armature current at constant excitation
b) terminal voltage vs field current at constant armature current
c) induced armature emf vs armature current at constant excitation
d) none of the mentioned View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The external characteristic is plotted between terminal voltage and armature
current at fixed excitation.

4. A student forgot to mark the x-y axes in his experiments but he just noted down the
cause and the effect for each. How will he conclude about the armature characteristic out
of the all plotted graphs?
a) By marking graph for constant terminal voltage
b) By marking graph for constant field current
c) By marking graph for constant armature current
d) By marking graph for constant speed View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Armature characteristic is observed at constant terminal voltage for emf vs
armature current.

63
5. Armature characteristic is also known as
a) regulation characteristic
b) magnetization characteristic
c) external characteristic
d) load characteristic View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Armature characteristic is also known as regulation characteristic. It is so
called due to the fact that the difference in the terminal voltage helps to determine the
voltage deviation.
6. The air gap line represents
a) magnetic behaviour of the air gap of the dc machine
b) magnetic behaviour of the air gap of the induction machine
c) magnetic behaviour of the iron core
d) all of the mentioned View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Air gap line in the magnetization curve represents the ideal nature of the
machine considering no saturation for the dc machine.

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7. Identify the armature characteristic of the dc generator.

a) b)

Ha)

c)
d)
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: At low values of the armature conductor, the increase in the field
current is very small to provide Ia Ra drop. At large armature current,field
current increases sharply to compensate for the voltage drop caused by
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armature reaction
8. For a given dc generator, the external characteristic is plotted . Without using
further plots, how can we obtain internal characteristic?
a) By adding the IaRa drop to the plot
b) By adding armature reaction
c) By reducing IaRa drop
d) All of the mentioned View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Adding the armature resistance drop we can obtain the external
characteristic for a dc generator.
9. Identify the machines by observing their external characteristics for (i) and (ii)
respectively.

a) Separately excited dc generator, shunt generator

b) Shunt generator, separately excited dc generator
c) Differentially compound dc generator, separately excited
d) Series dc generator, shunt generator View Answer

Answer: a
Explanation: In dc shunt generator, voltage drops off much more rapidly with load due to
fal in field current with terminal voltage. 66
10. The voltage drop in terminal voltage from no-load to full load in a shunt
generator can be compenated using
a) aiding series field
b) long-shunt, diferential field
c) aiding shunt field
d) any of the measures View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: By aiding the series field the armature reaction drop can be compensated.
11. Mark the correct order for the external characteristics of compound generators
from the below graph.

a) 1: over compound, 2: level compound, 3: under compound, 4: differential compound

b) 1: under compound, 2: level compound, 3: over compound, 4: differential compound
c) 1: differential compound, 2: level compound, 3: under compound, 4: over compound
d) 1: over compound, 2: differential compound, 3: under compound, 4: level compound
View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: Over compounding provides maximum voltage difference at no load 67
while the differential compounding has least.
12. The external characteristic for the dc series generator is

a) b)

c) d)
Answer: a
Explanation: There is a linear behavior till the saturation.

68
13. Why is armature of a dc machine made of silicon steel stampings?
a) To reduce hysteresis loss
b) To reduce eddy current loss
c) For the ease with which slots can be created
d) To achieve high permeability View Answer
Answer: a
Explanation: The silicon steel has very high permeability and makes the flux past
consistent. Thereby making lesser losses.
14. What losses occur in the teeth of dc generator?
a) To reduce hysteresis loss
b) To reduce eddy current loss
c) To reduce eddy current as well as hysteresis losses
d) To achieve high permeability
View Answer
Answer: c
Explanation: Teeth of the machine has both eddy current losses as well as hysteresis
losses.

69
15. For a 220-V level compound generator the terminal voltage at the half load is
a) more than 220-V
b) same as no-load voltage
c) more than no-load voltage
d) lesser than no-load voltage View Answer
Answer: b
Explanation: In a level compound dc generator the terminal voltage remains same as no
load voltage at all the loading.

16. If there is no saturation of flux in the poles of a d.c. generator, then it will
a) Not run
b) Burn due to extraordinarily high potential building up in the armature
c) Not build up any voltage
d) Run under unstable operating conditions.

Ans: (c)

70
17. Main reason of drop due to armature reaction in a d.c. generator
is
a) Armature flux due to armature current
b) Load current
c) Shunt and series field current
d) None of these

Ans: (a)

18. Lap winding in lap wound d.c. generator is provided because it

a) Makes the current distribution at brushes equal to avoid sparks

b) Helps the noiseless operation of the machine
c) Provides a path for the circulation of unbalanced current
d) Provides mechanical strength for the winding of the armature

Ans: (a)

71
19. Drop in the terminal voltage of a shunt generator under load
conditions is due to
a) Armature resistance drop
b) Armature reaction
c) Decrease in field current
d) All of then

Ans: (d)

20. A shunt generator do not build up any voltage at no load because

a) Shunt coil may be connected in reverse direction
b) There is no resistance magnetism in the poles
c) Its shunt field resistance is more than critical resistance
d) Any one of the above

Ans: (d)

21. Generators are often run in parallel because of

a) Greater reliabilty
b) Greater efficiency
c) Meeting more load demands
d) All of these
72
Ans: (d)
22. External characteristics of a d.c. generator can be obtained by
a) Internal characteristic
b) No load saturation characteristic
c) Both (a) and (b)
d) None of these

Ans: (c)

23. Commutator machines can be of the type of

a) D.C. machines
b) A.C. machines
c) Universal machines
d) All of these

Ans: (d)

24. Which of the following is most suitable for parallel operation?

a) Series generator
b) Shunt generator
c) Compound generator
d) Any one of then

Ans: (b) 73
25. If two generator are running in parallel and field of one of the generator is
weakened too much, then it will
a) Take a smaller shunt of the total load
b) Run as the motor in the same direction
c) Take a large share of the total load
d) Run in the opposite direction as motor

Ans: (b)

26. Critical resistance is resistance of the field winding of a generator

a) At which it develops maximum voltage
b) At which it supply maximum power
c) Beyond which it can not develop any voltage
d) At which the speed of generator is infinity

Ans: (c)

27. With the increase of the winding of a d.c. generator, terminal voltage will
a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Remain same
d) None of these
74
28.

29.

75
30.

76
31.

77
32.

78
33.

79
34.

80
35.

81
36.

Ans: a

Ans: c

82
37.

83
38.

Ans: c

84
39.

Ans: d

85
40.

86
 Few exercise Problems
YEAR 2006 GATE
1.
A 220 V DC machine supplies 20 A at 200 V as a generator. The
armature resistance is 0.2 ohm. If the machine is now operated as
a motor at same terminal voltage and current but with the flux
increased by 10%, the ratio of motor speed to generator speed is
(A) 0.87 (B) 0.95
(C) 0.96 (D) 1.06
2.
The bearing used to support the rotor shafts are generally
1.Ball Bearing
2.Magnetic bearing
3.Bush bearing
4.None of the above
3.
4.
In case of wave wound generators, the average pitch is
1.Must be Odd
2.May be Odd or Even
3.Must be Even
4.None of the above
5.

The purpose of providing dummy coils in a generator is

1.To provide mechanical balance for the rotor
2.To reduce eddy current loss
3.To reduce hysteresis loss
4.To increase efficiency of Generator
6.

The insulating material used for the commutator segment is generally

1.Graphite
2.Carbon
3.Mica
4.Insulating varnish
For any queries/clarifications/,suggestions...feel free to
contact through...
chsaibabu1968@gmail.com

93
 Solutions for Exercise Problems
YEAR 2006 GATE
1.
A 220 V DC machine supplies 20 A at 200 V as a generator. The
armature resistance is 0.2 ohm. If the machine is now operated as
a motor at same terminal voltage and current but with the flux
increased by 10%, the ratio of motor speed to generator speed is
(A) 0.87 (B) 0.95
(C) 0.96 (D) 1.06

Given: A 230 V, DC machine, 20 A at 200 V as a

generator.
Ra = 0.2 W
The machine operated as a motor at same terminal
voltage and
current, flux increased by 10%
So for generator
Eg = V + IaRa
= 200 + 20#0.2
Eg = 204 volt
for motor Em = V − IaRa
= 200 − 20#0.2
Em = 196 volt
 The bearing used to support the rotor shafts are generally
2. 1.Ball Bearing
2.Magnetic bearing
3.Bush bearing
4.None of the above

Ans 1. Ball Bearing

Explanation:
•Generators use coils of wires which rotate through a magnetic field to create
voltage, which ‘pushes’ the current through the wires thus creating heat.
•Bearing are used to reduce frictional losses, ensure smooth running of the
rotor.
•Therefore ball bearing is used in D.C generator to support rotor shaft.
•NOTE ⇒ For small machine ball bearing is used.
For larger machine or heavy duty, D.C generator roller bearings are
used.
3.

So net voltage is zero

4. In case of wave wound generators, the average pitch is
1.Must be Odd
2.May be Odd or Even
3.Must be Even
4.None of the above

Ans 2. May be odd and even

Explanation:
•Where
⇒YB = Back Pitch
⇒YF = Front Pitch
⇒Z = Number of conductor
•Note = Average Pitch must be an integer which may be odd or even
but it should not be in a fraction in case.
5. The purpose of providing dummy coils in a generator is
1.To provide mechanical balance for the rotor
2.To reduce eddy current loss
3.To reduce hysteresis loss
4.To increase efficiency of Generator
Ans 1. To provide mechanical balance for the rotor
Explanation:
What is dummy coil?
•Dummy coil is used with wave winding when the requirement of the
winding is not met by the standard armature.
•Dummy coil is not connected to the commutator so they do not
influence the electrical characteristics of the winding
•Dummy coil ends are cut short and taped.
•Their main use is to provide mechanical balance for the rotor because
rotor having some slots without winding would be out of balance
mechanically.
6. Ques 9. The insulating material used for the commutator segment is
generally
1.Graphite
2.Carbon
3.Mica
4.Insulating varnish

Ans 3. Mica
Explanation:
•A commutator consists of a set of contact bars fixed to the rotating shaft of
a machine and connected to the armature windings.
•As the shaft rotates, the commutator reverses the flow of current in a
winding.
•Mica is useful for its unique electrical and thermal properties and its
mechanical properties.
•Mica is a good electrical insulator (bad conductor of electricity) at the
same time as being a good thermal conductor.
•Therefore mica is used as insulating material for commutator.