MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY(MENG2093)

DESTRUCTIVE AND NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

LECTURE DELIVERED BY HAILAY G

SAMARA UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
 Destructive Testing - DT
Destructive testing is changes the dimensions or physical and structural
integrity of the specimen. (It is essentially destroyed during the test).
Example:- Tensile, Compression, Hardness and impact Testing
 Tensile Testing
Tensile testing is one of the simplest and most widely used mechanical tests.
TS measuring the force required to elongate a specimen to breaking point, material
properties can be determined that will allow designers and quality managers to
predict how materials and products will behave in application.
E.g. heavy trucker hook, welded part
Tensile test specimen dimensions

Standard ASTM-E8 rectangular sample

 Engineering Stress-Strain Curve
Basic design information on the strength of materials and An acceptance test
for the specification of materials.
 Hardness Testing
Hardness, as a mechanical property, is the resistance of a material to
surface penetration .The indenter used varies with the test selected, but is
generally hardened steel or diamond.
Common hardness tests include the Rockwell, Brinell and vicker
hardness testing
1. Brinell Hardness Test
The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with
a 10 mm diameter hardened steel subjected to a load of 3000 kg .The full
load is normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds. The diameter of the
indentation left in the test material is measured with a low powered
microscope.
 2.Vicker Hardness Test
The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a
diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of
136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The full load is
normally applied for 10 to 15 seconds. The two diagonals of the indentation left in the
surface of the material after removal of the load are measured using a microscope.
IMPACT TESTING
 Principle of charpy impact test
The Charpy impact test is a dynamic test in which a test piece V-notched in
the middle and supported at each end, is broken by a single blow of a freely
swinging pendulum. The energy absorbed is measured. This absorbed energy is
a measure of the impact strength of material.

.
Strikes form higher position with 300 Joules.
Test specimen is held horizontally
Notch faces away from striker.
 Izod Impact Test

The test specimen is machined to a square or round section, with one notche

The specimen is clamped vertically on the anvil with the notch facing the
Hammer

Principle of Izod Impact Test :-Izod impact test is a dynamic test in which a
test piece V-notched test piece, gripped vertically, is broken by a single blow of
a freely swinging pendulum. The blow is struck on the same face as the notch
and at the fixed height above it. The energy absorbed is measured. This
absorbed energy is a measure of the impact strength of material
Strikes at 167 Joules.

Test specimen is held vertically.

Notch faces striker.

Torque Testing is the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis.
Element can perform torque testing on most hardware and fastener products.

Micro structural analysis

Specimen preparation for microstructure testing are:-

1. cut a small pieces from metal were using cutting machine (25mm*25mm)

2. Grinding done at the edge to smooth the surface to be joined

3. Polish done at the surface of work piece used sand paper to remove the
rough surface
 Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
Nondestructive testing (NDT) is the process of inspecting, testing, or
evaluating materials, components or differences in characteristics without
destroying the serviceability of the part or system.
 Inspect or measure without doing harm
Methods of NDT
Six Most Common NDT Methods
1. Visual
2. Liquid Penetrant
3. Magnetic
4. Ultrasonic
5. Eddy Current
6. Radiographic testing
 1.Visual Inspection Testing

 Portable video inspection unit with zoom

allows inspection of large tanks and
vessels, railroad tank cars.

 Visual Inspection means the inspection of equipment and structures

using a combination of human senses such as vision and hearing.
 Liquid Penetrant Testing
A liquid with high surface wetting characteristics is applied to the surface of
the part and allowed time to seep into surface breaking defects
The excess liquid is removed from the surface of the part
A developer (powder) is applied to pull the trapped penetrant out the defect
and spread it on the surface where it can be seen.
Liquid Penetrant Testing (LPT), also called Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)
and Penetrant Testing (PT), is widely used to detect surface defects in
castings, forging, welding, material cracks , porosities and possible fatigue
failure areas.
 MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING
Magnetic particle Inspection (MPI) is a non destructive testing (NDT)
process for detecting surface and slightly sub-surface discontinuities in
ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of their
alloys.
The process puts magnetic field into the part. The piece can be magnetized
by direct or indirect magnetization.
The first step in a magnetic particle inspection is to magnetize the
component that is to be inspected. If any defects on or near the surface are
present, the defects will create a leakage field. The particles will be
attracted and cluster at the flux leakage fields, thus forming a visible
indication that the inspector can detect.
 RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING
Radiographic Testing (RT), or industrial radiography, is a nondestructive
testing (NDT) method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using
the ability of short wavelength electromagnetic radiation (high energy
photons) to penetrate various materials. Either an X-ray machine or a
radioactive source (Ir-192, Co-60,or in rare cases Cs-137) can be used as a
source of photons
This can see very different things from X-rays, because neutrons can pass
with ease through lead and steel but are stopped by plastics, water and
oils.
 Ultrasonic Testing
This technique is used for the detection of internal surface (particularly distant
surface) defects in sound conducting materials. In this method high frequency
sound waves are introduced into a material and they are reflected back from
surface and flaws. Reflected sound energy is displayed versus time.

piezoelectric element is capable of acting as both a sensing and a transmitting element.

Piezoelectric transducers have been conventionally used to convert electric signals
into sound wave, or to convert sound wave into electric signals.
 Eddy Current Testing
This method is widely used to detect surface flaws, to measure thin walls
from one surface only, to measure thin coatings and in some applications to
measure depth. This method is applicable to electrically conductive
materials only. In this method eddy currents are produced in the product by
bringing it close to an alternating current carrying coil.
The main applications of the eddy current technique are for the detection of
surface or subsurface flaws, conductivity measurement and coating
thickness measurement.