Work and Heat

Prepared by
Engr. Joseph R. Ortenero
Mapua Institute of Technology at Laguna
Malayan Colleges at Laguna
Work
o Work is defined as the product of a force and the distance
moved in the direction of the force. This is a mechanical
definition of work.
o Thermodynamically, work is defined as an interaction
between a system and its surroundings, is done by a system if
the sole external effect on the surroundings could be the
raising of a weight.
POWER
The rate of doing work.
Conversion factors:
1 hp = 0.746 kW = 550 ft-lbf/s
Work modes that occur in various engineering situations:
o Work to stretch a wire
o Work to rotate a shaft
o Work to move against friction
o Work to cause a current to flow through a resistor
o Work to charge a capacitor
W = -PA dl
W = -P dV
The work is the area under the P-V curve.

The differential of a path function is an inexact differential

while the differential of a point function is an exact
differential.
Example:
2.2 kg of steam with a quality of 35% is heated at a constant
pressure of 225 kPa until the temperature reaches 450C.
Calculate the work done by the steam.

Example:
An 80-mm-diameter cylinder contains 160 cm3 of water at
60C. A 60-kg piston sits on top of the water. If heat is added
until the temperature is 180C find the work done.
Example:
Energy is added to a piston-cylinder arrangement, and the
piston is withdrawn in such a way that the quantity PVk
remains constant. K=1.4. The initial pressure and volume are
250 kPa and 3.2 m3, respectively. If the final pressure is 10
kPa, calculate the work done by the gas on the piston.
Non-Equilibrium Work
 The area in a P-V diagram represents the work for a quasi-
equilibrium process only. For non-equilibrium processes the
work cannot be calculated using W=-PdV.

*Two examples of a non-equilibrium work process.

Example:
A 150-kg mass drops 6.5 m, resulting in an increased volume in
the cylinder of 0.012 m3. The weight and the piston maintain
a constant gage pressure of 120 kPa. Determine the net work
done by the gas on the surroundings. Neglect all friction.
Other Work Modes
WORK TRANSFERRED BY A ROTATING SHAFT
the work results from the shearing forces due to shearing
stress,τ , which varies linearly with the radius over the cross
sectional area, moving with angular velocity, ω, as the shaft
rotates.
WORK TO STRETCH A LINEAR SPRING
ELECTRICAL WORK
 The potential difference V across the battery terminals is the
force that drives the charge q through the resistor during the
time increment dt.
Example:
The drive shaft in an automobile delivers 140 N-m of torque as
it rotates at 3250 rpm. Calculate the horsepower delivered.

Example:
The air in a circular cylinder is heated until the spring is
compressed 70 mm. Find the work done by the air on the
frictionless piston. The spring is initially unstretched.
HEAT
o Heat is the energy transferred across the boundary of a
system due to a difference in temperature between the
system and the surroundings of the system.
*A system does not contain heat, it contains energy, and heat
is energy in transit.

Adiabatic Process
a process in which there is zero heat transfer.
*The burner illustrates heat being added to the system and the
rotating shaft illustrates work being done on the system.
END OF MODULE