Chapter 3 Energy Equation and First Law of Thermodynamics

CONCEPT-STUDY GUIDE PROBLEMS

3.1 A car engine is rated at 200 hp. What is the power in SI units?
Solution:
1 hp = 0.7355 kW (metric system)
1 hp = 0.7457 kW for the UK horsepower
200 hp = 200 x 0.7457 = 149.19 kW

3.2

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3.3 If a process in a control mass decreases energy E2 − E1 < 0, can you say anything about the
sign for 1Q2 and 1W2?
Solution:
The net balance of the heat transfer and work terms from the energy equation is
E2 – E1 = 1Q2 – 1W2 < 0
But that does not separate the effect of two terms.

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3.4 An electric immersion rod heater, put into a bucket of water, heats the water from room
temperature to certain higher temperature. Show the work transfer and/or heat transfer along
with the direction of transfer, a) considering water only as system b) water as well as immersion
rod as system.
Solution:
a) Considering water only as system

so for water heat in form electric immersion rod and heat out to the surrounding from bucket

b) considering water as well as immersion rod as system

In this case, electric work in to the system and heat going out to the surrounding from bucket.

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3.5 A rigid adiabatic container contains a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The mixture
undergoes an explosive reaction. Is ΔU for the process positive, negative, or zero? Justify.
Solution:
By First law,
ΔU = 1Q2 - 1W2.
For rigid adiabatic container,
1Q2 = 0 and 1W2 = 0
so ΔU = 0.

3.6 Consider the linear spring-piston cylinder assembly as shown in Fig. P3.6 and answer the
following questions: (a) Write the mathematical relationship between pressure and the volume
(b) Plot the PV curve for this system.

FIGURE P3.6
Solution:
Pressure changes linearly with volume, P-V curve is a straight line with negative slope.
mp× g K × (V −V )
Equation: P = Po+ A + s A2 o = C1 + C2 V

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3.7 Figure P3.7 shows three physical situations, a certain amount of heat is supplied to the
system. Show the possible process in a P–v diagram. For the indicated physical setup in (a),
(b), and (c) in Fig. P3.7, write a process equation and the expression for work.

FIGURE P3.7
Solution:

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3.8 At 1 atm pressure, for which of the following processes, the change in internal energy is
less than the heat transfer? (i) the melting of ice to liquid water; (ii) the evaporation of liquid
water to vapour. Justify your answer.
Solution:
By first law ΔU = 1Q2 – 1W2
In first process, the volume of system will reduce, so work done by the system will be negative.
First law will be 1Q2 = ΔU – 1W2
In second process, the volume of system will increase, so work done by the system will be
positive.
First law will be 1Q2 = ΔU + 1W2
So, ΔU will be less than 1Q2 for the second process.

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3.9 What will be the value of specific heat in a constant pressure system during phase change
process? Justify.
Solution:
For the constant pressure process 1Q2 = ΔH = Cp dT, for a given heat transfer in a constant
pressure phase change process.
As dT → 0, Cp → ∞

3.10 Compare the CV and internal energy change for the following adiabatic control mass
systems containing Helium and justify.
(a) with slow boundary movement,
(b) no work exchange is happening with the surroundings.
Solution:
As working fluid is helium, its Cv will be constant and will not change during both processes.
a) δQ = dU + δW → δQ = 0 dU decreases as δW increases and vice versa as Cv is constant
b) δQ = dU + δW → δQ = 0 and δW = 0. So, dU = 0.

3.11

3.12

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3.13

3.14

3.15

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3.16 The volume of an ideal gas increases at constant pressure. Does the internal energy
increase or decrease during this process? Justify your answer.
Solution:
For an ideal gas undergoing a constant pressure process V ∝ T. Therefore, temperature and
hence, internal energy will increase during the process.

3.17 The volume of a sample of an ideal gas remains constant while its pressure increases.
Comment on the internal energy of the system, work transfer, and heat transfer with proper
justification.
Solution:
For a constant volume process, no work is done on or by the gas. Applying the first law of
thermodynamics, we get
Qin = ΔEint
For an ideal gas, for constant volume process.
P2 T2
=
P1 T1
As pressure increases so temperature must increase and hence internal energy should increase,
first law gives Qin as positive, so heat is entering into the system.

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3.18 Half the volume of an insulated container is occupied by an ideal gas at a pressure of 1
atm and a temperature of 300 K. The other half, separated by a thin partition is evacuated. The
partition is punctured and equilibrium is quickly re-established. Find the final gas pressure and
temperature. Justify.
Solution:
As the container is insulated, so no heat exchange with surroundings. Also, as it is free
expansion so work done will be zero. Hence, the internal energy of gas will not change and we
can conclude the equilibrium temperature will be same as initial temperature. Applying ideal
gas law for a fixed amount of gas we see that the pressure at the equilibrium must be half.
Therefore, gas pressure will be 0.5 atm & temperature 300K.

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3.19 An ideal gas is expanded adiabatically from the initial state to the final state. Will the final
gas pressure be the same in the case of (a) Free expansion, as compared to (b) a very slow
expansion? Justify.
Solution:
For the adiabatic process Q = Uf – Ui + W = 0 thus Uf = Ui – W,
For free expansion W=0, while for very slow expansion W will be positive
Uf (slow, b) < Uf (free expansion, a).
Since for ideal gas U depends on temperature only, Tf (b) < Tf (a)
Consequently Pf (Free expansion, a ) > Pf (slow, b)

3.20 In an isothermal process, 2257 kJ of work is done by an ideal gas. Is this sufficient
information to tell how much heat has been added to the system? If so, how much?
Solution:
Yes, the information is enough. For an ideal gas, undergoing isothermal process. ΔU = 0.
By first law, 0 = 1Q2 – 1W2 i.e., 1Q2 = 1W2 = 2257 kJ

3.21 Show how the polytropic exponent n can be evaluated if you know the end state properties,
(P1, V1) and (P2, V2).
Solution:

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HOMEWORK PROBLEMS
Kinetic and Potential Energy

3.22 A 1200 kg S.U.V. accelerates from 30 to 50 km/h in 5 s. How much work input does that
require? If it continues to accelerate from 50 to 70 km/h in 5 s, is that the same?
Solution:

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3.23 A steel ball weighing 10 kg rolls horizontally at a rate of 10 m/s. If it rolls up an incline,
how high up will it be when it comes to rest, assuming standard gravitation and no change in
internal energy of the steel ball?
Solution:

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Force Displacement Work
3.24 A piston having a mass of 2 kg is lowered 0.5 m in the standard gravitational field. Find
the required force and work involved in the process.

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3.25 A bulldozer pushes 800 kg of dirt 200 m with a force of 1500 N. It then lifts the dirt 3 m
up to put it in a dump truck. How much work did it do in each situation?
Solution:
W = ∫ Fdx = F Δx = 1500 × 200 = 300000 J = 30 kJ
W = ∫ Fdz = ∫ mgdz = m × g × Δz
= 800 × 9.81 × 3 = 14715 J = 14.715 kJ

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3.26

3.27 Two hydraulic cylinders maintain a pressure of 1200 kPa. One has a cross-sectional area
of 0.01 m2 the other 0.03 m2. To deliver work of 1 kJ to the piston, how large a displacement
V and piston motion H are needed for each cylinder? Neglect Patm.

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Boundary Work
3.28 A constant-pressure piston/cylinder assembly contains 5 kg of water as saturated vapor at
200 kPa. It is now cooled so that the water occupies half of the original volume. Find the work
done in the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution:
Table B1.2 v1 = vg at 200 kPa = 0.88573 m3/kg
v1
v2 = 2 = 0.442865 m3/kg
Process is constant pressure
W = ∫ PdV = P (V2 – V1)
= P × m × (v2 – v1) = 200 × 5 × (0.442865 – 0.88573) = – 442.865 kJ

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3.29 The R-410A in as shown in Fig. P3.29 is at 1000 kPa, 60 °C with a mass of 5 kg. It is
cooled so that the volume is reduced to half the initial volume. The piston mass and gravitation
gives a float pressure of 400 kPa. Find the work in the process.

FIGURE P3.29
Solution:
Table B4.2 v1 = 0.03470 m3/kg
−v1 −v1
1W2 = ∫ PdV = Pfloat × (V2 –V1) = Pfloat × ( )m× ( )
2 2
−0.0347
= 400 × 5 × ( )  = – 34.7 kJ
2

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3.30 A piston/cylinder contains air at 600 kPa, 290 K and a volume of 0.01 m 3. A constant
pressure process gives 54 kJ of work out. Find the final volume and temperature of the air.

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3.31 A 400-L tank A (see Fig. P3.31), contains argon gas at 250 kPa and 30 °C. Cylinder B,
having a frictionless piston of such mass that a pressure of 150 kPa will float it, is initially
empty. The valve is opened, and argon flows into B and eventually reaches a uniform state of
150 kPa and 30 °C throughout. What is the work done by the argon? Represent the process on
P-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.31

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3.32 A piston/cylinder contains 1.5 kg water at 200 kPa, 150 °C. It is now heated in a process
where pressure is linearly related to volume to a state of 600 kPa, 350 °C. Find the final
volume and the work in the process. Represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution:

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3.33 A 10-m high cylinder with cross-sectional area of 0.1 m2 contains liquid water at 25 °C
on top of the piston, and has 2 kg of air at 25 °C, with a volume of 0.3 m3 below a 50 kg thin
insulated piston, as shown in Fig. P3.33. Heat is supplied to the air under the piston, which
rises and pushes the water out over the top edge. Find the necessary work to push all the water
out and plot the process in a P-V diagram. Assume atmospheric pressure as 1 atm and neglect
piston thickness.

FIGURE P3.33
Solution:
vH2 O = vf at 25℃ = 0.001003 m3/kg
VH2O = Vtotal – Vair = 10 × 0.1 – 0.3 = 0.7 m3

vH2 O 0.7
mH2 O = v = (0.001003) = 697.906 kg
f at 25℃

Initial air pressure

mH2 O × g mp × g (697.906+50)× 9.81
P1 = Po + + = 101.325 + = 174.7 kPa
A A 0.1× 1000

mp × g 50× 9.81
Final air pressure P2 = Po + = 101.325 + 0.1× 1000 = 106.23 kPa
A

V2 = 10 × 0.1 = 1m3
P1 V1 174.7 x 0.3
Mass of air = mair = = = 0.6125 kg
RT1 0.287 x 298.15

P2 V2 P1 V1 P2 V2 T1 106.23 x 1 x 298.15
State 2: = → T2 = = = 604.32 K
T2 T1 P1 V1 174.7 x 0.3

(P1 +P2 ) x (V2 −V1 ) (174.7+106.23) x (1−0.3)

1W2 = ∫ PdV = = = 98.33 kJ
2 2

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3.34 A piston/cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of liquid water at 20 °C and 300 kPa, as shown
in Fig. P3.34. There is a linear spring mounted on the piston such that when the water is heated,
the pressure reaches 3 MPa with a volume of 0.1 m3.
a. Find the final temperature.
b. Plot the process in a P–v and T-v diagram.
c. Find the work in the process.

FIGURE P3.34

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3.35 Air in a spring-loaded piston/cylinder setup has a pressure that is linear with volume, P =
A + BV. With an initial state of P = 150 kPa, V = 1 L and a final state of 800 kPa, V = 1.5 L, as
shown in Fig. P3.34. Find the work done by the air. Represent the process on P-v and T-v
diagram.

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3.36 A piston cylinder contains 0.5 kg air at 500 kPa, 500 K. The air expands in a process such
that P is linearly decreasing with volume to a final state of 100 kPa, 300 K. Find the work in
the process. Represent the process on P-v diagram.

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3.37 A piston/cylinder contains 10 kg of saturated CO2 with a volume of 0.17 m3. By mistake
someone locks the piston, preventing it from moving while we cool the CO2 such that its
temperature drops to – 20 °C. Find the (i) Initial pressure and temperature and volume, (ii) final
state and (iii) the process work. Represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution:
Substance CO2
0.17
State 1: x1 = 1, v1 = 10 = 0.017 m3/kg = vg
Table B3.1 → T1 = – 16℃ and P1 = 2223.7 kPa
v1 = v2 = 0.017 m3/kg and T2 = – 20℃
v2 < vg at 20℃ → it is saturated liquid-saturated vapor mixture.
P2 = Psat @ -20℃ = 1969.6 kPa
v2 = vf2 + x2 vfg2 → 0.017 = 0.000969 + x2 x 0.01837
x2 = 0.8727
Now, 1W2 = ∫PdV = 0 as V1 = V2

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3.38 A well-insulated closed room of volume 144 m3 has a 250 W fan switched on in the
morning. Assuming normal atmospheric pressure (100 kPa) and temperature (25 °C) in the
room, determine the temperature (in °C) in the room after 15 hours (state assumptions clearly).
Solution:
P V 100× 144
V= 144 m3, m = RT1 = 0.287× 298.15 = 168.28 kg
1
Wel = 0.250 × 15 × 3600 = 13500 kJ = m × (u2 – u1)

u1 = 213.04 kJ/kg (Table A7.1)

13500 + mu1 13500 + 168.28 x 213.04

u2 = = = 293.26 kJ/kg
m 168.28

T2 = 409.3 K = 136.15 °C

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3.39 Helium gas expands from 125 kPa, 350 K and 0.25 m3 to 100 kPa in a polytropic
process with n = 1.667. How much work does it give out?

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3.40

Heat Transfer
3.41 A water heater is covered with insulation boards over a total surface area of 3 m 2. The
inside board surface is at 75 °C, the outside surface is at 18 °C, and the board material has a
conductivity of 0.08 W/m K. How thick should the board be to limit the heat transfer loss to
200 W?

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3.42 A 2 m2 window has a surface temperature of 15 °C, and the outside wind is blowing air at
2 °C across it with a convection heat transfer coefficient of h = 125 W/m2 K. What is the total
heat transfer loss?

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3.43

3.44 Owing to a faulty door contact, the small light bulb (25 W) inside a refrigerator is always
kept on and the limited insulation lets 50 W of energy from the outside seep into the refrigerated
space. How much of a temperature difference from the ambient surroundings at 20 °C must the
refrigerator have in its heat exchanger with an area of 1 m2 and an average heat transfer
coefficient of 15 W/m2 K to reject the energy leaks.

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3.45

3.46 A steel pot, with conductivity of 50 W/m K and a 5 mm thick bottom, is filled with 15 °C
liquid water. The pot has a diameter of 20 cm and is now placed on an electric stove that
delivers 250 W as heat transfer. Find the temperature on the outer pot bottom surface, assuming
the inner surface is at 15 °C.

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3.47 A log of burning wood in the fireplace has a surface temperature of 450 °C. Assume that
the emissivity is 1 (a perfect black body) and find the radiant emission of energy per unit
surface area.

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3.48

3.49 A radiant heat lamp is a rod, 0.5 m long and 0.5 cm in diameter, through which 400 W of
electric energy is deposited. Assume that the surface has an emissivity of 0.9 and neglect
incoming radiation. What will the rod surface temperature be?

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Properties (u, h) from General Tables
3.50 Determine the phase of the following substances and find the values of the unknown
quantities.
a. Nitrogen: 2000 kPa, 120 K, v = ?, u = ?, h=?
b. Nitrogen: 120 K, v = 0.0050 m3/kg, P =?, u=?
c. CO2: 20 °C, 6000 kPa, u = ?, h=?
d. R-410A: 25 °C, v = 0.01 m3/kg, P = ? h = ?
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution:
a. Nitrogen 2000 kPa, 120 K,
Table B6.1 at 120K P < Psat ⸫ superheated vapor
Table B6.2
v = 0.0126 m3/kg, u = 66.9 kJ/kg, h = 92.1 kJ/kg, x = undefined

b. Nitrogen 120 K, v =0.005 m3/kg

Table B.6.1 vf < v < vg ⸫ saturated liquid – saturated vapor mixture
P = Psat = 2513 kPa
v = vf + x × vfg
0.005 = 0.001915 + x x 0.00608
⸫ x = 0.5074
⸫ u = uf + x ufg = – 22.42 + 0.5074 × 76.63 = 16.46 kJ/kg

c. CO2: 20℃, 6000 kPa

Table B.3.1 at 20℃ P> Psat i.e. 5729.1 kPa
⸫ it is compressed liquid or subcooled liquid
⸫ u = up at 20℃ = 135.56 kJ/kg
& h = hf at 20℃ = 142.97 kJ/kg, x = undefined

d. R-410A: 25℃, v = 0.01 m3/kg

Table B.4.1: vf < v < vg
⸫ It is saturated liquid- saturated vapor mixture
P = Psat = 1653.6 kPa
v = vf + x × vfg
0.01 = 0.000944 + x × 0.0142 →
⸫ x = 0.6377
⸫ h = hf + x × hfg = 97.59 + 0.6377 × 186.43 = 216.49 kJ/kg

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3.51 Find the phase and the missing properties of P, T, v, u, and x for water at
a. 400 kPa, 100 °C
b. 5000 kPa, u = 800 kJ/kg
c. 5000 kPa, v = 0.06 m3/kg
d. −6 °C, v = 1 m3/kg
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution :
a. 400 kPa, 100℃
TableB1.2 at 100℃, P >Psat i.e., 101.3 kPa
⸫ it is subcooled liquid or compressed liquid
⸫ v = vf at 100℃ = 0.001044 m3/kg
⸫ u = uf at 100℃ = 418.91 kJ/kg
x = undefined

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3.52 Find the missing property of P, T, v, u, h, and x and indicate the states in a P–v and a T–v
diagram for
a. Water at 5000 kPa, u = 250.21 kJ/kg
b. R-134a at 20 °C, u = 300 kJ/kg
c. Nitrogen at 250 K, 200 kPa
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution:
a. water at 5000 kPa, u = 250.21 kJ/kg
Table B1.2 u < uf i.e., 1147.78
⸫ it is compressed liquid or subcooled liquid
Table B1.4 → T = 60℃, v = 0.00105 m3/kg, h = 255.28 kJ/kg,
x = undefined

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3.53 Find the missing properties of P, v, u, and x and the phase of ammonia, NH3.
a. T = 70 °C, P = 600 kPa
b. T = 20 °C, P = 150 kPa
c. T = 50 °C, v = 0.11846 m3/kg
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution :
Substance NH3
a. 70℃, 600 kPa
Table B2.1 at 70℃, P< Psat i.e., 3312 kPa ⸫ superheated vapor
v = 0.26888 m3/kg, u = 1444.3 kJ/kg, h = 1605.7 kJ/kg, x= undefined

b. 20℃, 150 kPa

Table B2.1 at 20℃, P< Psat i.e., 857.5 kPa ⸫ superheated vapor
Table B2.2: v = 0.9382 m3/kg, u = 1372 kJ/kg, h = 1512.8 kJ/kg,
x =undefined

c. T = 50℃, v = 0.11846 m3/kg

Table B2.1 at 20℃, v< vg i.e., 0.06337 m3/kg ⸫ superheated vapor
Table B2.2: P = 1200 kPa, u = 1383 kJ/kg, h = 1525.1 kJ/kg,
x=undefined

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3.54 Determine the phase of the following substances and find the values of the unknown
quantities.
a. R-410A: T = −20 °C, u =230 kJ/kg, P =?, x =?
b. Ammonia: T =−10 °C, v = 0.38 m3/kg, P = ?, u = ?
c. Water: P =400 kPa, h =2800 kJ/kg, T =?, v =?
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution:
a. R-410A: T = – 20℃, u = 230 kJ/kg
Table B4.1 at 20℃, vf < v< vg i.e., 245.99 kJ/kg
⸫ Saturated liquid – saturated vapor mixture
Table B2.2:
P = Psat at – 20℃ = 399.6 kPa
u = uf + x × ufg → 230 = 27.92 + x × 76.63
⸫ x = 0.9267

b. Ammonia: T = – 10℃, v = 0.38 m3/kg, vf < v< vg

⸫ It is saturated liquid – saturated vapor mixture
v = vf + x × vfg → 0.38 = 0.001534 + x × 0.41655 ⸫ x = 0.9086
u = uf + x × ufg → 133.96 + 0.9086 x 1175.2 ⸫ u = 1201.75 kJ/kg

c. Water: P = 400 kPa, h = 2800 kJ/kg

Table B1.2 at 400 kPa, h > hg = 2738.53 kJ/kg ⸫ superheated vapor
To get T, Table B1.3
For T, interpolate between 150℃ and 200℃ → T = 171.9℃
Similarly, interpolate for v → v = 0.4986 m3/kg

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3.55 Find the missing properties of (u, h, and x)
a. Water: T = 120 °C, v = 0.5 m3/kg
b. Water: T = 100 °C, P = 10 MPa
c. Nitrogen: T = 100 K, x = 0.75
d. Nitrogen: T = 200 K, P = 200 kPa
e. Ammonia: T = 100°C, v = 0.1 m3/kg
Represent these points on P-v and T-v diagram.

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3.56 Find the missing property of P, T, v, u, h, and x and indicate the states in a P–v and a T–v
diagram for
a. R-410a at 500 kPa, h = 300 kJ/kg
b. R-410a at 10 °C, u = 200 kJ/kg
c. R-134a at 40 °C, h = 410 kJ/kg

b) R-410a at 10℃, u = 200 kJ/kg

Table B4.1 at 10℃
uf < u < ug ⸫ Saturated liquid – saturated vapor mixture
P = Psat at 10℃ = 1085.7 kPa
u = uf + x × ufg → 200 = 72.24 + x × 183.68 ⸫ x = 0.6956
v = vf + x × vfg → 0.000886 + 0.6956 × 0.02295 ⸫ v = 0.01685 m3/kg
h = hf + x × hfg → 73.21 + 0.6956 × 208.57 ⸫ h = 218.29 kJ/kg

c) R-134a at 40℃ and h = 410 kJ/kg

Table B5.1 hf < h < hg ⸫ Saturated liquid – saturated vapor mixture
P = Psat at 40℃ = 1017 kPa
h = hf + x × hfg → 410 = 256.54 + x × 163.28 ⸫ x = 0.9399
v = vf + x × vfg → 0.000893 + 0.9399 × 0.01915 ⸫ v = 0.018872 m3/kg
u = uf + x × ufg → 255.65 + 0.9399 × 143.81 ⸫ h = 390.817 kJ/kg

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3.57 Find the missing properties of P, T, v, u, h, and x and indicate the states in a P-v and T-v
diagram for
a. Water at 5000 kPa, u = 1000 kJ/kg
b. R-134a at 20 °C, u = 300 kJ/kg
c. Nitrogen at 250 K, 200 kPa

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3.58 Find the missing properties for CO2 at:
a. 20 °C, 2 MPa, v = ? and h = ?
b. 10 °C, x = 0.5, P = ?, u = ?
c. 1 MPa, v = 0.05 m3/kg, T = ?, h = ?

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Problem Analysis
3.59 Two rigid insulated tanks are connected with a pipe and valve. Tank A has 0.5 kg air at
200 kPa, 300 K and tank B has 0.75 kg air at 100 kPa, 500 K. The valve is opened and the air
comes to a single uniform state without any heat transfer. How do you determine the final
temperature and pressure?
Solution:
C.V. Total tank, control mass, control volume, no heat transfer
1W2 = 0 and 1Q2 = 0
Mass: m2 = mA + mB = 0.5 + 0.75 = 1.25 kg
Energy equation: u2 – u1 = m2u2 – mAuA – mBuB = 1Q2 – 1W2 = 0

Assume air as an ideal gas

mA RTA 0.5× 0.287× 300
For tank A: vA = = = 0.21525 m3
PA 200
TA = 300 K from Table A7.1, uA = 214.36 kJ/kg
mB RTB 0.75 x 0.287 x 500
Tank B: VB = = = 1.07625 m3
PB 100
From Table A7.1 uB = 359.84 kJ/kg
State 2 : m2 = mA + mB = 0.5 + 0.75 = 1.25 kg
V2 = VA + VB = 0.21525 + 1.07625 = 1.2915 kg
New: m2u2 – mAuA – mBuB = 0
mA uA +mB uB 0.5 x 214.36+0.75 x 359.84
u2 = = = 301.648 kJ/kg
m2 1.25
for T2 interpolate between 420 K and 440 K ⸫ T2 = 420.83 K
m2 RT2 1.25× 0.287× 420.83
⸫ P2 = = = 116.9 kPa
V2 1.2915

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3.60 A closed steel bottle contains CO2 at −20°C, quality 20% and the volume is 0.05 m3. It
has a safety valve that opens at a pressure of 6 MPa. By accident, the bottle is heated until the
safety valve opens. Find the temperature and heat transfer when the valve first opens. Represent
these points on P-v diagram.

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3.61 Water in a tank A is at 250 kPa with a quality of 10% and mass 0.5 kg. It is connected
through a valve to a piston/cylinder holding constant pressure of 200 kPa initially with 0.5 kg
of water at 400 °C in the cylinder. The valve is opened, and enough heat transfer takes place
for the water to reach a final uniform temperature of 150 °C. Find the final P and V, the process
work and the process heat transfer. Represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution:

Page 47 of 138
Simple Processes
3.62 Refer Problem 3.33 and find heat transfer during the process assuming constant specific
heats.
Solution :
Applying first law: m (u2 – u1) = 1Q2 – 1W2
1Q2 = m (u2 – u1) + 1W2 = mCvo (T2 – T1) + 1W2
= 0.6125 x 0.717 x (604.32 – 298.15) + 98.33
1Q2 = 232.79 kJ

Page 48 of 138
3.63 Saturated vapour R-410A at 0 °C in a rigid tank is cooled to −20 °C. Find the specific heat
transfer, show the process in a P–v diagram.

Page 49 of 138
3.64 Saturated vapour carbon dioxide at 2 MPa in a constant pressure piston/cylinder is heated
to 20 °C. Find the specific heat transfer. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

Page 50 of 138
3.65 Water in a 150 L closed, rigid tank is at 100 °C and 90% quality. The tank is then cooled
to −10 °C. Calculate the heat transfer during the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-
v diagram.

Page 51 of 138
3.66 A cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston contains 2 kg of superheated refrigerant R-134a
vapor at 350 kPa, 100 °C. The cylinder is now cooled so that the R-134a remains at constant
pressure until it reaches a quality of 75%. Calculate the heat transfer in the process. Represent
the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

Page 52 of 138
3.67 A rigid tank is divided into two compartments by a membrane, both containing water, as
shown in Fig. P3.67. Part A is at 200 kPa, v = 0.5 m3/kg, VA = 1 m3, and part B contains 3.5 kg
at 0.5 MPa, 400 °C. The membrane now ruptures and heat transfer takes place so the water
comes to a uniform state at 100 °C. Estimate the heat transfer during the process.

FIGURE P3.67

Page 53 of 138
3.68

3.69 A piston/cylinder arrangement has the piston loaded with outside atmospheric pressure
and the piston mass to a pressure of 150 kPa, shown in Fig. P3.69. It contains water at −2°C,
which is then heated until the water becomes saturated vapour. Find the final temperature and
specific work and heat transfer for the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.69

Page 54 of 138
Page 55 of 138
3.70 Ammonia (0.5 kg) in a piston/cylinder at 200 kPa, −10 °C is heated by a process in which
pressure varies linearly with volume to a state of 100 °C, 300 kPa. Find the work and heat
transfer for the ammonia in the process. Represent the process on P-v diagram.

Page 56 of 138
3.71 A cylinder having a piston restrained by a linear spring (of spring constant 15 kN/m)
contains 0.5 kg of saturated vapor water at 120 °C, as shown in Fig. P3.71. Heat is transferred
to the water, causing the piston to rise. If the piston’s cross-sectional area is 0.05 m2 and the
pressure varies linearly with volume until a final pressure of 500 kPa is reached, find the final
temperature in the cylinder and the heat transfer for the process. Represent the process on P-v
and T-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.71

Page 57 of 138
3.72 A piston/cylinder arrangement with a linear spring similar to Fig. P3.71 contains R-134a
at 15 °C, x = 0.6 and a volume of 0.02 m3. It is heated to 60 °C, at which point the specific
volume is 0.03002 m3/kg. Find the final pressure, the work, and the heat transfer in the process.
Represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution :

Page 58 of 138
3.73 The piston/cylinder in Fig. P3.73 contains 0.1 kg water at 500 °C, 1000 kPa. The piston
has a stop at half of the original volume. The water now cools to a room temperature of 25 °C.
a. Find the final pressure and volume.
b. Find the heat transfer and work in the process.
c. Represent the process on a P–v diagram

FIGURE P3.73
Solution :

Page 59 of 138
3.74 A 1 L capsule of water at 700 kPa and 150 °C is placed in a larger insulated and otherwise
evacuated vessel. The capsule breaks and its contents fill the entire volume. For the final
pressure to not exceed 125 kPa, what should be the minimum volume of the vessel?

Page 60 of 138
3.75 Tank A (2 kg, 1000 kPa, 300 °C) and Tank B (5 kg, 160 °C, x = 0.4), containing water at
different states, are initially separated by a very thin partition. Now the partition is removed
and the water is allowed to mix until equilibrium is established at 300 kPa. Determine
a. the final temperature and quality (if saturated liquid – saturated vapour mixture),
b. work done and
c. the amount of heat transferred during the process.
Solution:
P1A = 1000kPa; T1A = 3000 C;
m3
v1A = 0.25794 kg ; u1A = 2793.21 kJ⁄kg

T1B = 1600 C; xB = 0.4

m3 m3
vf@160 ℃ = 0.001102 kg ; vf@160 ℃ = 0.30678 kg ;
kJ kJ
uf@160 ℃ = 674.85 ; ufg@160 ℃ = 1893.52
kg kg

v1B = vfB + xB vfgB = 0.001102 + 0.40(0.30596) = 0.123486 m3 ⁄kg

u1B = ufB + xB ufgB = 674.85 + 0.40(1893.52) = 1432.258 kJ⁄kg

m = mA + mB = 2 + 5 = 7kg
V = VA + VB = 2 × v1A + 5 × v1B
⇒ V = 2 × 0.25794 + 5 × 0.123486 = 1.13331 m3
V 1.13331
v2 = = = 0.1619 m3 ⁄kg
m 7
and
P2 = 300kPa implies state 2, i.e. after removing the boundary, would be saturated liquid-
vapor mixture. <AQ>NOT ABLE TO EDIT</AQ>

T2 = Tsat (300kPa) = 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 ℃

m3 m3
At P2 = 300kPa; vf = 0.001073 ; vfg = 0.60475 ;
kg kg
kJ kJ
uf = 561.13 ; ufg = 1982.43
kg kg
v2 = vf + x2 vfg
x2 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟓𝟗𝟒
u2 = uf + x2 ufg = 561.13 + 0.26594x1982.43 = 1088.336 kJ⁄kg
Q − W = ∆UA + ∆UB = mA (u2 − u1 )A + mB (u2 − u1 )B
Since no boundary work here, W = 𝟎
⇒ Q = mA (u2 − u1 )A + mB (u2 − u1 )B = m2 u2 − mA1 uA1 A − mB1 uB1
= 7x1088.336 − 2x 2793.21 − 5x1432.258
= 𝟓𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟑𝟓𝟖 𝐤𝐉

Page 61 of 138
3.76 A piston/cylinder arrangement B is connected to a 1 m3 tank A by a line and valve shown
in Fig. P3.76. Initially both contain Helium, with A at 100 kPa, and 200°C and B at 400 °C,
300 kPa, 1 m3. The valve is now opened and the Helium in both A and B comes to a uniform
state.
a. Find the initial mass in A and B.
b. If the process results in T = 200°C, find the heat transfer and work also comment on the
results. Will the piston be floating in the final state?

FIGURE P.3.76
Solution:
At Initial state: VA1 = 1 m3, VB1= 1 m3,
PA1 = 100 kPa, PB1 = 300 kPa,
TA1= 200 oC = 473.15 K,
T B1= 400 oC = 673.15 K

From ideal gas law:

P V =m R T, so, mA = 100 × 1/(2.0771 × 473.15) = 0.10175 kg,
mB= 300 × 1/(2.0771 × 673.15)= 0.21457 kg
mtotal = 0.10175 + 0.21457 = 0.31632 kg

At Final state, assume piston is floating:

P2 = 300 kPa = PFloat, T2 =200 oC
473.15
V2=0.31632 × 2.0771* =1.03619 m3
300
i.e. V2 > V1 So piston is in floating condition.

1W2 = P2 × (V2- V1) = 300*(1.03619-2) = - 289.143 kJ

1Q2 = mtotal × u2 - (mA1 × u1 + mB × uB1) + W2

1Q2 = 0.31632 × 3.116 × 473.15 – (0.10175 × 3.116 × 473.15 + 0.21457 × 3.116 × 673.15) -
289.143
= - 422.8630278 kJ
So heat rejected by the system.
(here u= CVO T as for Helium the specific heat doesn’t change with temperature)

Page 62 of 138
3.77
A 1 kg steel pot contains 1 kg liquid water, both at 15◦C. The pot is now put on the stove,
where it is heated to the boiling point of the water. Neglect any air being heated and find the
total amount of energy needed.

Page 63 of 138
Specific Heats: Solids and Liquids
3.79 A closed rigid container is filled with 1.5 kg water at 100 kPa, 55 °C, along with 1 kg of
stainless steel and 0.5 kg of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) both at 20 °C and 0.1 kg of air at 400 K,
100 kPa. It is now left alone, with no external heat transfer and no water vaporizes. Find the
final temperature and air pressure.
Solution:

Page 64 of 138
3.80 A piston/cylinder (0.5 kg steel altogether) maintaining a constant pressure has 0.2 kg R-
134a as saturated vapour at 150 kPa. It is heated to 40 °C and the steel is at the same temperature
as the R-134a at any time. Find the work and heat transfer for the process.
Solution:

Page 65 of 138
Properties (u, h, Cv, Cp), Ideal Gas
3.84 Nitrogen at 300 K, 3 MPa is heated to 500 K. Find the change in enthalpy using a) Table
B.6, b) Table A.8, and c) Table A.5.
Solution:

Page 66 of 138
3.81

3.82

Page 67 of 138
Page 68 of 138
3.83

3.84

3.85 Repeat the previous problem but use a constant specific heat at the average temperature
from equation in Table A.6 and also integrate the equation in Table A.6 to get the change in
enthalpy.
Solution:

Page 69 of 138
Page 70 of 138
3.86
For a special application, we need to evaluate the change in enthalpy for carbon dioxide from
30◦C to 1500◦C at 100 kPa. Do this using the constant specific heat value from Table A.5 and
repeat using Table A.8. Which table is more accurate?

3.87

Specific Heats Ideal Gas

3.88 A rigid container has 2 kg of carbon dioxide gas at 100 kPa and 1200 K that is heated to
1400 K. Solve for the heat transfer using (a) the heat capacity from Table A.5 and (b) properties
from Table A.8.

Page 71 of 138
Page 72 of 138
3.89 A rigid tank has 1 kg air at 300 K, 120 kPa and it is heated by a heater to 1500 K. Use
Table A.7 to find the work and the heat transfer for the process.
Solution:

Page 73 of 138
3.90 A tank has a volume of 1 m3 with oxygen at 15 °C, 300 kPa. Another tank contains 4 kg
of oxygen at 60 °C, 500 kPa. The two tanks are connected by a pipe and valve which is opened
allowing the whole system to come to a single equilibrium state with the ambient at 20 °C.
Find the final pressure and the heat transfer.
Solution:

Page 74 of 138
3.91 Find the heat transfer in problem 3.33 using Table A7.1.
Solution :
From problem 3.33
First Law → ΔU= 1Q2 – 1W2
1Q2 = m x (u2 – u1) + 1W2
Table A7.1, T1 = 604.32K (Interpolate between 600 K and 620 K)
u2 = 438.409 kJ/kg
1Q2 = 0.6125 x (438.409 – 213.04) + 98.33 = 236.37 kJ
This is the most accurate value of heat transfer.

Page 75 of 138
3.92

3.93 A piston/cylinder has 0.5 kg of air at 2000 kPa, 1000 K, as shown in Fig. P3.93. The
cylinder has stops, so Vmin = 0.03 m3. The air now cools to 400 K by heat transfer to the ambient.
Find the final volume and pressure of the air (does it hit the stops?) and the work and heat
transfer in the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.93
Solution :

Page 76 of 138
Page 77 of 138
3.94 Air in a rigid tank is at 100 kPa, 300 K with a volume of 0.75 m3 (state 1). The tank is
heated to 400 K (state 2). Now one side of the tank acts as a piston, letting the air expand slowly
at constant temperature to state 3 with a volume of 1.5 m3. Find the pressures at states 2 and 3.
Find the total work and total heat transfer. Assume constant specific heats.
Solution :

Page 78 of 138
3.95 Water at 100 kPa, 400 K is heated electrically adding 700 kJ/kg in a constant pressure
process. Find the final temperature using a) The water Tables B.1 b) The ideal gas Table A.8
c) Constant specific heat from Table A.5.

Page 79 of 138
3.96 Air in a piston/cylinder at 200 kPa and 600 K, is expanded in a constant-pressure process
to twice the initial volume, state 2, as shown in Fig. P3.96. The piston is then locked with a pin
and heat is transferred to a final temperature of 600 K, state 3. Find P, T, and h for states 2 and
3, and find the work and heat transfer in both processes. Represent the process on P-v and T-v
diagram.

FIGURE P3.96

Page 80 of 138
3.97 A spring-loaded piston/cylinder contains 1.5 kg of air at 300 K and 160 kPa. It is now
heated to 900 K in a process wherein the pressure is linear in volume to a final volume of twice
the initial volume. Plot the process in a P–v diagram and find the work and heat transfer.
Solution :

Page 81 of 138
Polytropic Process
3.98 A helium gas in a piston/cylinder is compressed from 100 kPa, 300 K to 200 kPa in a
polytropic process with n = 1.5. Find the specific work and specific heat transfer.
Solution :

Page 82 of 138
3.99

3.100 A piston/cylinder contains 0.1 kg nitrogen at 100 kPa, 27 °C and it is now compressed
in a polytropic process with n = 1.25 to a pressure of 250 kPa. Find the heat transfer. Assume
constant specific heats. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution :

Page 83 of 138
Page 84 of 138
3.101

3.102 A gasoline engine has a piston/cylinder with 0.1 kg air at 4 MPa, 1800 K after
combustion, and this is expanded in a polytropic process with n = 1.5 to a volume 10 times
larger. Find the expansion work and heat transfer using Table A.7.
Solution :

Page 85 of 138
Page 86 of 138
3.103 An air pistol contains compressed air in a small cylinder, as shown in Fig. P3.103.
Assume that the volume is 1 cm3, the pressure is 1 MPa, and the temperature is 300 K when
armed. A bullet, with m = 15 g, acts as a piston initially held by a pin (trigger); when released,
the air expands in an isothermal process (T = constant). If the air pressure is 0.1 MPa in the
cylinder as the bullet leaves the gun, find
a. the final volume and the mass of air
b. the work done by the air and the work done on the atmosphere
c. the work done to the bullet and the bullet exit velocity

FIGURE P3.103

Page 87 of 138
3.104 A piston/cylinder in a car contains 0.2 L of air at 90 kPa and 20 °C, as shown in Fig.
P3.104. The air is compressed in a quasi-equilibrium polytropic process with polytropic
exponent n = 1.25 to a final volume six times smaller. Determine the final pressure,
temperature, and the heat transfer for the process.

FIGURE P3.104

Page 88 of 138
3.105 A piston/cylinder assembly has 1 kg of propane gas at 700 kPa and 40 °C. The piston
cross-sectional area is 0.5 m2, and the total external force restraining the piston is directly
proportional to the cylinder volume squared. Heat is transferred to the propane until its
temperature reaches 700 °C. Determine the final pressure inside the cylinder, the work done
by the propane, and the heat transfer during the process. Assume constant specific heats.

Page 89 of 138
3.106 Air goes through a polytropic process with n = 1.3 in a piston/cylinder setup. It starts at
200 kPa, 300 K and ends with a pressure of 2200 kPa. Find the expansion ratio v2/v1, the
specific work, and the specific heat transfer. Assume constant specific heats.
Solution :

Page 90 of 138
3.107 Nitrogen gas goes through a polytropic process with n = 1.3 in a piston/cylinder
arrangement. It starts out at 600 K, 600 kPa and ends at 800 K. Find the final pressure, the
process specific work and specific heat transfer. Find the heat transfer assuming constant
specific heats and compare the results.
Solution :

Page 91 of 138
Multistep Processes: All Substances
3.108 A piston/cylinder shown in Fig. P3.108 contains 0.5 m3 of R-410a at 2 MPa, 150 °C. The
piston mass and atmosphere give a pressure of 450 kPa that will float the piston. The whole
setup cools in a freezer to −20 °C. Find the heat transfer and show the P–v and T-v diagram for
the process.

FIGURE P3.108
Solution :

Page 92 of 138
3.109 A cylinder containing 1 kg of ammonia has an externally loaded piston. Initially, the
ammonia is at 2 MPa and 180 °C. It is now cooled to saturated vapor at 40 °C and then further
cooled to 20 °C, at which point the quality is 50 %. Find the total work and the heat transfer
for the process, assuming a piecewise linear variation of P versus V. Represent the process on
P-v diagram.

Page 93 of 138
3.110 Water in a piston/cylinder (Fig. P3.110) is at 101 kPa, 25 °C, and mass 0.5 kg. The piston
rests on some stops, and the pressure should be 1000 kPa to float the piston. We now heat the
water, so the piston just reaches the end of the cylinder. Find the work done and heat transfer
during the entire process. Neglect space occupied by the stops.

FIGURE P3.110

Page 94 of 138
3.111 A piston-cylinder arrangement contains air at 1000 kPa, 800 K with a volume of 0.05
m3. The piston is pressed against the upper stops (Fig. P3.111) and it will float at a pressure of
750 kPa. Now the air is cooled to 400 K. Find the work and heat transfer during the work?
Represent the process on P-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.111
Solution :
Let state 2 is when piston is just floating; P2 = Pfloat = 750 kPa
So, process 1-2, constant volume process V1 = V2

P1 P2 P 800 x 750
= → T2 = T1 × P2   = 600 K
T1 T2 2 1000

Final temperature is 400 K < T2 → Piston is floating

For process 1-3

P1 V1 P3 V3 P1 V1 1000 x 0.05 x 400
= → V3 = T3 x = = 0.0333 m3
T1 T3 P3 T1 750 x 800

1W3 = ∫ PdV = 1W2 + 2W3 = 0 + ∫ PdV

= P2 x (V3 –V2) = 750 x (0.033 – 0.05) = – 12.5 kJ

First law:
P1 V1 1000 x 0.05
P1 V1 = mRT1 → m = = = 0.2178 kg
RT1 0.287 x 800
m x (u3 – u1) = 1Q3 – 1W3

1Q3 = m × (u3 – u1) + 1W3

= 0.2178 (286.49 – 592.58) + (– 12.5)
= – 79.166 kJ

Page 95 of 138
3.112 A piston/cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of liquid water at 20 °C and 300 kPa. Initially
the piston floats, as shown in Fig. P3.112, with a maximum enclosed volume of 0.002 m3, if
the piston touches the stops. Now heat is added so that a final pressure of 600 kPa is reached.
Find the final volume, work done and the heat transfer during the process. Represent the
process on P-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.112

Page 96 of 138
3.113 A helium gas is heated at constant volume from 100 kPa, 300 K to 500 K. A following
process expands the gas at constant pressure to three times the initial volume. What is the
specific work and the specific heat transfer in the combined process? Represent the process on
P-v diagram.

Page 97 of 138
3.114 A setup like the one in Fig. P3.108 has the R-410a initially at 1000 kPa, 50 °C of mass
0.1 kg. The balancing equilibrium pressure is 400 kPa, and it is now cooled so that the volume
is reduced to half of the starting volume. Find the work done and heat transfer for the process
also represent the process on P-v diagram.
Solution :

Page 98 of 138
3.115 The piston/cylinder in Fig. P3.115 contains 0.1 kg water at 500 °C, 1000 kPa. The piston
has a stop at half of the original volume. The water now cools to a room temperature of 25 °C.
a. Find the final pressure and volume.
b. Find the heat transfer and work in the process.
c. Represent the process on a P–v diagram.

FIGURE P3.115
Solution :

Page 99 of 138
3.116 Ten kilograms of water in a piston/cylinder arrangement exists as saturated liquid/vapor
at 100 kPa, with a quality of 50%. The system is now heated so that the volume triples. The
mass of the piston is such that a cylinder pressure of 200 kPa will float it, as in Fig. P3.116.
Find the final temperature, the work done and the heat transfer in the process.

FIGURE P3.116

Page 100 of 138

3.117 A piston-cylinder arrangement (Fig. P3.116) contains 1 kg of water at 20 °C with a
volume of 0.1 m3. Initially, the piston rests on the stops with the top surface open to the
atmosphere, Po, and a mass such that a water pressure of 400 kPa will lift it. To what
temperature should the water be heated to lift the piston? If it is heated to saturated vapour
find the final temperature, final volume, the work, and the heat transfer. Represent the process
on P-v diagram.

Page 101 of 138

3.118

3.119 The piston/cylinder arrangement in Fig. P3.119 contains 10 g ammonia at 20 °C with a

volume of 1 L. There are some stops, so if the piston is at the stops, the volume is 1.4 L. The
ammonia is now heated to 200 °C. The piston and cylinder are made of 0.5 kg aluminum.
Assume that the mass has the same temperature as the ammonia at any time. Find the final
volume, the work done and the total heat transfer and plot the P–v diagram for the process.

FIGURE P3.119
Solution :

Page 102 of 138

Page 103 of 138
Energy Equation Rate Form
3.120 A crane lifts a load of 450 kg vertically up with a power input of 1 kW. How fast can the
crane lift the load?

Page 104 of 138

3.121 A pot containing 1.2 kg of water at 20 °C is put on a stove supplying 1250 W to the
water. What is the rate of temperature increase (K/s)? Assume constant specific heat.
Solution :

Page 105 of 138

3.122 The rate of heat transfer to the surroundings from a person at rest is about 400 kJ/h.
Assume that the ventilation system fails in an auditorium containing 100 people. Also assume
that the energy goes into the air of volume 1500 m3 initially at 300 K and 101 kPa. Find the
rate (degrees per minute) of the air temperature change.

Page 106 of 138

3.123

3.124

3.125
A computer in a closed room of volume 200 m3 dissipates energy at a rate of 10 kW. The
room has 50 kg of wood, 25 kg of steel, and air, with all material at 300 K and 100 kPa.
Assuming all the mass heats up uniformly, how long will it take to increase the temperature
10◦C?

Page 107 of 138

3.126 A piston-cylinder arrangement of cross-sectional area 0.01 m2 maintains constant
pressure. It contains 1 kg water with a quality of 5% at 150 °C. If we apply heat so that 1 g/s
liquid turns into vapour what is the rate of heat transfer needed?

Page 108 of 138

3.127 Water is in a piston-cylinder arrangement maintaining constant P at 700 kPa, quality
90% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned on, heating the water with 2.5 kW. What is
the rate of mass (kg/s) vaporizing?

Page 109 of 138

General Work
3.129 A 10 L rigid tank contains R-410a at −10 °C with a quality of 80%. A 10-A electric
current (from a 6-V battery) is passed through a resistor inside the tank for 10 min, after which
the R-410a temperature is 40 °C. Determine the work and heat transfer during this process?
Solution :

Page 110 of 138

3.130 A sheet of rubber is stretched out over a ring of radius 0.25 m. Liquid water at 20 °C is
poured on it, as in Fig. P3.130, so that the rubber forms a half-sphere (cup). Neglect the rubber
mass and find the surface tension near the ring.

FIGURE P3.130
Solution :

Page 111 of 138

3.131
A battery is well insulated while being charged by 12.3 V at a current of 6 A. Take the battery
as a control mass and find the instantaneous rate of work and the total work done over 4 h.

3.132

3.133
A 0.5 m long steel rod with a 1 cm diameter is stretched in a tensile test. What is the work
required to obtain a relative strain of 0.1%? The modulus of elasticity of steel is 2 × 108 kPa.

Page 112 of 138

3.134

Engineering Applications
3.135 A solar pond with 20 °C salt water, density 997 kg/m3 and Cp = 3.8 kJ/kg K has a 125
m2 surface area 0.5 m depth and it receives a solar net influx of 110 W/m 2 over 8 hours. Find
the final uniform temperature and total energy stored.
Solution :

3.136

Page 113 of 138

Page 114 of 138
3.137

3.138

Page 115 of 138

3.139

Page 116 of 138

3.140

Page 117 of 138

More Complex Devices and Review Problems
3.141 A piston held by a pin in an insulated cylinder, shown in Fig. P3.141, contains 2 kg water
at 100 °C, with a quality of 98%. The piston has a mass of 102 kg, with cross-sectional area of
100 cm2, and the ambient pressure is 100 kPa. The pin is released, which allows the piston to
move. Determine the final state of the water, assuming the process to be adiabatic and slow.

FIGURE P3.141

Page 118 of 138

Page 119 of 138
3.142 A piston/cylinder arrangement has a linear spring and the outside atmosphere acting on
the piston shown in Fig. P3.142. It contains water at 3 MPa and 400 °C with a volume of 0.1
m3. If the piston is at the bottom, the spring exerts a force such that a pressure of 200 kPa inside
is required to balance the forces. The system now cools until the pressure reaches 1 MPa. Find
the work done and the heat transfer for the process.

FIGURE P3.142

Page 120 of 138

3.143 A piston/cylinder setup, shown in Fig. P3.143, contains R-410a at −20 °C having a
quality of 20%. The volume is 0.2 m3. It is known that Vstop = 0.4 m3, and if the piston sits at
the bottom, the (linear) spring force balances the other loads on the piston. The system is now
heated to 20 °C. Find the mass of the fluid and show the P–v diagram. Find whether the piston
is against the stops in the final condition. Also find the work and heat transfer during the
process.

FIGURE P3.143

Page 121 of 138

3.144 Consider a piston cylinder assembly with a frictionless piston movable between the two
stops as shown in Fig. P3.144. The weight of the piston is such that a pressure of 150 kPa is
required to float it. Initially, when the piston is resting at the lower stops, 2.5 kg of water exists
at 90 °C with a quality of 20%. Heat is supplied to the water till the final temperature of 250
°C is reached. If the piston touches the upper stops, the volume is 1990.9 L.
a. Is the piston touching the upper stops in final state?
b. Calculate the heat transferred
c. Find the work done during the whole process and
d. Represent the process on T-v plot.

FIGURE P3.144
Solution:
Vstops = 1.9909 m3. Thus, the specific volume is
vstops=V/m = 1.9909/2.5 = 0.79636 m3/kg.
Assuming piston touching the upper stops in the final condition,
so T =250oC and vfinal=V/m = 1.9909/2.5 = 0.79636 m3/kg
at this condition pressure is P= 300 kPa which is greater than Pfloat =150 kPa,
Hence Piston is touching the upper stops in the final condition
and vfinal= v3 = v4 = 0.79636 m3/kg
We have Initial state (State 1): T1=90 oC, P1= 70.14 kPa, x1= 0.2
From the table B.1.1, u1= uf1+x1ufg1= 376.82 + 0.2 × 2117.70 = 800.36 kJ/kg
v1=vf1+x1vfg1 0.001036 + 0.2 × 2.35953 = 0.472942 m3/kg

Upon heating, the volume will remain constant till the pressure reaches 150 kPa and piston
just floating at lower stops, from table B.1.2, one can find:

State 2: P2 = 150 kPa, v2=v1=0.472942 m3/kg;

On further heating, water will expand under the constant pressure (150 kPa) and will just
touch the upper stops when its specific volume becomes v = 0.79636 m3/kg, since vf<v<vg at
150 kPa, we have

State 3: When the piston just touches/floating at the upper stops,

P3=150 kPa, v3= 0.79636 m3/kg;

On further heating, the piston will be stopped at the upper stops and the pressure will increase
at constant volume till the temperature becomes 250 oC.

State 4: at T4=250 oC, v4=v3=0.79636 m3/kg

P4=300 kPa and u4=2728.69 kJ/kg

1W4 =2W3=P(Vfinal–V1)=Pm(vfinal – v1)

= 150×2.5×(0.79636 – 0.472942) = 121.28 kJ
Page 122 of 138
The net heat transfer in the whole process is
1Q4 =1W4+(U4–U1)=1W4+m(u4 – u1) = 121.28+2.5×(2728.69 – 800.36) = 4942.11 kJ

Page 123 of 138

3.145

3.146
Ten kilograms of water in a piston/cylinder setup with constant pressure is at 450◦C and
occupies a volume of 0.633 m3. The system is now cooled to 20◦C. Find the work and heat
transfer for the process. Represent the process on P–v and T–v diagram.

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3.147 Ten kilograms of water in a piston/cylinder setup with constant pressure is at 450 °C and
occupies a volume of 0.633 m3. The system is now cooled to 20 °C. Find the work and heat
transfer for the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.
Solution :

Page 125 of 138

Page 126 of 138
3.148 A 1 m3 tank containing air at 25 °C and 500 kPa is connected through a valve to another
tank containing 4 kg of air at 60 °C and 200 kPa (Fig. P3.148). Now the valve is opened and
the entire system reaches thermal equilibrium with the surroundings at 20 °C. Assume constant
specific heat at 25 °C and determine the final pressure, the work done and the heat transfer.

FIGURE P3.148
Solution :

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3.149 A spherical balloon contains 2 kg of R-410a at 0 °C with a quality of 30%. This system
is heated until the pressure in the balloon reaches 1 MPa. For this process, it can be assumed
that the pressure in the balloon is directly proportional to the balloon diameter. How does
pressure vary with volume, and what is the work done and the heat transfer for the process?

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3.150 A piston/cylinder arrangement B is connected to a 1 m3 tank A by a line and valve, shown
in Fig. P3.150. Initially both contain water, with A at 100 kPa, saturated vapour and B at 400
°C, 300 kPa, 1 m3. The valve is now opened, and the water in both A and B comes to a uniform
state.
a. Is the piston floating in the final state?
b. Find the initial mass in A and B.
c. If the process results in T2 = 200 °C, find the heat transfer and the work.

FIGURE P3.150

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3.151 A cylinder having an initial volume of 3 m3 contains 0.1 kg of water at 40 °C. The water
is then compressed in an isothermal quasi-equilibrium process until it has a quality of 50%.
Calculate the work done by splitting the process into two steps. Assume that the water vapour
is an ideal gas during the first step of the process. Represent the process on P-v and T-v diagram.

Page 130 of 138

3.152 A well-insulated piston-cylinder arrangement constrained by a linear spring, as shown
in Fig. P3.152, contains 5 kg of water at 150 kPa with a quality of 70%. A current of 5 A from
a 220 V power supply is passed through an electric heater (inside the cylinder) for a few
minutes. The piston rises till the pressure becomes 200 kPa. The spring constant is 60 kN/m
and cross-sectional area of the piston is 0.5 m2. Find
a. initial mass of liquid and vapour,
b. initial and final volume,
c. work done during the process,
d. time in minutes for which power is supplied through electric heater during the process
e. show the process on P-v diagram.

FIGURE P3.152
Solution :
Given that, m = 5 kg, I = 15 A, Ve = 220 V, ks = 60 kN/m, Ap = 0.5 m2, x1 = 0.7
State 1: P1 = 150 kPa,
v1 = vf + x1 × vfg = 0.001053 + 0.7 × 1.15828 = 0.811849 m3/kg,
u1 = uf + x1 × ufg = 466.92 + 0.7 × 2052.72 = 1903.824 kJ/kg
a) mvap = m × x1 = 3.5 kg, thus, mliq = 1.5 kg

b) State 2: P1 = 200 kPa,

v2 = v1 + (P2-P1)Ap2/(mks) = 0.8535157 m3/kg
V2 = m × v2 = 4.268 m3
𝑣2−𝑣𝑓
v2 = vf +x2* × vfg so x2 = 𝑣𝑓𝑔 = 0.963585
u2 = uf + x2* × ufg = 504.47 + 0.963585 × 2025.02 = 2455.749 kJ/kg

Work done in the process is net of work done by the system in the expansion and electric work
done on the system due to passage of current.

Wtotal = Wboundary – Welec

= m × Pavg × (v2 – v1) – Ve × i × dt = (36.45836 – 3.3 × dt) kJ

From First law of thermodynamics, we have,

Q = mdu + Wtotal since, Q = 0 (insulated system),
Wtotal=-mdu= -2759.624 kJ
2796.083𝑘𝐽
dt = Wtotal - 36.45836 = 3.3 = 847.2979 sec = 14.12 min

Page 131 of 138

Page 132 of 138
3.153 A piston-cylinder assembly as shown in Fig. P3.152 contains R-134a at 35 °C as a
saturated liquid with a volume of 0.025 m3 (state 1). Initially the power supply to the electrical
heater is switched off. Now, 1000 kJ of heat is supplied from an external source such that
piston just touches the linear spring (state 2); at this condition, R-134a is in a saturated liquid-
vapour mixture. Now, the external source of heat is turned off and the electrical heater is turned
on, and an electric current of 10 A from a battery of 12 V is passed through a resistor inside
the cylinder after which the final pressure of 150 kPa and temperature of 50 °C (state 3) is
attained. Find
a. the volume when the piston just touches the linear spring
b. work done and represent the process on P-V and T-V diagram
c. energy transferred during process 2-3
d. the duration of applying the electric current in minutes.
Solution :
State 1 T1 = -35 °C, V1 = 0.025 m3, x = 0,
From Table B.5.1,
P1 = 66.8 kPa, v1 = 0.000715 m3/kg,
u1 = 154.93 kJ/kg, h1 = 154.98 kJ/kg
m = V1/v1=0.025/0.000715=34.965035kg

State 2
When the piston is just touching the spring, Volume = V2,
Constant pressure isothermal process, P2 = P1 = 66.8 kPa,
m(u2 – u1)=1Q2 - 2W3
 1Q2 = m(h2 – h1) as constant pressure process
therefore,
h2 – h1 = 1000/34.965035 = 28.5999 kJ/kg, or, h2 = 183.58 kJ/kg,
h2 = hf + x2hfg, solving, we get x2 = 0.12902
v2 = vf + x2vfg = 0.000715 + 0.12902 0.28051 = 0.036906 m3/kg
u2 = uf + x2ufg = 154.93 + 0.12902 X 202.93 = 181.10202 kJ/kg
Work,
1W2 = P2(v2-v1)m = 66.8x(0.036906-0.000715)x34.965035= 84.53 kJ

State 3
At 150 kPa and 50 °C, the specific volume is v3 = 0.17168 m3/kg
Hence work done,
2W3 = 0.5x(66.8 + 150)( 0.17168 - 0.036906) x34.965035 = 510.8217 kJ

Total work done = 1W2 + 2W3 - Wel = 84.53002 + 510.82173 - Wel kJ = 595.35175- Wel kJ

And, at 150 kPa and 50 °C, u3 = 419.6 kJ/kg,

m(u3 – u2)=2Q3 - (2W3- Wel)

Energy Transferred
(2Q3 - 2W3 + Wel ) = 34.965035 (419.6 - 181.10202) = 8339.09 kJ

Now, assuming there is no heat transfer during process 2-3,

so the electrical energy supplied from the battery for t minutes.
Wel = m(u3 – u2)+ 2W3 = 8849.91195 x 1000 = 10 x 12 x t x 60
Therefore, t = 1229.1544 minutes

Page 133 of 138

So, total work done = 1W2 + 2W3 - Wel
= 84.53002 + 510.82173 - Wel kJ = 8254.56 kJ

Page 134 of 138

3.154 A piston-cylinder device that has stops and a linear spring (spring constant 500 kN/m)
as shown in Fig. P3.154, contains 1 kg of water initially at 60 °C. Water is stirred by a paddle
wheel while a current of 8 A at 50 V flows for 60 min through a resistor placed in the water.
The piston (cross-section 1 m2), whose thickness is negligible, requires pressure of 300 kPa to
float. The entire arrangement is adiabatic and the process is assumed to be quasi-equilibrium.
In the final state, the pressure is 600 kPa.
a. In the final state, is the piston pressed against the upper stops?
b. Represent the process on P-v diagram.
c. Find the paddle work.

FIGURE P3.154
Solution :
substance is water, control mass, m = 1 kg
State 1: T1 = 60 °C and v1 = 0.1 m3/kg,
Therefore, saturation pressure P1 = 19.941 kPa
(0.1 − 0.001017)
Quality, x1 = = 0.012906
7.66969
u1 = 251.09 + 0.012906 × 2205.54 = 279.5547 kJ/kg
The pressure will rise till 300 kPa before the piston starts moving.
State 2: P2 = 300 kPa v2 = 0.1 m3/kg
Saturated liquid-vapour mixture
The pressure will remain constant as piston rises till it just touches the spring.
State 3: P3 = 300 kPa v3 = 0.2 m3/kg
Saturated liquid-vapour mixture

Assume that in the final state, the piston is pressed against the upper stops. Let State-4 be the
state when the piston just reaches the upper stops.

State 4:
0.1
P4 = P3 + 𝐾𝑠 × 1000) = 350 kPa, v4 = 0.3 m3/kg
Since P4< 600 kPa, the final pressure, our assumption about piston pressing against the upper
stops in final state is correct.

State 5:
P5 = 600 kPa v5 = 0.3 m3/kg Saturated liquid-vapour mixture
Quality x5 = (0.3 – 0.001101)/0.31457 = 0.95018
u5 = 669.88 + 0.95018 × 1897.52 = 2472.866 kJ/kg

The work done by water to move the piston,

Wpiston = [P3(V3 - V2) + 0.5 × (P3+P4)(V4 – V3)]Am

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 = [300*0.1 + 325*0.1] × 1 × 1 = 62.4 kJ
60
Welec = -(8 × 50 × 60 × 1000) = -1440 kJ

Applying First Law on the control mass,

1Q5 = (U5 – U1) + 1W5
So, 0 = (U5 – U1) + (Wpaddle + Welec + Wpiston)

Wpaddle = -(U5 – U1) – Welec - Wpiston

Wpaddle = -(2472.866 – 279.5547) - (-1440) – 62.5
Therefore, Wpaddle = -815.8113 kJ

Page 136 of 138

3.155 Consider a system shown in Fig. P3.155. Square chamber A, initially contains Argon at
25 °C, 100 kPa in equilibrium. Piston-1 initially at stops and has mass such that 125 kPa will
float it. The system extends in thickness direction 0.2m, and other dimensions are as mentioned
in the figure. Heat is added to Argon till its pressure reaches 200 kPa. Both pistons are square
in shape. Neglect space occupied by the stops.
a. Is piston-1 touching the upper stops in the final state? Justify.
b. Is piston-2 touching the stops in the final state? Justify.
c. What is the work done and heat added during the entire process?
d. Draw the complete process on P-V diagram.
e. What is final temperature?

FIGURE P3.155
Solution :
p1 = 100kPa, T1 = 25°C = 298.15K,
pfloat = 125kPa , V1 = 0.23 = 8 × 10−3 m3
Ap1 = Ap2 = A = 0.04m2
From ideal gas properties table A.5,
kJ kJ kJ
cp = 0.520 kgK , cv = 0.312 kgK , R = 0.2081 kgK
p1 V1 100×8×10−3
m= = 0.2081×298.15 = 0.01289 kg
RT1

(a) Since final pressure pfinal = 200kPa > pfloat = 125kPa, Piston 1 is resting at upper stop
in final state.
Since p1 = 100 < pfloat , upon heating, Piston 2 should move and until p2 = pfloat =
125kPa is reached
Δp k
P − V relationship is linear with slope ΔV = A2 .
A2 A2
ΔV = V2 − V1 = Δp = (pflaot − p1 )
k k
0.042
= 3
(125 − 100) × 103 = 0.002m3
20 × 10
V2 = V1 + ΔV = 0.010m3
ΔV 0.002
Note that Δx = A = 0.04 = 0.05m < 0.1m. i.e., Piston 2 has not reached the stop.

1
W12 = (p1 + p2 )(V2 − V1 ) = 0.225kJ
2
∴ V3 = V2 + ΔV = 0.014m3
W23 = pfloat (V3 − V2 ) = 125 × (0.004) = 0.5kJ

Page 137 of 138

Now, Pressure should rise again and Piston 2 should move till it hits the stop,
∴ ΔV = A × Δx = 0.04 × (0.1 − 0.05) = 0.002m3 ⇒ V4 = V3 + ΔV = 0.016m3

Corresponding pressure
k 20
p4 = p3 + A2 ΔV = 125 + 0.042 0.002 = 150kPa

(b) Since p4 = 150kPa for full spring compression is less than pfinal = 200kPa, Piston 2 is
resting against stop in final state.
1
W34 = 2 (p3 + p4 )(V4 − V3 ) = 0.275kJ
Now rest of the process is constant volume process, W45 = 0

W15 = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 = 0.225 + 0.5 + 0.275 + 0 = 1kJ

P1V1/T1 = P5V5/T5 therefore T5 = 1192.6 K
Total Heat Transferred
Q51 = U15 + W15 = mCv(T5 − T1) + W = 0.01289 ∗ 0.312 ∗ (1192.6 − 298.15) + 1
= 𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟐 𝐤𝐉

Page 138 of 138