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Review of Lecture 1
Today
o Concept of heat
o Heat capacity of an object.
o 1 st law of thermodynamics.
o Characterizing state of System.
o State variables.
Intensive.
Extensive.
Enthalpy and Internal energy
o Equation of state (i.e. relation between state
variables)
Solids/liquid
Gases
o Path connecting different states
Reversible vs. Irreversible
Examples.
Isothermal, isobaric, adiabatic.
Examples.
Phase change
Heat
Path 1:
Isothermally Isothermally
Reduce Pressure increase P
ΔE1=q1=CLp(T2-T1), ΔH1=ΔE1.
1. Isobaric
W= -P(V2-V1) …(Expansion)
W= +P(V2-V1) …(Compression)
P
T1
W P.dV
Ideal Gas Law
P
nRT
PV nRT V P
V
F
dV V
W nRT nRT ln 2
V V1
T1
or an isothermal
rev. process of an ideal gas the change in ΔE=0;q = -W
V
Phase Change
During phase transition (liquid-vapor) changes in both heat
and work occur. Normally, we study such transition at
constant pressure and temperature. (Think of melting point
measurement.) For liquid-liquid or solid-liquid or solid-
solid phase transition the pV work is negligible, so ΔE=ΔH.
This energy goes to rearrange molecular packing in the
system. But if phase transition involves gas, (i.e., boiling)
there is considerable pV type work. Consider again path 1:
P=1atm P=1atm
n=1mole(l) n= 1 mole (vapor)
T=25 T=25C
P=1atm
P=1 atm n=1 mole(v)
n= 1 mole(l) T=100C
T= 100C
H T (C PL C PV )(T2 T1 ) q L
q L H (T2 )