BMEE203L

ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
Module 1 – Basic Concepts
Lecture 3 & 4 – Terminologies (Part-1)
Dr K Karunamurthy
Professor
 Outline of the Presentation
• Pure Substance
• Phase
• Types of Systems
– Homogeneous
– Heterogeneous
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• Quasi-static Process
• Measurement of Pressure and Temperature
• Work Transfer
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
PURE SUBSTANCE
It possess same chemical composition throughout its mass

Example:
Gold, copper, water, steam-water, ice-water,
atmospheric air (in gaseous state).

Not a pure substance

Air-liquid Air, Oil water mixture.
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
PHASE:
A region of material that is physically distinct,
+
chemically uniform within the physical structure and (often)
+
mechanically separable.

Example:
In a system consisting of ice and water in a partially filled glass jar,
- The ice cubes are one phase,
- The water (in liquid) is a second phase, and Air
- The humid air over the ice and water is a third phase.
- The glass of the jar is another separate phase.
Ice
Water (liq)
Glass
Terminologies in Thermodynamics
TYPES OF SYSTEM
(i) Homogeneous System
It is system in which the chemical composition and physical properties are
the same in all parts of the system.

If this homogeneous system undergoes a process then the change of the

physical structure and chemical composition occurs continuously
throughout its mass.

Eg: A column of atmospheric air, Salt water solution (below saturation).

Note: A system (with uniform chemical composition) consisting of single
phase is called a homogeneous system.
Terminologies in Thermodynamics
TYPES OF SYSTEM
(ii) Heterogeneous System
A system consisting of more than one phase.
A system consisting of different chemical composition with or
without same phase.
Examples:

sand + water gravel + water

Oil floating in water
ice floating in water
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Equilibrium
A system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium if it is in the following
equilibriums
The temperature at all points of the system
Thermal Equilibrium remains the same and does not change with
time.

Mechanical Equilibrium:
Mechanical Equilibrium
No unbalanced forces acts

Chemical Equilibrium:
Chemical Equilibrium No chemical reaction
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
Quasi-static Process
• This is a hypothetical (theoretical) / Ideal process
• A process is said to be quasi-static if the process
occurs at infinite slowness
+
has infinite no. of intermediate equilibrium states
+
Reversible

Piston
Initial state

. Cylinder
 Outline of the Presentation

• Continuum Concept
• Pressure Measurement
• Temperature Measurement
• Thermodynamic Work
• Displacement Work
 Terminologies in Thermodynamics
CONTUNUUM CONCEPT
In Classical Thermodynamics the volume of system considered should be
quite large as compared to molecular dimensions.
The system is considered as continuum provided if the system contain
continuous distribution of matter without voids or empty spaces.
The smallest volume V2 for continuum is thus defined as,
𝑚 .
 = 𝑉→𝑉
lim
2 𝑉
V1
↑
Density

2
V1
V2
Volume →
.
 Pressure Measurement
To measure pressure there are two scales available
(i) Relative Scale
Atmospheric pressure is the reference.
Pressure above atmospheric pressure is called gauge pressure (Positive pressure).
Pressure below atmospheric pressure is called vacuum pressure (Negative pressure).
(i) Absolute Scale
Absolute zero pressure is the reference.
In absolute pressure there is no negative value, Zero is the minimum value.
To convert pressure from Relative scale to Absolute scale
(i) For Positive pressure or Gauge pressure
P(a) = P(atm) + P(g)
(ii) For Negative pressure or Vacuum pressure
P(a) = P(atm) - P(v)
To convert pressure from Absolute scale to Relative scale
(i) For Positive pressure or Gauge pressure Note:
P(g) = P(a) - P(atm) P(atm) – Atmospheric pressure
(ii) For Negative pressure or Vacuum pressure P(g) - Gauge pressure
P(v) = P(atm) - P(a) P(v) - Vacuum pressure
P(a) - Absolute pressure
Pressure Measurement

Case 1

Case 2
Pressure Measurement
 Atmospheric Pressure
1 atm pressure is

1.01325 x 105 N/m2

Units of Pressure:
1.01325 bar Pa
1.01325 x 105 Pa N/m2
bar
101.325 kPa kgf/cm2
0.101325 Mpa lb/in2
1.01325 x 106 dyne/cm2 mwc
Torr
1.03323 kgf/cm2 dyn/cm2
14.7 psi
10.3 m of H2O
760 mm of Hg
 Temperature
To measure temperature there are two scales available

(i) Relative Scale (ii) Absolute Scale

a. Celsius Scale (or Centigrade scale) a. Kelvin Scale
Centigrade scale was developed by Unit : K
Anders Celsius. He is a Swedish Absolute zero temperature is the
Astronomer. reference.
Unit: C (degree Celsius) In absolute zero temperature there is no
XC + 273.15 = (X+273.15) K negative value, Zero is the minimum
0C = 273.15 K value.
(degree symbol should not be used for K)
b. Fahrenheit Scale
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit b. Rankine Scale
developed Fahrenheit scale, he is Unit: R
German instrument maker. 0R = - 459.67F
Unit : F 0F = 459.67 R
Conversion Formula XF + 459.67 = (X+ 459.67)  R
(F-32)x(5/9) = _____C
Note: Note: At absolute zero temperature
(i) -40F = -40C 0 K = 0R
(ii) 574.59 F = 574.59 K 1°R × 5/9 = __ K
K x 1.8 = °R
 Temperature Measurement

Thermometer, RTD, Thermistor, Thermocouple, Langmuir probe

 Work Transfer
From Physics or Mechanics
Work is done by a force as it acts upon a body while moving in the direction
of the force.
Work = Force x distance
Thermodynamic Work
Work is said to be done by a system if the sole effect external to the system is
to raise a weight against the gravity.

Pulley
Motor

Battery

Battery-motor driving a fan

Weight
 Work Transfer
Displacement Work (pdV work) Consider a cylinder piston arrangement
containing a gas,
Cylinder
The initial state is 1 and the final state is 2.
At State 1: p1 and V1
At State 2: p2 and V2.
Area of cross section of piston is ‘A’
Intermediate state pressure is ‘p’,
For an infinitesimal distance ‘dl’ moved by the
piston
Force acting on the piston
Piston F=pxA
Infinitesimal work
dW = F x dl
= p x A x dl
= p x d(A x l)
= p x dV
For the piston to change from state 1 to 2.
2
W1-2 = 1 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
𝑣2
W1-2 = 𝑣1 𝑝 𝑑𝑣
W1-2 = Area under the curve
This expression is valid for a quasi-static process.
 Work Transfer
• It is a form of energy transfer or energy in transit
• It is felt in the boundary
• So it is a boundary phenomenon
Eg: Displacement Work
• Diff in pressure is the cause and work transfer is the effect.
• Work transfer is a pth function and it is not a property
 Dr K Karunamurthy
Vellore Institute of Technology Chennai