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C4: HEAT

4.1 Calibration of Thermometer

To calculate the temperature or the length of the

thermometer, after mixing two solutions, you may
use this formula:

θ - Temperature of the water after mixing both

solutions with different temperature
 𝐿θ - Length of the mercury inside the thermometer
after mixing the solutions
𝐿0- Length of the mercury inside the thermometer
filled with ice
𝐿100- Length of the mercury inside the thermometer
filled with boiling water

4.2 Understanding Thermal Equilibrium

What happens when you touch a cooking metal pot

on the stove? You become a human torch and can
enrol into Fantastic Four. LOL, jokes aside, that’s
because heat transfer is happening, hence a normal
pot becomes hotter and hotter when it’s cooking.

When two objects are in thermal contact, the

temperature of the hot object will drop while the
temperature of the cold object will rise until the
temperature of both objects become the same.
Thermal Equilibrium is a condition in which there is
no net heat flow between two objects that are in
thermal contact with each other.

SPM TIPS! 💡 both objects have the

same temperature.
In Thermal Equilibrium,
rate of heat transfer is
the same.
net heat flow is zero.

4.3 Understanding Specific Heat Capacity (SHC)

Heat capacity, C of an object is the amount of heat

needed to raise the temperature of the object by
1°C.

SHC of a material is defined as the amount of heat

energy that must be transferred to change the
temperature of 1kg of a material by 1𝇈C or 1 k.

SPM TIPS! 💡
 −1 −1
SHC of water = 4200 𝐽𝑘𝑔 ℃
−1 −1
SHC of ice = 2100 𝐽𝑘𝑔 ℃

Q = mcθ

Q = pt

mcθ= pt

m - the mass of the liquid (kg)

Q - heat energy (J)
θ - temperature change (𝇈C )
c - SHC
p - the power of heater (W)
t - the time is taken to heat up

SPM TIPS! 💡 takes a longer time to heat up.

requires more heat energy while
High SHC...
its temperature rises only a little.
more fuel to heat up.

Hmm, why are we learning SHC, is it even useful?

Well, yes it is! For example, you will understand
which cooking utensils are best for you when you
buy them in the future and have a general
knowledge of why in the world the sea is warm at
night.🤔
4.4 Understanding Specific Latent Heat

Specific latent heat, l of a substance is the quantity

of heat, Q that is absorbed or released during a
change of phase of 1 kg of the substance without
any change in its temperature.

Latent Heat of Latent Heat of Fusion

Vaporisation
is the amount of heat is the amount of heat
required to change 1kg required to change 1kg
of a liquid into the of the solid into the
vapour without a liquid without a change
change in temperature. in temperature.
−1 −1
2 260 000 𝐽𝑘𝑔 334 000 𝐽𝑘𝑔

Q = mL
 Q = pt

mL = pt

m - the mass of the liquid (kg)

Q - heat energy (J)
L - specific latent heat
p - the power of heater (W)
t - time is taken to heat up

4.5 Mixture

For this subtopic, just use simple logic whereby two

different temperatures and masses of liquid is mixed
together to form a new mixture.

Most of the time, just use this formula to find any of

the unknowns:

𝑚𝑐θ = 𝑚𝑐θ

4.6 Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law
- states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of
the gas is inversely proportional to its volume
provided the temperature of the gas is constant.

1
P∝ 𝑉
𝑃1𝑉1= 𝑃2𝑉2

Pressure Law
- states that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of
the gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature provided the volume of the gas is
constant.

P∝T
𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2

Charles’ Law
- states that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of
the gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature provided the pressure of the gas is
constant.

V∝T
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑇1
= 𝑇2

SPM TIPS! 💡

END OF CHAPTER 4