Subject: Engineering Special Topics 1

Topic: Thermodyanmics • Density – is the mass per unit volume

𝑚
Prepared by: Engr. Noel Gatbonton 𝜌= (m – mass and V – Volume)
𝑉

THERMODYNAMICS B. Consideration:
Thermodynamics - can be defined as science of energy. It is a Conservation of Mass – The masses of the fluids that enter a
branch of physical sciences that treats the phenomena of system should be equal to exiting mass.
energy and related properties of matter especially the
conversion of one form of energy to another form. It comes 𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 + ⋯ + 𝑚3
from the words Therme (Heat) and Dynamis (Power).
Continuity Equation – A fluid in a container, for
System – Quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for incompressible fluids the volume flow rate at steady state in
study. There are 3 kinds of system. any section of the pipe, while in compressible fluids the mass
• Closed System - No mass can transfer only energy flow rate is constant.
• Open System – Mass and energy can cross For liquids (incompressible),
• Isolated System – Neither mass nor energy cross 𝑄1 = 𝑄2
Surrounding – The mass or region outside the system. 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Boundary – The real or imaginary surface that separates the For Gases (compressible),
system from its surrounding. 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌2 𝐴2 𝑣2
Where:
An example here is a balloon
m – Mass A- Area
(closed system), in the system
v – Velocity 𝜌 – Density
there is a substance (air) and it
has characteristics called
properties.
PROBLEMS:

1. The temperature of a solution is 31°C. What is this

I. Properties of Working Substance temperature in °R and in Reaumur Scale? Note: In
Reaumur Scale, it uses as a standard substance is alcohol.
A. State Properties – refers to the physical condition of the (Boiling point, 80°𝐶 and Freezing point, 0°𝐶)
working substance such as temperature, pressure, density, A. T=547.8°R & T=24.8 Re**
specific volume, specific gravity or relative density. B. T=647.8°R & T=34.8 Re
C. T=747.8°R & T=44.8 Re
• Temperature – is an indication or degree of hotness and
D. T=847.8°R & T=54.8 Re
coldness and therefore a measure of intensity of heat.
2. Two thermometers, one Celsius and the other Fahrenheit,
Temperature
are both at the same temperature, but the reading on the
𝑇K = 𝑇º𝐶 + 273
Fahrenheit thermometer is exactly twice that on the
𝑇º𝑅 = 𝑇º𝐹 + 460 Celsius thermometer, what is the temperature?
𝑇º𝐶 − 0 𝑇º𝐹 − 32
= A. t = 320°F and t = 160°C**
100 − 0 212 − 180 B. t = 160°F and t = 320°C
Where:
C. t = -40°F and t = -80°C
𝑇K – Kelvin 𝑇º𝑅 – Rankine
D. t = -80°F and t = -40°C
𝑇º𝐶 – Celsius 𝑇º𝐹 – Fahrenheit
3. Supposing two liquids of different densities ƿ=1500
Boiling Point: 𝑇º𝐶 = 100°𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇º𝐹 = 212°𝐹 kg/m3 and ƿ=500 kg/m3 were poured together inside a 100
Freezing Point: : 𝑇º𝐶 = 0°𝐶 𝑜𝑟 𝑇º𝐹 = 32°𝐹 L tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is
800 kg/m3, find the respective quantities of liquids used.
• Pressure – is the force exerted per unit area. Also find the weight of the mixture if the local
𝑃𝑔 = 𝜌𝐺𝐻 acceleration due to gravity is g= 9.675 m/s2.
A. 𝑚1 = 35𝑘𝑔 & 𝑚2 = 45𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔
B. 𝑚1 = 95𝑘𝑔 & 𝑚2 = 5𝑘𝑔
C. 𝑚1 = 45𝑘𝑔 & 𝑚2 = 15𝑘𝑔
Atmospheric Pressure (𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 ):
D. 𝑚1 = 45𝑘𝑔 & 𝑚2 = 35𝑘𝑔**
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
= 1.01325 Barr
= 760 mmHg = 760 torr
 4. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two 2nd law of thermodynamics – “Heat cannot be transferred from
sections in the same flowline. At section 1: A1= 0.10 m2, cold body to a hot body without an input of work…”
V1= 6 m/s, v1 = 0.33 m3/kg. At section 2: A2= 0.2m2, ƿ =
0.27 kg/m3. Calculate for the velocity of flow of section 2. Heat transfer to a system Sign Convention:
A. 63.73 𝑚/𝑠 C. 33.67 𝑚/𝑠** Work done by a system Positive (Additional Energy)
B. 36.37 𝑚/𝑠 D. 73.63 𝑚/𝑠

Heat transfer by a system Sign Convention:

Work done to a system Negative (Less Energy)

II. Concepts of Energy/Laws of Thermodynamics

3rd law of thermodynamics – The total entropy of pure
Work –is the product of the force and its displacement. substances approaches zero as the absolute thermodynamic
𝑊 = 𝐹𝑆 temperature approaches zero.

Power – is the time rate of doing work Zeroth law of thermodynamics – “When any two bodies are in
𝑃 = 𝑊/𝑡 thermal equilibrium with the third body, they are in thermal
Additional: equilibrium with each other.”
1
Wind Power = 𝑣 3 𝐴𝜌 , (can be derived try it using P=KE/t)
2

Energy – is the ability to do work. It comes from different

form; it can be nuclear, motion, position, heat, sound, light and PROBLEMS:
etc.
1 5. 10kJ are transferred in a process where a piston
Kinetic Energy (energy for motion) 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 compresses a spring and in so doing does 2000 J of work.
2
Potential Energy (energy for position) 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔ℎ Find the change in internal energy of the system.
Internal Energy, U (energy within the body) A. 8.0 kJ** C. 12 kJ
Enthalpy, H (Total heat content) B. 5 Btu D. 6 Btu

General Formula: 6. If a 1/3 horsepower pump runs for 20 minutes, what is the
∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶𝑉 ∆𝑇 energy used?
∆𝐻 = 𝑚𝐶𝑃 ∆𝑇 A. 0.06 ergs C. 0.25 kW
Where: B. 0.30 MJ** D. 0.11 kW∙hr
𝐶𝑉 – Specific heat at constant volume
𝐶𝑃 – Specific heat at constant pressure 7. During a “non-flow” process, the internal energy of a
fluid changes from an initial value of 500 Btu/lb to a final
1st law of thermodynamics – Energy cannot be created nor be value of 440 Btu/lb. If 30,000 ft-lb/lb of work is
destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to performed by the fluid, compute the quantity of heat in
another. Btu/lb added to or removed from the fluid during the
process.
𝑄 + 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝐻1 = 𝑊𝑆 + 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝐻2 A. -21.5 Btu/lb** C. -104.5 Btu/lb
B. 35.5 Btu/lb D. 24.5 Btu/lb
In thermodynamics, PE and KE are small enough and can be
negligible. These are simplified and general formula: 8. How much power is there in the kinetic energy of the
atmosphere (density = 1.217 kg/m3) at 56 kph wind
𝑄 = 𝑊𝑁 + ∆𝑈 velocity? Consider the section that passes through a 3-
𝑄 = 𝑊𝑆 + ∆𝐻 diameter circular area normal to the velocity.
A. 27.15 kW C. 16.19 kW**
Where: B. 20.88 kW D. 13.30 kW
Q – Heat transferred 𝑊𝑁 – Non-flow work
PE – Potential Energy 𝑊𝑆 – Stead flow work 9. A steam turbine receives 1,630 kg of steam per hour at
KE – Kinetic Energy U – Internal Energy 340 m/s velocity and 3550 kJ/kg enthalpy. The steams
H – Enthalphy leaves at 259 m/s and 3020 kJ/kg. Which of the
following most nearly equals the power output?
A. 250.96 kW** C. 240.96 kW
B. 230.96 kW D. 220.96 kW
 10. A turbine uses 50 000 kg/hr of steam that enters with
and enthalpy of 3300 kJ/kg and essentially zero
entrance velocity. 7.5 MW are developed. The exit Properties of Air (Summarized)
velocity of the steam is 150 m/s. Expansion is adiabatic.
What is the exit enthalpy? Density
A. 2748.8 kJ/kg** C. 13,212.5 kJ/kg p = 1.2 kg/m3
B. 4352.8 kJ/kg D. 34,114.5 kJ/kg Gas Constant
R = 0.287 kJ/kg-K = 53.33 ft-lbf/lbm-R
11. Find the change in internal energy of 5 lbm of oxygen Specific heat @ Constant Pressure
gas when the temperature changes from 100°F to Cp = 1 kJ/kg-K
120°F. cv=0.157 BTU/lbm - °R. cp=0.2198 BTU/lbm - Specific heat @ Constant Volume
°R. Cv = 0.714 kJ/kg-K
A. 14.70 BTU C. 15.70 BTU** Specific heat Ratio
B. 21.98 BTU D. 147.0 BTU K = 1.4

12. Find the change in enthalpy of 5 lbm of oxygen gas Notes:

when the temperature changes from 100°F to 120°F. Specific heat Conversion: 4.187 kJ/kg-k = 1 BTU/lb-R
cv=0.157 BTU/lbm - °R. cp=0.2198 BTU/lbm - °R. Energy Conversion: 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ
A. 14.70 BTU C. 15.70 BTU = 778 ft-lbs
B. 21.98 BTU** D. 147.0 BTU
Gas Laws: Since substances are considered ideal gases and
is confined (closed system), it also follows law when a
III. Ideal Gas change in property a process takes place.
The substance being considered in the system can be
gas or fluid. Whether it is gas or liquid, it is considered Combined Gas Law: Charles’ Law:
as perfect and follows the law of Ideal Gas Law: 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑉1 𝑉2
= =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇2
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
Where: Boyle’s Law: Gay-Lussac’s Law:
P – Absolute Pressure V – Volume 𝑃1 𝑃2
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 =
T – Absolute Temperature 𝑇1 𝑇2
m – Mass
R – Gas Constant
PROBLEMS:
The Gas Constant (R) depends on the substance. It can 13. What mass of nitrogen is contained in a 57 m3 tank if
be calculated using the formula: the pressure and temperature are 1 atm and 21 °C
𝑅̅ respectively?
𝑅=
𝑀𝑊 A. 48.16 kg C. 55.87 kg
Where: B. 28.99 kg D. 66.16 kg**
𝑅̅ – Universal Gas Constant C.
MW – Molecular Weight 14. A 0.71 m3 tank contains 4.5 kg of an ideal gas. The gas
has a molecular weight of 44 and is at 21 °C. What is
𝑅̅ = 8.3143 kJ/kmol - K the pressure of the gas?
= 1545 BTU/mol- R A. 7355 psf** C. 7445 torr
B. 3873.18 psf D. 2355.56 psi
Often used ideal gas
15. A 3.0 lbm of air are contained at 25 psia and 100 °F.
Element Molecular Weight
Given that, what is the volume of the container?
Oxygen (𝑂2 ) 32
A. 10.7 ft3 C. 14.7 ft3
Nitrogen (𝑁2 ) 28 B. 15 ft 3
D. 24.9 ft3**
Air 29
Ammonia (NH3) 17 16. A volume of 450 cm3 of air is measured at a pressure of
740mmHg absolute and a temperature of 20°C. What is
the volume in cm3 at 760 mmHg absolute and 0°C?
A. 804.25 cm3 C. 479.35 cm3
3
B. 408.25 cm ** D. 379.35 cm3
17. A closed vessel contains air at a pressure of 160 kN/m2
gauge and temperature of 30°C. The air is heated at
constant volume to 60°C with the atmospheric pressure of
759mmHg. What is the final gauge pressure?
A. 185.86 kPa** C. 209.55 kPa
B. 101.33 kPa D. 160.00 kPa

18. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a well where the
temperature is 25°C, to the surface where the temperature
is 27°C. Find the percent increase in the volume of the
bubble if the depth of the well is 5 m. Atmospheric
pressure is 101,528 Pa.
A. 55% C. 200%
B. 15% D. 49%**