Republic of the Philippines

Cagayan State University

CARIG CAMPUS
Carig Sur, Tuguegarao City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING- ChE DEPARTMENT

MODULE 1.2 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

Title Unit II. Conduction in Solids

A. Conduction: Molecular Transport of Heat

B. Steady-state conduction
1. Fourier Equation
2. Evaluation of Mean Thermal Conductivity
Course Topic 3. Evaluation of Mean Area
4. Resistance to Heat Flow
C. Unsteady-state heat conduction
D. Conduction with Internal Heat Generation

Conduction is the transfer of heat by molecular action. According to

Fourier’s Law, the basic relation of heat flow by conduction is the
proportionality between the rate of heat flow across an isothermal
surface and the temperature gradient at the surface.

We learned in Module 1.1 that conduction is a diffusion process- a

thermal diffusion, where thermal energy is transferred from a hot end
Module of a medium (usually solid) to its colder end via intermolecular
Overview/ energy exchange. This lecture will present rate of heat propagation
Introduction as predicted by Fourier’s law which incorporates the physical
property known as thermal conductivity. However, analytical
approach is confined to relatively simple geometric shapes (slab,
cylinders, spheres, frustum of a cone) and boundary conditions.

In addition, we will demonstrate how to obtain solutions to unsteady

state conduction using Fourier No. (N Fo) and Gurney-Lurie charts
along with conduction problems with internal heat generation.

After finishing this module, you should be able to do following:

1. Discuss basic concepts in conduction.
2. Explain and calculate the thermal resistance and magnitude of
Learning conductive heat flow/flux.
Objectives 3. Apply the law of conservation of energy in formulating appropriate
mathematical models and formulas.
4. Solve associated thermal boundary condition problems in steady and
unsteady heat transfer.

16 | P a g e
 This module provides students with a fundamental knowledge of steady
Learning
state and unsteady state conduction in solids and its application in
Outcome
various industries.
• Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics physical sciences,
engineering sciences to solve simple heat transfer through
Competence conduction problems (high)
• Ability to identify, formulate and solve engineering problems
related to conduction (high)

Lecture Notes
A. Conduction – Molecular Transport of Heat
Industrial application – reduction of heat losses
– building materials (bricks, furnaces)
– insulating materials for pipes & vessels

B. Steady – State Conduction

– heat flow is constant with time

100oC 100oC

40oC 40˚C

t = 1:00pm t = 2:00pm

1. Fourier Equation:
Recall Eq’n 1.3:
𝑞 𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘
𝐴 𝑑𝑥
q is constant at steady state
𝑞 ∆𝑇
= +𝐾𝑚
𝐴𝑚 ∆𝑋
𝐾𝑚 𝐴𝑚 ∆𝑇
𝑞= (Eq’n 2.1)
∆𝑋
2. Evaluation of Mean Thermal Conductivity, Km
a. If no data is specified for eval of k,
- take k from Perry’s HB, Foust, MSH using Tave
b. If K vs T is linear by the equation: k = a + bT
usually occurs in liquids & gases;
𝑇1
∫ 𝑘𝑑𝑇 = 𝐾𝑚 ∆𝑇
𝑇2
𝑇1
∫ (𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇)𝑑𝑇 = 𝐾𝑚 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑇2

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 𝑇1 𝑏𝑇 2 𝑇1
𝑎𝑇 | + | = 𝐾𝑚 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
𝑇2 2 𝑇2
𝑏
𝑎(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) + (𝑇12 − 𝑇22 ) = 𝐾𝑚 (𝑇1 − 𝑇2 )
2
but (𝑇12 − 𝑇22 ) = (𝑇1 + 𝑇2 )(𝑇1 − 𝑇2 ) , therefore
𝑇1 + 𝑇2
𝐾𝑚 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 [ ]
2
𝐾𝑚 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 (Eq’n 2.2)

c. If K is non-linear with T: Integrate

3. Evaluation of Mean Area, Am
a. slabs: 𝐴 = ℓ𝜔
If no area is given, use a basis of 1m2, 1ft2 of area
b. Cylinder (pipes

rₒ
x ri
T₁ L

T₂

𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝐿
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
∫ =
𝐴 𝐴𝑚
𝑋2
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
∫ =
𝑋1 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝐴𝑚
𝑋2
1 𝑑𝑥
∫ =𝑅
2𝜋𝐿 𝑋1 𝑥
1 𝑋2 ∆𝑥
ln =
2𝜋𝐿 𝑋1 𝐴𝑚
∆𝑥 ∆𝑥
𝐴𝑚 = 2𝜋𝐿 𝑋 = 2𝜋𝐿 𝑟𝑜 log mean values
𝑙𝑛 2 𝑙𝑛
𝑟𝑖
𝑋1

𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 2𝜋𝐿𝑟𝑙𝑚

∆𝑥
𝐴𝑙𝑚 = 𝜋𝐿𝐷𝑙𝑚 = 𝜋𝐿 [ 𝐷𝑜] (Eq’n 2.3)
𝑙𝑛
𝐷𝑖

18 | P a g e
 c. Spheres

ri

𝑟𝑜
𝑑𝑥 ∆𝑥
∫ =
𝑟𝑖 𝐴 𝐴𝑚
1 𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑟
∫ =𝑅
4𝜋 𝑟𝑖 𝑟 2
−1 𝑟𝑜 ∆𝑥
] 𝑟 = 4𝜋
𝑟 𝑖 𝐴𝑚
−1 1 ∆𝑥
+ = 4𝜋
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝐴𝑚
−𝑟𝑖 + 𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑜− 𝑟𝑖
= 4𝜋
𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖 𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑔𝑚 = 4𝜋𝑟𝑜 𝑟𝑖
Geometric mean area (Eq’n 2.4)
𝐴𝑔𝑚 = 𝜋𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑖
d. Evaluation of Mean Area for Frustum of a Cone

𝑎 𝑥
r = r1 + a =
𝑟2 −𝑟1 ℎ

𝑎 = (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )𝑥ℎ
∴ 𝑟 = 𝑟1 + (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )𝑥ℎ
ℎ 𝑑𝑥 ℎ ∆𝑥
∫𝑜 𝐴
= = 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝐴𝑚 𝐴𝑚
ℎ
𝑑𝑥
ℎ
∫ 𝑥 =
𝜋[𝑟1+(𝑟2−𝑟1 ) ]2
ℎ 𝐴𝑚
𝑜
𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑟1 + (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 )
ℎ
ℎ
𝑑𝑥 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ℎ 𝑟 −𝑟
𝑑𝑥( 2 1)
𝑑𝑢 = (𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ) = 𝑑𝑥 ; ( )∫ ℎ
𝑥
ℎ ℎ 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝜋[𝑟1 +(𝑟2−𝑟1) ]2
ℎ
𝑜
𝑟2
1 ℎ 𝑑𝑟
ℎ
( )∫ 𝑟2
=
𝜋 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 𝐴𝑚
𝑟1

1 ℎ 1 1 ℎ
( ) [−𝑟 +𝑟 ] =
𝜋 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 2 1 𝐴𝑚

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 1 ℎ 𝑟 +𝑟 ℎ
( ) [− 𝑟1 𝑟 2 ] =
𝜋 𝑟2 − 𝑟1 1 2 𝐴𝑚
1 1
=
𝜋(𝑟1 𝑟2 ) 𝐴𝑚
𝐴𝑚 = 𝜋𝑟1 𝑟2 (Eq’n 2.5)
4. Resistance to Heat Flow
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 =
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
𝑞 = 𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑚 = ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
∆𝑥
𝑘𝑚𝐴𝑚

rate of heat flow

∆𝑥
Resistance = (Eq’n 2.6)
𝑘𝑚 𝐴𝑚

a.) Resistance in Series

q = q1 = q2 = q 3
𝛴∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1′ − 𝑇2′ 𝑇2′ − 𝑇2
= = =
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
RT = R1 + R 2 + R3 + …
𝛴∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
= (Eq’n 2.7)
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3
b.) Resistance in Parallel
q = q1 + q 2 + q3
𝛴∆𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
= + +
𝑅𝑇 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3

𝛴∆𝑇 1
= 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 [ ] (Eq’n 2.8)
𝑅𝑇 1⁄𝑅 + ⁄𝑅 + 1⁄𝑅
1
1 2 3
1
where: 𝑅𝑇 = 1
⁄𝑅1 +1⁄𝑅2 +1⁄𝑅3 …..

Sample Problems:
1. Given the following system:

k= 0.5 1.02 0.58 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄𝑙𝑏𝑓𝑡℉

20 | P a g e
 Required: Heat loss (q)
Solution:
𝛴∆𝑇 200 − 25
𝑞= =
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇
𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑅 + 𝑅𝑘 + 𝑅𝐹
Basis: A = 1m2
5⁄
100
𝑅𝑅 = = 5.78 𝑥 10−2
0.5(1.73)(1)
2⁄
100
𝑅𝑘 = = 1.133 𝑥 10−2
1.02(1.73)(1)
3⁄
100
𝑅𝐹 = = 2.99 𝑥 10−2
0.58(1.73)(1)

200 − 25
𝑞=
0.0578 + 0.01133 + 0.0299
𝑞 = 1767.14𝑊

b.) Find 𝑇𝑖 between fireclay & kaolin 𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞𝐹

𝑇𝑖 − 25
1,767.14 =
0.0299
𝑇𝑖 = 77.89℃
2. From the figure below, find q and Ti

𝑘1 = 0.01 𝑤⁄𝑚𝐾
𝑘2 = 0.02 𝑤⁄𝑚𝐾
𝑘3 = 0.03 𝑤⁄𝑚𝐾
𝛴∆𝑇 200−25
a.) 𝑞 = =
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇

2
𝑅1 = 1
= 14.6
0.01[ 2
𝜋(2.5)(3.5) ]
2
𝑅2 = 1
= 7.3
0.02[ 2
𝜋(2.5)(3.5) ]

21 | P a g e
 1
𝑅3 = = 0.758
0.03[𝜋(4)(3.5)]
1
𝑅12 = 1 = 4.87
⁄𝑅1 +1⁄𝑅2

𝑅12 + 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑇 = 4.87 + 0.758 = 5.638

200 − 25
𝑞= = 31.21 𝑊
5.638

b.) 𝑇𝑖 = ?
𝑇𝑖 − 25
𝑞𝑇 = 𝑞12 = 𝑞3 = 31.21 =
𝑅3
𝑇𝑖 = 48.66℃

C. Unsteady State Conduction: q varies with time, 𝜃

T1 T2

q A

x dx
Ձ𝑇
Rate of heat flow at 𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴
Ձ𝑥
(input)
Ձ𝑇 Ձ Ձ𝑇
Rate of heat flow at 𝑥 + ∆𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 + [−𝑘𝐴 ] 𝑑𝑥
Ձ𝑥 Ձ𝑥 Ձ𝑥
(output)
Input-Output = Accumulation
Ձ2 𝑇
= 𝑘𝐴 𝑑𝑥
Ձ𝑥 2
Rate of accumulation = amt. of sensible heat absorbed by solid
Ձ𝑇
= 𝑚𝐶𝑃
Ձ𝜃
𝑚 𝑚
𝜌= =
𝑉 𝐴𝑑𝑥
𝑚 = 𝐴𝜌𝑑𝑥
Ձ2 𝑇 Ձ𝑇
𝑘𝐴 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝜌𝑑𝑥 𝐶𝑃
Ձ𝑥 Ձ𝜃
Ձ𝑇 𝑘 Ձ2 𝑇 Eq’n2.9)
2.9
= (Eq’n
Ձ𝜃 𝜌𝐶𝑃 Ձ𝑥 2
𝑘
Note: 𝛼 = = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜌𝐶𝑃

22 | P a g e
 Solutions of Unsteady State Equation
Requirements:
- α is constant
- Initial concentration of T is uniform
- Body is brought to a new condition which is constant with time.
a.) From MSH using 𝑁𝐹𝑜 (𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑁𝑜. )
for slabs:
1 2𝑟𝑚 2 8[𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 ]
𝜃= ( ) 𝑙𝑛 2 (Eq’n 2.10)
∝ 𝜋 𝜋 [𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑏 ]
for cylinders:
𝑟𝑚2 0.692(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝜃= 𝑙𝑛 (Eq’n 2.11)
5.78𝛼 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑏
for Spheres:
𝑟𝑚2 0.608(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝜃= 𝑙𝑛 (Eq’n 2.12)
9.87𝛼 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑏
where:
Ts = temperature of new condition
Ta = initial temperature
Tb = temperature at time 𝜃 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦

Example:
100+80+60+40
100 𝑇𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 70
4

80

60

40

b.) From Foust (Gurney – Lurie Charts)

∝𝜃
x = Relative time = (Eq’n 2.13)
𝑥12

𝑇1 −𝑇
Y = Unaccomplished change = (Eq’n 2.14)
𝑇1 −ₒ𝑇

where: ₒT = initial temperature

T1 = temperature at surface
T = temperature at any time and distance
θTx

time distance
1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝐴 𝑘
m = relative resistance = = ∆𝑥 =
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥1 ℎ
𝑘𝐴

= 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 <<< 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ; 𝑚 ≈ 𝑜

23 | P a g e
 x₁ X₁
x
X

𝑥
n = relative position =
𝑥1

Modified Gurney – Lurie Chart / Foust – p.225

App D-16 / p. 751 Use this table if Gurney-Lurie Chart is not enough
log Y = ax + b

Sample Problem:
A cylindrical shaft 4” diameter with a uniform temperature of 1100 oC is plunged into
an oil bath at 300oC. The shaft is made of steel with ∝= 0.35𝑓𝑡 2 /ℎ𝑟
Calculate:
a.) average temperature of shaft after 1 hr
Ta = 1100oC Ts = 300oC
Tb = ? , 𝜃 = 1ℎ𝑟
𝑟𝑚 = 2(0.0254) = 0.0508𝑚
Using Eq’n 2.11:
𝑟𝑚2 0.692(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑎 )
𝜃= 𝑙𝑛
5.78 ∝ 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑏
0.35𝑓𝑡 2 (0.3048𝑚)2 𝑚2
∝= 𝑥 = 0.0325
ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡 2 ℎ𝑟
(0.0508)² 0.692(300 − 1100)
1ℎ𝑟 = 𝑙𝑛
5.78(0.0325) (300 − 𝑇𝑏 )
𝑇𝑏 = 300℃
b.) How long will it take for solid to reach an average temperature of 700 oC.
(0.0508)² 0.692(300 − 1100)
𝜃= 𝑙𝑛
5.78(0.0325) 300 − 700
3600𝑠
= 4.4645 𝑥 10−3 ℎ𝑟 𝑥
ℎ𝑟
𝜃 = 16.07𝑠

c.) Find the temperature 0.8 in from the center after 1 minute

′
∝ 𝜃 0.0325(1 min 𝑥 60ℎ𝑟
𝑚𝑖𝑛
)
𝐔𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐄𝐪 𝐧 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 → 𝑥 = =
𝑥1 ² (0.0508)²

𝑥 = 0.21

𝑇1 −𝑇 300 − 𝑇
𝑌= =
𝑇1 −ₒ𝑇 300 − 1100
2" oil
0.8" 𝑚 = 0 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑖𝑓 ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛!)

𝑥 0.8
oT = 1100℃ 𝑛= = = 0.4
𝑥1 2
T = 300℃

24 | P a g e
 Using App. D-16
𝑚=0 𝑎 = −2.511
𝑛 = 0.4 𝑏 = 0.0972
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑌 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏
𝑌 = 10𝑎𝑥+𝑏
= 10−2.511(0.21)+0.0972
𝑌 = 0.372
300 − 𝑇
Finally, 0.372 =
300 − 1100
𝑇 = 597.60℃

D. Conduction with Internal Heat Generation

- associated with electrical wires

T1 r = r1; T = T1 (surface)

Center r = 0; T = To

−Ԍ𝑟 2 −Ԍ 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑇 − 𝑇1 = (𝑟 − 𝑟12 ) (Eq’n 2.15)
4𝑘 4𝑘
Ԍ = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐵𝑡𝑢 𝑊
= =
ℎ𝑟 − 𝑓𝑡 3 𝑚3
Sample Problem:
An electrical wire has a melting point of 2500oF. The electrical input to a wire 10 ft long
𝐵𝑡𝑢
and ¼ inch diameter gives a volumetric heat generation totaling 1.40 x 106 . The
ℎ𝑟
surface temperature of the wire is 1500oF and 𝑘 = 10 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑡℉
a.) what will be the temperature at the center
b.) At what point will the temperature inside the wire be 2500℉ & greater?
1 1
𝑟1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ ≈ 𝑓𝑡
8 96
𝑇1 = 1500℉
Ԍ = 1.4 𝑥 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄ℎ𝑟

1.4 𝑥 106 𝐵𝑡𝑢⁄ℎ𝑟 𝐵𝑡𝑢

Ԍ=𝜋 = 4.1 𝑥 108 ℎ 3
1"
( 𝑥 1 𝑓𝑡
)(10𝑓𝑡) 𝑟 𝑓𝑡
4 4 12"

Ԍ
Using 𝐄𝐪′ 𝐧 𝟐. 𝟏𝟓 → 𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇1 = [𝑟 2 − 𝑟12 ]
4(10) 𝑜
−4.1 𝑥 108 1
𝑇𝑜 − 1500 = [0 − ( ) ²]
4(10) 96
𝑇𝑜 = 2612℉
b.)

25 | P a g e
 o
T1 = 1500 F
r = ?; T = 2500oF
Center To= 2612oF

𝑇 = 2500℉ 𝑟 =?
−Ԍ𝑟 2
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 =
4𝑘
−(4.1 𝑥 108 ) 2
2500 − 2612 = 𝑟
4(10)
𝑟 = 0.00331𝑓𝑡 = 0.04 inch

In this lecture, we have considered methods of analyzing heat

conduction problems in the steady and unsteady states. Problems
in the steady state are solved using the different equations in
Summary
evaluating mean thermal conductivity, mean area and resistances
in parallel and series. For unsteady state, where heat varies with
time, equations and charts were utilized.

Optional ➢ Read Chapter 10 of our textbook Unit Operations of Chemical

Activities/ Engineering by McCabe, Smith & Harriot.
Resources: ➢ Read Chapter 9 of our textbook Principles of Unit Operations by
Foust et al.
1. McCabe, W., Smith, J., & Harriot, P. (2004) Unit Operations of
Chemical Engineering, 7th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA
2. Foust, A.S., Wenzel, L.A., Clump, C. W., Maus, L., Amdersen, L.
B., (1980) Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd Ed., John Wiley
and Sons, NY
3. Green, D. & Southard, M.z. (2019) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’
Handbook, 9th Ed., McGrawhill Education, USA

Note: Any other edition will suffice.

References Recommended reading

1. Treybal, Robert Ewald (1980) Mass Transfer Operations,
3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, USA
2. E-books in Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena.

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 Learning Assessment

Activity 1. QUESTIONS.
Use the information given in this module and from our reference book to answer the
following questions:

Before each item, write T if the statement is True, otherwise F if it is False.

1. In its simplest form, the rate of heat transfer is equal to the product of a driving force
and a thermal conductance.
2. Thermal conductance is constant for each mode of heat transfer.
3. Conduction heat transfer mechanism can be via movement of free electrons.
4. Glasses and other ceramic materials have lower thermal conductivity than their
crystalline counterparts.
5. In most solids, the principal mode of thermal energy assimilation is by decrease in
vibrational energy of atoms.
6. In gases, conduction is due to collisions of randomly moving molecules.
7. In conduction through pipes, flux increases as the radius gets larger.
8. Heat cannot be transferred when there is vacuum between two objects.
9. Conduction in liquids is similar to solids, but with a much smaller mean free path.
10. Thermodynamics tells you what can happen while Transport tells you how fast it
will happen.

Activity 2. PROBLEM SOLVING.

Solve the given problems. Complete solution is needed.

1. A steel sphere 3” in diameter heated to 600 oF, is to be cooled by immersion

in an oil bath at 100oF. Calculate the average temperature of the sphere
a) 10 sec and b) 6 min after immersion.
For steel, k = 26Btu/ft-h-oF;  = 486lb/ft3; Cp = 0.11Btu/lboF.
2. A large sheet of glass 2” thick is initially at 300oF throughout. It is plunged into
a stream of running water having a temperature of 60 oF. How long will it take
to cool the glass to an average temperature of 100oF. For glass k =
0.40BTU/ft-hroF, ρ = 155 lb/ft3 and Cp = 0.20 BTU/lboF.
3. A steel pipeline 2”sch 40 (k = 45W/mK) contains saturated steam at 121.1oC.
the line is insulated with 25.4 mm asbestos (k = 0.182W/mK). Assuming that
the inside temperature of the metal wall is at 121.1 oC and the outer surface
of the insulation is at 26.7oC, calculate the heat loss for 30.5m of pipe.
4. A 1 ¼ inch sched. 40 steel pipe is insulated with a 2inch layer of asbestos
covered by a 3-inch layer of 85% magnesia. If the temperature inside the pipe
wall is 300oF and the atmospheric temp is 80 oF, what is the temperature
between the insulations?

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