ME130-2: Fluid Mechanics

Module 2:
Fluid Dynamics 1
Week 7:
The Energy Equation

Faculty: Engr. Emil Luna, MSc

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Conservation of Energy
• One of the most fundamental laws in nature is the First Law of Thermodynamics, also known
as the conservation of energy principle.

ME130-2: M2-W7
Conservation of Energy
• The transfer of any quantity (such as mass, momentum, and energy) is recognized at the
boundary as the quantity crosses the boundary. A quantity is said to enter a system (or control
volume) if it crosses the boundary from the outside to the inside, and to exit the system if it
moves in the reverse direction. A quantity that moves from one location to another within a
system is not considered as a transferred quantity in an analysis since it does not enter or exit
the system. Therefore, it is important to specify the system and thus clearly identify its
boundaries before an engineering analysis is performed.
𝑞𝑞 = 𝑤𝑤 + ∆ℎ + ∆𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + ∆𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

ME130-2: M2-W7
Conservation of Energy

ME130-2: M2-W7
Energy Equation
• The steady flow energy equation on a unit-mass basis can be written conveniently as
mechanical energy balance
𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 + 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑃1 𝑣𝑣1 2 𝑃𝑃2 𝑣𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔1 + 𝑤𝑤𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = + + 𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + 𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
𝑃𝑃1 𝑣𝑣1 2 𝑃𝑃2 𝑣𝑣2 2
𝑚𝑚̇ 1 + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔1 + 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = 𝑚𝑚̇ 2 + + 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑧𝑧 + 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 + 𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
ρ1 2 ρ2 2
𝑃𝑃1 𝑣𝑣1 2 𝑃𝑃2 𝑣𝑣2 2
+ + 𝑧𝑧1 + ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢 = + + 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧 + ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒 + ℎ𝐿𝐿
ρ1 𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔 ρ2 𝑔𝑔 2𝑔𝑔
𝑤𝑤𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢
• ℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢 = = ̇
this is the useful head delivered to the fluid by the pump
𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔
𝑤𝑤𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒
• ℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 = = ̇
this is the extracted head removed from the fluid by the turbine
𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔
𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚.𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙,𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝
• ℎ𝐿𝐿 = = ̇
this is the irreversible head loss between point 1 and 2
𝑔𝑔 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔

ME130-2: M2-W7
Power Equation
• Pump is used basically to increase the head (to raise water from a lower to a higher
elevation). The input power of the pump is electrical energy, and its output is the flow
energy.
𝑃𝑃𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 𝑄𝑄γℎ𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢

• Turbine or motors extract flow energy to do mechanical work which in turn converted into
electrical energy for turbines.
𝑃𝑃𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑄𝑄γℎ𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒

ME130-2: M2-W7
Mechanical Efficiency
• Mechanical Energy is defined as the form of energy that can be converted to mechanical
work completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.
𝑃𝑃2 − 𝑃𝑃1 𝑣𝑣2 2 − 𝑣𝑣1 2
∆𝑒𝑒𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = + + 𝑔𝑔(𝑧𝑧2 − 𝑧𝑧1 )
ρ 2

𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
η𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢
η𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 = = =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝

𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡

η𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = = =
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀. 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑. 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒

ME130-2: M2-W7
Mechanical Efficiency
• The mechanical efficiency should not be confused with the motor efficiency and the
generator efficiency
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠, 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
η𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
η𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 =
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝,𝑢𝑢 ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

η𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝−𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = η𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 η𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = =
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖

𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒,𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

η𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡−𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = η𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 η𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = =
𝑊𝑊̇ 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡,𝑒𝑒 ∆𝐸𝐸̇ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚,𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

ME130-2: M2-W7
Sample Problem
1. A submersible pump with a shaft power of 5kW and an efficiency of 72% is used to pump water from a lake to a poll through a constant diameter pipe. The
free surface of the pool is 25m above the free surface of the lake. If the irreversible head loss in the piping system is 4m, determine the discharge rate of
water and the pressure difference across the pump. Ans. 12.7 L/s & 283 kPa

ME130-2: M2-W7
Sample Problem
2. The water in a large lake is to be used to generate electricity by the installation of a hydraulic turbine generator. The elevation difference between the free
surfaces upstream and downstream of the dam is 50m. Water is to be supplied at a rate of 5000 kg/s. If the electric power generated is measured to be 1862
kW and the generator efficiency is 95%, determine (a) the overall efficiency of the turbine-generator, (b) the mechanical efficiency of the turbine, and (c)
the shaft power supplied by the turbine to the generator. Ans. 0.760, 0.8, 1960 kW

ME130-2: M2-W7
 End Slide

Access the recording here:

https://zoom.us/rec/share/oVYhiLF2Ndy8pUhWFEqkM8jhwLr3sj_8tiRbb-_gmV5LjPARr2ACDOoOMxW4iIjC.MNSNRSJ4P5UNC50v?startTime=1641377239000
Password: 8?2jG?%G

ME130-2: M2-W7