Lec.

1
Introduction to
Turbomachinery
Turbo Machinery 1
Course instructor Mechatronics Engineering Department

Dr. Mohamed Elsayed

Abdelaty
 Full name: Mohamed Elsayed Abdelaty
Degree: PhD in Engineering Science (Technical Science) from Moscow Power
Engineering institute, Moscow, Russia.

Academic • Lecturer at Mechanical Engineering Department, Shoubra Faculty of

Positions: Engineering, Benha University.
Website: https://www.bu.edu.eg/staff/mohamedabdelaty3

Edu-Mail: mohamed.abdelaty@feng.bu.edu.eg
akhmedmok@mpei.ru

Ø Turbomachinery Design and Theory, Rama S. R.Gorla, Aijaz A. Khan, Copyright 2003 by
Marcel Dekker .
Course Content
· INTRODUCTION TO TURBOMACHINERY
· SIMILARITY OF FLUID MACHINES
· INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULIC PUMPS
· CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
· AXIAL FLOW PUMP
· HYDRAULIC TURBINES
· PELTON WHEEL
Midterm exam
· AXIAL FLOW TURBINE
· COMPRESSORS AND FANS
· STEAM TURBINES
· REVISION
Final Exam
 Fluid machines ?
Fluid machines are in essence energy converters they convert or transform fluid energy into
mechanical energy such as turbines or they convert mechanical energy into fluid energy such as
pumps or compressors.

CLASSIFICATION OF FLUID MACHINES

According to the method of energy transfer between working fluid and the machine, fluid machinery are divided
into two main categories:

Displacement Machines Turbo Machines

 What is Turbo machine?
• Turbo in Latin means Whirl / Spin
· A turbo machine is a machine that transfer energy between a rotor and a fluid.

• Turbo machinery is the science that studies turbo machines.

Or any machine have the following

1- moving fluid

2- change in energy

3- rotating element ( impeller , runner , rotor , wheel )

Turbo and non turbo machines
· One distinctive feature of a turbo machine is that it converts
between rotor mechanical energy and fluid static (P) and
dynamic pressures 𝑉 !⁄2

Displacement machines in which a fixed amount of working fluid is positively contained

during its passage through the machine and undergoes changes of pressure energy by means
of variation in the volume of container.

Positive Displacement machines convert between volume and pressure changes and
are NOT considered turbo machines
Displacement machines are divided, according to the nature of the movement of the pressure-
changing members, into two main classes

1. Reciprocating machines, 2. Rotary machines,

such as reciprocating pumps and compressors. such as gear pumps and roots blowers.
 Examples of Turbo machine

𝑃 ,𝑇

∆𝑃 ↓ ∆𝑃 ↑
All Fluid machines are basically similar and their design is based on the basic laws of fluid
mechanics & thermodynamics.
fluid machinery are sometimes divided, according to the type of fluid handled,

1. Hydraulic (incompressible) (Water) 2. Thermal (Compressible) machinery ,

machinery , which deal with incompressible which deal with compressible fluids (gases and
fluids (liquids), such as hydraulic pumps and vapors), such as fans, compressors, steam and
turbines. gas turbines.
Turbomachines Classifications

Turbo machine

Work done on Work done by

fluid fluid

Incompressible Compressible Incompressible Compressible

Gas turbine
Compressors ,
Pumps Hydraulic turbine Steam turbine
Fan , blower
Wind turbine
Turbo machinery in Power
Generation
Power Can Be Generated By Several Methods:

1. Nuclear power station

2. Steam turbines power station
3. Gas turbines power station
4. Diesel engines power station
5. Wind power station
6. Sun thermal power station
7. Hydraulic power station.
Turbo machinery are divided, according to the main direction of flow through the machine, into
two main classes

1. Radial flow machines, in which the fluid flows mainly 2. Axial flow machines, in which the fluid flows axially or
along radial planes normal to axis of rotation of rotor. parallel to axis of rotation of rotor.
Turbo machines may be also classified as:
1. Open type or unshrouded
turbomachines, such as marine screws,
propellers of airplanes, some types of fans
and windmills. These machines influence
an indeterminate quantity of fluid.
2. Enclosed or shrouded type, where the blade
rows of the machine (the rotors and stators) are
enclosed in a casing such as most of the
conventional turbines, pumps and compressors.
Through the machine casing a finite quantity of
fluid passes per unit time.
Basic Principles Used in Turbo machine
1. Continuity equation ( Principle of Conservation of Mass )

2. Momentum equation (Principle of Conservation of Momentum )

3. First Law of thermodynamics (Principle of Conservation of Energy )

4. Second Law of thermodynamics (Entropy and Efficiencies)

Continuity equation :
For one inlet and one exit :

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∶ 𝑚!. = 𝑚#.

𝜌! 𝐴! 𝐶",! = 𝜌$ 𝐴$ 𝐶",$
𝐶$
For constant density , decreasing the passage cross
sectional area increases normal velocity
Compressible flow
e.g. gas turbines , steam turbines , compressors
𝛒 ≠ 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭
𝐶$
Incompressible flow
e.g. Pumps, hydraulic turbines , wind turbines , Fans
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆
𝛒 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝑪: 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝐴! 𝐶",! = 𝐴$ 𝐶",$ = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑉 % 𝑪𝒏 : 𝒏𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
 Momentum Equation (Newton 2nd low of motion)
𝑪𝒓𝟏
Linear Momentum Leads to :
𝑪𝑼𝟏
@ 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚 𝑎 = 𝑚. △ 𝐶 = 𝑚# 𝐶⃗$ − 𝐶⃗%

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∶ 𝐹⃗ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑪𝒓𝟐
Angular momentum equation Leads to :
⃗ 𝑟⃗
𝑇 = 𝐹×
∴ 𝑇 = 𝑚= 𝑟!𝐶>! − 𝑟?𝐶>?
𝑪𝑼𝟐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ∶ 𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑇×𝜔 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆

𝑪𝒓 : 𝑹𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
∴ 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑚= 𝜔 𝑟!𝐶>! − 𝜔 𝑟?𝐶>? 𝑪𝑼 : 𝑻𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒂𝒃𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
𝑼: 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑩𝒍𝒂𝒅𝒆 𝑽𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅
∴ 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐰𝐨𝐫𝐤 𝐝𝐨𝐧𝐞 𝐨𝐧 𝐟𝐥𝐮𝐢𝐝 = 𝐏⁄𝐦! = 𝐔𝟐 𝑪𝒖𝟐 − 𝐔𝟏 𝑪𝒖𝟏
this equation is called Euler Eq

For compressor, speci_ic work spent = P⁄m! = U% C&% − U' C&' 𝒓

For Turbine , speci_ic work gained = −P⁄m! = U' C&' − U% C&%
Energy Equation Out
𝐶!! − 𝐶?!
in 𝑄 = − 𝑊 = = 𝑚= ℎ! − ℎ? + + 𝑔 𝑍! − 𝑍?
2
• Neglecting Losses
• For Ideal Gas , ∆ℎ = 𝐶( ∆𝑇 , 𝐶( is specific heat at constant pressure(Isobaric)
• Assumed adiabatic (𝑸! = 𝟎)
• Difference in elevation is neglected
𝐶!! − 𝐶?!
∴ −𝑊 = = 𝑚= ℎ! − ℎ? + = 𝑚= ℎI! − ℎI?
2
𝐶%
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ) = ℎ + = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑝𝑦
2
For compressor, speci_ic work spent For Turbine , speci_ic work gained
𝑊! 𝑊!
= 𝑤 = − ! = 𝒉𝟎𝟐 − 𝒉𝟎𝟏 = 𝑤 = − ! = 𝒉𝟎𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎𝟐
𝑚 𝑚
2nd Law of thermodynamic :Quantity vs. Quality 𝒉
Heat

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
Clausius Inequality Friction

𝑟𝑒
𝜹𝑸 𝜹𝑸𝒇

𝑠𝑠𝑢
𝒅𝒔 = +

𝑟𝑒
𝑻 𝑻

ℎ𝑝
ℎ𝑖 𝑔
𝛿𝑄&

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 , 𝑑𝑠 = + , ds ≥ 0
𝑇

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 ≤ 100% 𝑢 𝑟𝑒
𝑠
𝑤 ±% 𝑟 𝑒𝑠
𝜂'( = 𝑝
𝑤
𝑤'( 𝐿𝑜

𝑤'(
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂'( =
𝑤 𝑤
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂'( =
𝑤'(
 One Dimensional Isentropic Flow of a Perfect Gas
• For adiabatic flow and assuming no work transfer

ℎ* = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐶$
𝑇* = 𝑇 +
2𝐶+
• For isentropic flow (reversible and adiabatic) the stagnation properties in terms of local Mach No.
𝑪
𝑴= are:
𝜸𝑹𝑻

l l
𝑇k 𝛾−1 ! 𝑃k 𝑇k lm? 𝛾−1 ! lm?
=1+ 𝑀 = = 1+ 𝑀
𝑇 2 𝑃 𝑇 2

? ?
𝜌k 𝑃k l 𝛾−1 ! lm?
𝛾
= = 1+ 𝑀 𝑅 = 𝐶n − 𝐶n 𝐶n = 𝑅
𝜌 𝑃 2 𝛾−1
 To calculate the Turbo Machine Power Static Enthalpy By known P & T
𝑃 = 𝑚= ×𝑤 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 , ℎ = 𝐶+ 𝑇

Mass Flow rate Specific Work

𝜌 𝐴 𝐶, Velocity

𝐶$
Normal Velocity 𝑪 Tangential Velocity Total Enthalpy ℎ- = ℎ +
2
Density

For Tur𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 For compressor

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤 = ℎ)' − ℎ)% 𝑤 = ℎ)% − ℎ)'
𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
By known P & T
𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
, 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 For Tur𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 For compressor
𝑃 𝑤 = 𝑈' 𝐶/' − 𝑈% 𝐶/% 𝑤 = 𝑈% 𝐶/% − 𝑈' 𝐶/'
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝜌 =
𝑅𝑇
 EFFICIENCY AND LOSSES IN FLUID MACHINES
• Efficiency estimates are intended to provide measure of the quality of fluid machine
performance.
• Efficiencies compare the actual energy transfer for a specified operating point to an ideal
energy transfer for a similar operating condition.

Adiabatic (Isentropic)Efficiencies
• The adiabatic efficiency compares energy transfer for the actual machine process with the
energy for a reversible adiabatic process.

• For an adiabatic expansion process (turbine) the actual energy transfer per unit mass of
working fluid would be:
𝑊=
𝑤 = − = = 𝒉𝟎𝟏 − 𝒉𝟎𝟐
𝑚
Total to Total efficiency 𝜼𝒕1𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 compressible−fluid turbines 𝑷𝟎𝟏
01 𝒉𝟎𝟏
It is the efficiency based on stagnation properties at inlet and outlet h
𝐶%$ 𝐶$$
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 ℎ-% − ℎ-$ ℎ% − ℎ$ + −
𝜂./. = = = = 2 2 𝐶%$ ⁄2
𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊( ℎ-% − ℎ-$( $
𝐶% 𝐶$( $ 𝑷𝟏
ℎ% − ℎ$( + −
2 2

𝒘
Static to static efficiency 1

𝒘𝒔
It is the efficiency based on Static properties at inlet and outlet in case of 𝑷𝟎𝟐
0!" 0""
𝒉𝟎𝟐
− is negligible 02
$ $

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 ℎ% − ℎ$ 𝐶$$ ⁄2

𝜂1/1 = = = 02s
𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊( ℎ% − ℎ$(
𝑷𝟐

2s

S
Total to Total efficiency 𝜼𝒕1𝒕 𝒇𝒐𝒓 compressible−fluid Compressors
It is the efficiency based on stagnation properties at inlet and outlet
$
𝐶$( 𝐶%$
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊( ℎ-$( − ℎ-% ℎ$( − ℎ% + 2 − 2
𝜂./. = = = =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 ℎ-$ − ℎ-% 𝐶$$ 𝐶%$
ℎ$ − ℎ% + 2 − 2

Static to static efficiency

It is the efficiency based on Static properties at inlet and outlet in case of

0!" 0""
− is negligible
$ $

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊( ℎ$( − ℎ%

𝜂1/1 = = =
𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑊 ℎ$ − ℎ%
For hydraulic Turbines , in defining the total-to-total or hydraulic efficiency, the expression for
work as given in equation :
𝑃% − 𝑃$ 𝐶%$ − 𝐶$$ Δ𝑃
𝑊45.647 + + 𝑔 𝑍% − 𝑍$ − ;*((
𝜌 2 𝜌
𝜂3 = =
𝑊89:47 𝑃% − 𝑃$ 𝐶%$ − 𝐶$$
+ + 𝑔 𝑍% − 𝑍$
𝜌 2

For Pumps , in defining the total-to-total or hydraulic efficiency, the expression for work as
given in equation :
𝑃$ − 𝑃% 𝐶$$ − 𝐶%$
𝑊89:47 𝜌 + 2 + 𝑔 𝑍$ − 𝑍%
𝜂3 = =
𝑊45.647 𝑃$ − 𝑃% 𝐶$$ − 𝐶%$ Δ𝑃;*((
𝜌 + 2 + 𝑔 𝑍$ − 𝑍% + 𝜌
Due to the divergence of pressure lines
Isentropic efficiencies 𝜂.. are different for each stage
and for the whole machine
𝜂.. ,(.4=: % ≠ 𝜂.. ,(.4=: $ ≠ 𝜂.. ,(.4=: > ≠ 𝜂.. ,.*.47

For Turbine: 𝝅𝒕𝒕,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 is high 𝝅𝒕𝒕,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 is Low

𝑃- ,(.4=:,',
𝜋..,(.4=: = 𝛈𝐭𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝛈𝐭𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐚 𝐛𝐢𝐭 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝑃- ,(.4=:,*6.

𝑃- .6HI',:,', 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝝅𝒕𝒕,𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 → 𝟏 𝛈𝐭𝐭 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐚𝐜𝐡 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐥 = 𝛈𝐩

𝜋..,.*. =
𝑃- ,.6HI',:,*6.

A Polytropic efficiency 𝜂+ is a reference which is constant for each stage and

For Compressor: for whole machine , where

𝑃- ,(.4=:,*6.
𝜋..,(.4=: = 𝛈𝐩 = lim 𝛈𝐭𝐭
𝑃- ,(.4=:,', 𝝅→𝟏

𝑃- .6HI',:,*6.
𝜋..,.*. =
𝑃- ,.6HI',:,',
 Turbine Polytropic efficiency
Is the true aerodynamic efficiency which eliminates the effect of pressure ratio due to the
divergence of the pressure lines on h-s diagram .

for the same pressure limits, a turbo machine stage that works at a higher inlet temperature has a
higher adiabatic heat drop or rise. In multi-stage machines, this effect will be reflected upon the
machine output as each stage will suffer from the reheat due to energy loss in the preceding stage.

For adiabatic expansion in turbines 𝑑ℎ = 𝜈 𝑑𝑝 − 𝑇𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑝
For isentropic expansion 𝑑ℎ'( = 𝜈 𝑑𝑝 =
𝜌
𝛾
For Perfect gases 𝑑ℎ = 𝐶J 𝑑𝑇 𝑃=𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝐶J =
𝑅
𝛾−1
Using the equation of state and the thermodynamic relation of specific heats, one gets for a perfect gas:
The infinitesimal turbine stage efficiency, polytropic efficiency, will be given by
𝛾
𝑑ℎ 𝐶J 𝑑𝑇 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 𝛾 𝑑𝑇œ𝑇
𝛾−1
𝜂J. = = = =
𝑑ℎ'( 𝑑𝑃⁄𝜌 𝑅𝑇⁄𝑃 𝑑𝑃 𝛾 − 1 𝑑𝑃œ
𝑃
𝛾 𝑑𝑇 $ $
𝛾 𝑑𝑇
𝜂J. 𝑑𝑃⁄𝑃 = œ𝑇 ž 𝜂 𝑑𝑃 ⁄𝑃 = ž œ𝑇
𝛾−1 J.
𝛾−1
% %
K/%
K
𝑃$ 𝑇$ K/% L#$ 𝑇$ 𝑃$ K L#$
𝑃$ 𝛾 𝑇$ ∴ =
𝜂J. ln = ln ∴ = 𝑇% 𝑃%
𝑃% 𝛾 − 1 𝑇% 𝑃% 𝑇%
 K
𝑃$ 𝑇$ K/% L#$
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∶ = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝛾 ∶ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝑃% 𝑇%

,
𝑃$ 𝑇$ ,/%
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∶ = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 ∶ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥
𝑃% 𝑇%

0,94

0,93

𝜸/𝟏 0,92
𝜼𝑷 𝜸$𝟏
𝑻𝟐 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝟏 𝜼𝑷
𝜸
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐 𝟏− 𝟏 − 𝟏− 0,91
𝑻𝟏 𝑷𝟏 𝝅
∵ 𝜼𝒔/𝒔 = = = = 0,9
𝑻𝟏 − 𝑻𝟐𝒔 𝑻𝟐𝒔 𝜸/𝟏 𝜸/𝟏

efficiency
𝟏− 𝑻 𝑷 𝜸 𝟏 𝜸
𝟏 𝟏− 𝟐 𝟏−𝝅 0,89
𝑷𝟏
0,88

0,87
𝜂_t =0.86 𝜂_t =0.88
ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃% 0,86
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃$ 0,85

0,84
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
π
plot the variation of isentropic efficiency over a range of pressure ratio from 1 to 10.
If the turbine isentropic efficiencies are 0.86 , 0.88 and 0.9
Compressor Polytropic efficiency
Using the equation of state and the thermodynamic relation of specific heats, one gets for a perfect gas:
The infinitesimal compressor stage efficiency, polytropic efficiency, will be given by
𝑑ℎ'( 𝑉 𝑑𝑝
𝜂J5 = =
𝑑ℎ 𝑑ℎ
Using the equation of state and the thermodynamic relation of specific heats, one gets for a perfect gas:
K/%
𝑇$ 𝑃$ K L#' 0,91
∴ = 0,9
𝑇% 𝑃%
0,89
0,88
0,87

efficiency
0,86
0,85
𝜸/𝟏 0,84
𝑻𝟐𝒔 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝜸/𝟏
𝑻𝟐𝒔 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟏 − 𝟏 𝑷𝟏 − 𝟏 𝝅 𝜸 −𝟏
0,83

∵ 𝜼𝒔/𝒔 = = = = 0,82
𝑻𝟐 − 𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐 𝜸/𝟏 𝜸/𝟏
𝑻𝟏 − 𝟏 𝑷𝟐 𝜸 𝜼𝑷𝒄 𝝅 𝜸 𝜼𝑷𝒄 − 𝟏
0,81
𝜂 =0.86 𝜂 =0.88 𝜂 =0.9
𝑷𝟏 − 𝟏 0,8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
r

ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃$ plot the variation of isentropic efficiency over a range of pressure
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜋 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = = ratio from 1 to 10. If the compressor isentropic efficiencies are
𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑃% 0.86 , 0.88 and 0.9
Example Sheet 1

Compare the compressor and turbine efficiency graphically for a polytropic efficiency of 0.86 , 88 and 0.9.

0,94
𝜂_t =0.86
0,92

𝜂_t =0.88
0,9

𝜂_t=0.9
efficiency

0,88

𝜂_c=0.86
0,86

0,84 𝜂_c =0.88

0,82 𝜂_c=0.9

0,8
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
r
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝟎𝟏
for a perfect gas 𝒉
+$' )$'
𝑃*' + 𝑃𝟎' )

Polytr
𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑃*( 𝑃𝟎(
K/%

o
𝑛 − 1 ⁄𝑛 𝑃-% K L)

pic Ex
𝑇-% 𝒏

Isentropic Expansion
𝜂+ = ∴ =
𝛾 − 1 ⁄𝛾 𝑇-$ 𝑃-$

pansio
𝜸
𝑤'(,.. = ℎ-% − ℎ-$( = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% − 𝑇-$(

n
K/%
𝑇-$( 1 K
𝑤'(,.. = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1− = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1 − 02
𝑇-% 𝜋..
𝒔
0𝟐
K/%
1 K
𝑤 = 𝑤'(,.. ×𝜂.. = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1 − 𝜂..
𝜋..

𝑤 = ℎ-% − ℎ-$ = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% − 𝑇-$

,/% K/%
𝑇-$ 1 , 1 K L)
𝑤 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1 − = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1 − 𝑤 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 1 −
𝑇-% 𝜋.. 𝜋..
𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑓𝑜𝑟 Compressor
𝒉 02
for a perfect gas
+$' )$'
𝑃*( + 𝑃𝟎𝟐 )
𝒊𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝒑𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒊𝒄 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑃*' 𝑃𝟎𝟏
𝒔

Pol
K/%
𝛾 − 1 ⁄𝛾 𝑇-$ 𝑃-$ K L) 0𝟐
𝜂+ =

y
∴ =

t
𝑛 − 1 ⁄𝑛

r
𝑇-% 𝑃-%

o p
Isentropic Expansion

i c E
𝑤'(,.. = ℎ-$( − ℎ-% = 𝐶+ 𝑇-$( − 𝑇-% 𝒏

xp a
𝜸

nsion
𝑇-$( K/%
𝑤'(,.. = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% − 1 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 𝜋.. K −1
𝑇-%
K/%
𝑤 = 𝑤'(,.. ⁄𝜂.. = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 𝜋.. K − 1 œ𝜂..
𝟎𝟏

𝑤 = ℎ-$ − ℎ-% = 𝐶+ 𝑇-$ − 𝑇-%

𝑇-$ ,/%
𝑤 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% − 1 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 𝜋.. , −1
𝑇-%

,/%
L#
𝑤 = 𝐶+ 𝑇-% 𝜋.. −1
The Overall Efficiency of a Fluid Machine
The leakage losses means
that part of the mass flow
rate is leaked between the
moving and fixed parts of a
fluid machine.
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝜼𝒗 =
𝒎!𝒂𝒄𝒕
𝒎!𝒕𝒉
∓?
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝜂k =
𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
losses
Mechanical losses comprise disc
fluid frictional losses (hydraulic friction losses which occurs in
turbines, pumps and compressors,
losses), which includes
mechanical bearing losses, and the
secondary and end wall losses. ventilation losses in partial
admission impulse turbines.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝑴𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚
𝜼𝒕𝒕 ∓
𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔
𝜼𝒎 = 𝟏 −
𝒎!𝒂𝒄𝒕 𝑾
𝜂Œ = 𝜂• ×𝜂ŽŽ ×𝜂••‘’
Disc or Wheel or Blade Friction loss
The moving blade wheel is required to rotate inside the working fluid in the turbo machine .presence of working fluid produces
friction and creates resistance to the moving blade
Mechanical Friction Loss

Due to friction at bearings , this loss takes place . Heat generated due to friction is carried out by the lubrication oil and cooled
at the oil cooler.

hydraulic losses
which includes secondary , end wall losses ,Slip , tip leakage or tip clearance
and back flow .
Internal efficiency
In multistage machines (sometimes also in single stage machines), the disc friction may be
included with the hydraulic loss and we get what is called the internal efficiency.

∓?
= 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑊«¬- − =
𝜂ª = 𝑚
=
𝑊ª®¯°

𝜂% = 𝜂& ×𝜂' ×𝜂()*+

Video Links

How does a Centrifugal pump work ?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaEHVpKc-1Q&t=131s

Centrifugal Pump Impellers

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0WsfrUCO0U&t=4s
Thanks For Attention
Q&A