SCIENCE OF TURBO-MACHINERY

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
A Scientific Diagnosis of Working of A Turbo-
Machine
Leonhard Euler
Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) was
arguably the greatest mathematician of
the eighteenth century.
One of the most prolific of all time; his
publication list of 886 papers and books
fill about 90 volumes.
Remarkably, much of this output dates
from the the last two decades of his life,
when he was totally blind.
Euler's prolific output caused a
tremendous problem of backlog: the St.
Petersburg Academy continued
publishing his work posthumously for
more than 30 years.
Theoretical and Rigorous Work of French
Bernoulli and Leonhard Euler.
1750:Euler offered a memoir containing analysis and
equations for hydraulic turbines.
1754: An idealized theoretical application of Newtons
Law to centrifugal impellers.
Known as Euler Equation.
Did much to help the development of hydraulic machinery.
1767: Relation between Torque and Change in moment of
momentum of the fluid as it passed through the machine.
Applications of Eulers Equation
Euler equation applies to all kinds of turbomachines.
Wind turbines ---- Pumps --- Gas turbines.
Axial flow machines to Radial flow to Mixed flow.
Energy extraction machines Energy consuming
machines.
For a turbine the value of Equation is negative.
For pumps, fans, blowers and compressors it is possitive.
Eulers Work Equation
Torque exerted by flow on blade row = shaft output torque = t
Rate of change of Angular momentum of fluid = t
k V j V i V V
r x

+ + =
j
T
dt
dL
= t
L: Angular momentum
Angular momentum is moment of linear momentum of
angular velocity, V
U
r mV L
U
=
For a steady flow through a turbomachine:
Rate of angular momentum at inlet:
1 1
r V m
j

Rate of angular momentum at exit:

2 2
r V m
j

Rate of change in angular momentum:

1 1 2 2
r V m r V m
j j


)
1 1 2 2
r V r V m
j j
t =

Power :
)
1 1 2 2
r V r V m P
j j
m tm = =

This is known as Euler Turbomachinery Equation.
)
1 1 2 2
r V r V m P
j j
m tm = =

This is known as Euler Turbomachinery Equation.
) )
01 02 1 1 2 2
h h m r V r V m P = = = m m tm
j j

Euler Turbomachinery Equation
Euler equation applies to all kinds of turbomachines.
Wind turbines ---- Pumps --- Gas turbines.
Axial flow machines to Radial flow to Mixed flow.
Energy extraction machines Energy consuming
machines.
For a turbine the value of Equation is negative.
For pumps, fans, blowers and compressors it is positive.
)
1 1 2 2
r V r V m P
j j
m tm = =

Read Through Euler Turbo-machinery Equation
A Change in total enthalpy is equivalent to change in
tangential flow speed or tangential engine speed.
For engines with little change in mean radius, the change
in total enthalpy is due to change in tangential flow speed.
Small change in enthalpy of fluid.
For engines with large change in radius, the change in
enthalpy is to a large degree due to the change in radius.
The centrifugal/centripetal effect.
Large change in enthalpy of fluid.
V
ai
V
ae
V
ri
V
re
Eulers Vision of Newtons Laws of Motion
Jet can lose/gain power both by Impulse and Reaction.
One important and essential element in all these cases is a nozzle.
U
In search of Time scale in Resource
Primary characteristics of a source.
The effect: Head, H (m) or (p
The Capacity: Discharge Q (m
3
/s) or Power, P
(W=kg.m
2
/s
3
).
Natural Parameter: Acceleration due to gravity: g (m/s)
(for Hydraulic machines)
Density of fluid: V(kg/m
3
).
The Eulers Machine-Fluid Matching Parameter:
) V , : , g H P f ! 4
For hydraulic machines
) V : , p P f ( ! 4
For compressible fluid machines
Let us consider only hydraulic machines for
time being.
l k j i
g H P V v v v = H
)
j
i
gH
P
v

= H
V
j
i
m
s
m
m
kg
s
m kg

v v

= H
2
3
3
2
.
j i
s
m
s
m

= H
2
2
3
5
2
5
2
2
3
5

! 4
s
m
s
m
i
Take j = -5/2

= H

1
5
3
5
s
m
s
m
i
Take i = 1/2 & j = -5/4
4
5
2
2
2
1
3
5

= H
s
m
s
m
)
4
5
2
1

= H gH
P
V
)
4
5
gH
P

= H
V
2
5
2
5
2
3
2
5

v = H
s
m
s
m
s = H
4
5

= H
V
V
p
P
Time Scale of a Machine to Resource
Speed: N (rpm) or n (rps)
Scale Time Machine
Scale Time Resource
scale time ess Dimensionl !
n
1
scale time imension - on
H
=
This is named as Specific Speed, N
s
)
4
5
gH
P
n
N
s

!
V
)
4
5
gH
P

! 4
V
)
4
5
60
gH
P N
N
s

!
V
Popular Definitions:
)
4
5
gH
P
N
N
s

!
V
4
5
H
P N
N
s
!
The specific speed, usually represented by N
s
, also denominated
absolute specific speed or specific angular speed, corresponds to the
number of revolutions per minute a turbine similar to which you want to
project would give (of equal form but reduced dimensions), which,
installed in a jump of 1 m. height, would provide a power of 1 W
)
4
3
4
3
gH
Q N
or
H
Q N
N
s
!
Selection of Speed of A Turbo Machine
The impact of Nationalism.
Impulse
Reaction
Impulse -Reaction
pumps for
H
Q N
N
s

4
3
!
MORE ADAPTED TYPE OF TURBINA IN FUNCTION OF THE SPECIFIC SPEED.
Specific Speed in r.p.m. Turbine type Jump height in m
Until 18 Pelton of an injector 800
From 18 to 25 Pelton of an injector 800 to 400
From 26 to 35 Pelton of an injector 400 to 100
From 26 to 35 Pelton of two injectors 800 to 400
From 36 to 50 Pelton of two injectors 400 to 100
From 51 to 72 Pelton of four injectors 400 to 100
From 55 to 70 Very slow Francis 400 to 200
From 70 to 120 Slow Francis 200 to 100
From 120 to 200 Normal Francis 100 to 50
From 200 to 300 Quick Francis 50 to 25
From 300 to 450 Extra-quick Francis 25 to 15
From 400 to 500 Extra-quick helix 15
From 270 to 500 Slow Kaplan 50 to 15
From 500 to 800 Quick Kaplan 15 to 5
From 800 to 1100 Extra-quick Kaplan Less than 5
4
5
H
P N
N
s
!
Specific Speed