이동조작 1

Unit Operations in Fluid Mechanics I

(1st Semester. 2023)

강의: 한대훈 (dhhan@jnu.ac.kr)

Section II. Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 8. Transportation and Metering of Fluids

§ 8.1. Pipe, fittings, and valves

§ 8.2. Pumps

§ 8.3. Fans, blowers, and compressors

§ 8.4. Measurement of flowing fluids

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8.3 Fans, blowers, and compressors

They are machines that move and compress gases

§ Fans discharge large volume of gas (usually air) into spaces or large ducts
§ Low-speed machines that generate very low pressure, on the order of 0.04 atm
§ Blowers are high-speed rotary devices (using either positive-displacement or
centrifugal force)
§ Develop a maximum pressure of about 2 atm
§ Compressors are also positive-displacement or centrifugal machines
§ discharge at pressures from 2 atm to several thousand atm

Rotary screw compressor

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8.3 Fans, blowers, and compressors

Compressor

A compressor increases the pressure

of a fluid by reducing its volume

It takes ambient air through several

stages of compression to supply very
high pressure

The ratio of pressure is more than

1.20

It provides fluid to more specific

location or point.

-Positive-displacement compressors
-Dynamic compressors

It consists of a power source and a

compressing mechanism (piston,
vane, etc.)

!"#$%&'() *')##+')
• Pressure ratio = Speci.ic ratio =
,+$-"./ *')##+')

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8.3 Fans, blowers, and compressors

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0_IQLOn5ZnQ&ab_channel=NiLTime

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids

To control industrial processes, it is essential to know the amount of material entering and
leaving the process
Many different types of meters are used industrially
§ Selection of meter is based on
• the applicability of the instrument to the specific problem
• its installed cost and operation cost
• the range of flow rates
• its inherent accuracy
Two major flow meters
§ Full-bore meters: Measuring all the fluid in the pipe or channel
§ Insertion meters: Measuring the flow rate or the fluid velocity at one point only

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids
Full-bore meters
§ Venturi meter
• It consists of short inlet cone, throat, and long discharge cone
• Pressure taps at the start of the inlet section and at the throat are connected to a
manometer or differential pressure transmitter
𝑝0 𝛼0 𝑉501 𝑝2 𝛼2 𝑉521
+ 𝑔 𝑍0 + = + 𝑔 𝑍2 +
• Fluid velocity ↑ Pressure ↓ 𝜌 2 𝜌 2

• Flow rate is measured based on the pressure drop

2 𝑝# − 𝑝! Shell balance
𝛼! 𝑉"!" − 𝛼# 𝑉"#" =
𝜌 𝜌# 𝑉+# 𝐷! "
𝐷! " =
𝑉"# = 𝑉"! = 𝛽 "𝑉"! 𝜌! 𝑉! 𝐷#
𝐷#

1 2 𝑝# − 𝑝!
𝑉"! =
𝛼! − 𝛽 $ 𝛼# 𝜌

• It applies to the frictionless flow of incompressible fluids

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids
Full-bore meters
§ Venturi meter
1 2 𝑝# − 𝑝!
𝑉"! =
𝛼! − 𝛽 $ 𝛼# 𝜌

• To account for the small friction loss, an empirical factor 𝐶% (venturi coefficient) is used

𝐶% 2 𝑝# − 𝑝!
𝑉"! =
1 − 𝛽$ 𝜌

• The volumetric and mass flow rates can be calculated with 𝑉"!

𝐶% 𝑆! 2 𝑝# − 𝑝!
Volumetric flow rate (m3/s) 𝑞 = 𝑉"! 𝑆! = 𝑆! = area of throat
1− 𝛽$ 𝜌

𝐶% 𝑆!
Mass flow rate (kg/s) 𝑚̇ = 𝑞𝜌 = 2 𝑝# − 𝑝! 𝜌
1 − 𝛽$

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids

Full-bore meters
§ The venturi meter is expensive, requires considerable space, and its ratio of throat
diameter to pipe diameter cannot be changed
§ Orifice meter
• A sharp-edged orifice is designed to generate the pressure difference between
the inlet position to the outlet position
• It requires a larger power consumption

𝐶& 2 𝑝# − 𝑝!
𝑢& =
1 − 𝛽$ 𝜌

𝑢3 = velocity through orifice

𝐶3 = orifice coefficient (determined experimentally)
𝛽 = ratio of orifice diameter to pipe dimeter

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oUd4WxjoHKY&ab_channel=Endress%2BHauser

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids

Full-bore meters
§ Rotameter
• The position of a float in the rotameter is changed depending on the flow rate
• Rotameters are used for both liquid and gas flow measurements

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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids
Full-bore meters (Coriolis meter)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISKXWZgGw2k&t=43s&ab_channel=한국에머슨
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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids
Insertion meters: only one point is measured
§ Pitot tube
• The pitot tube is a device used to measure the local velocity along a streamline
• Two tubes are connected to the legs of a manometer or equivalent device for
measuring small pressure differences
• The pressure difference (dynamic pressure = stagnation pressure – static
pressure) gives the local velocity of the point where impact tube is located

For incompressible fluids,

2 𝑝' − 𝑝(
𝑢& =
𝜌

𝑢3 = velocity at impact hole

𝑝4 = stagnation pressure
𝑝5 = static pressure

• The disadvantages of the pitot tube are (1) that most designs do not give the
average velocity directly and (2) that its readings for gases are extremely small
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8.4 Measurement of flowing fluids

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zEdtkuNYLU&ab_channel=NiLTime

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