Chapter 2: Energy and the 1st

Law of Thermodynamics

The Study of Energy in Closed

Systems
Kinetic Energy V

dV dV ds
Fs = m =m
dt ds dt
dV
= mV
ds
s2 V2 1
∫
s1
Fs ds = ∫
V1
mVdV = m(V22 − V12 )
2
Potential Energy
 Energy: The Property

1 2 2
• Kinetic Energy ∆KE = ⋅ m(V2 − V1 )
2

• Potential Energy ∆PE = m ⋅ g ( z2 − z1 )

• Common Units
– J(N·m) or kJ
– ft·lbf
– Btu
Conservation of Energy
 Energy Changes
• Total Energy: An extensive property of a system
– Kinetic Energy (Mechanical)
– Potential Energy (Mechanical)
– Internal Energy: U or u
• Represents all other forms of energy
• Includes all microscopic forms of energy

∆E = ∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U
 Energy Transfers
• Work
– W > 0 : Work done by the
system
– W < 0 : Work done on the
system •
– Time rate of work is Power: W
• Heat Transfer
– Q > 0 : Heat transfer into
the system
– Q < 0 : Heat transfer out of
the system •
– Rate of heat transfer: Q
 Work
V2
• Expansion/Compression
Work (Moving Boundary Work)
∫ p ⋅dV
V1

• Elongation of a solid bar

• Stretching of a Liquid Film
• Rotating Shaft
• Electric
• Polarization/Magnetization
Work is process (path) dependent,
and is NOT a property of the system
 Example 2.1 Evaluating Expansion Work
A gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes an expansion process for
which the relationship between pressure and volume is give by
pVn=constant
The initial pressure is 3bar, the initial volume is 0.1m3, and the final volume is
0.2m3. Determine the work for the process, in kJ, if (a) n=1.5, (b) n=1.0, and
(c) n=0.
 Heat Transfer
• dT
• Conduction Q x = −κ A
• dx
• Radiation Q e = −εσ ATb4
•

• Convection Q c = hA(Tb − T f )
Photo courtesy of Mike Benson
 Conservation of Energy:
The 1st Law of Thermodynamics
∆KE + ∆PE + ∆U = Q − W
Change in Net amount of Net amount of
amount of energy energy
energy transferred in transferred out
contained within across the across the
= system - system
the system
during some boundary by boundary by
time interval heat transfer work during the
during the time time interval
interval
 Alternative Forms of the Energy
Balance
• Differential Form:

dE = δ Q − δ W
• Time Rate Form:
dE • •
= Q− W
dt
 Example 2.2 Cooling a gas in a piston-cylinder
Four-tenths kilogram of a certain fas is contained within a piston-cylinder
assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which the pressure-volume
relationship is
pV1.5=constant
The initial pressure is 3bar, the initial volume is 0.1m3, and the final volume is
0.2m3. The change in specific internal energy of the gas in the process is u2-
u1=-55kJ/kg. There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy.
Determine the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ.
 Example 2.3 Considering alternate systems
Air is contained in a vertical piston-cylinder assembly fitted with an electrical resistor.
The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.7 psi on the top of the piston, which has a
mass of 100lb and a face area of 1ft2. Electric current passes through the resistor, and
the volume of the air slowly increases by 1.6ft3 while its pressure remains constant. The
mass of the air is 0.6lb, and its specific internal energy increases by 18 Btu/lb. The air
and piston are at rest initially and finally. The piston-cylinder material is a ceramic
composite and thus a good insulator. Friction between the piston and cylinder wall can
be ignored, and the local acceleration of gravity is g=32.0 ft/s2. Determine the heat
transfer from the resistor to the air, in Btu, for a system consisting of (a) the air alone,
(b) the air and the piston.
 Cycle Analysis
∆Ecycle = Qcycle − Wcycle

• Energy is a property, thus ∆Ecycle = 0

Qcycle = Wcycle
 Cycle Analysis Qcycle = Wcycle

Power cycle Refrigeration & Heat

Pump Cycles

Coefficient of
performance
Thermal
Refrigeration
efficiency
Qin
β=
Wcycle Wcycle
η= Pump Cycles
Qin
Qout
γ =
Wcycle
Cycle Analysis-Power Cycle
Qcycle = Wcycle
Thermal efficiency, η
Wcycle
η=
Qin
Wcycle = Qin − Qout

Wcycle Qin − Qout Qout

η= = = 1−
Qin Qin Qin
Cycle Analysis-Refrigeration
Qcycle = Wcycle
Coefficient of Performance, β
Qin
β=
Wcycle
Wcycle = Qout − Qin

Qin Qin
β= =
Wcycle Qout − Qin
Cycle Analysis-Heat Pump
Qcycle = Wcycle
Coefficient of Performance, γ
Qout
γ =
Wcycle

Wcycle = Qout − Qin

Qout Qout
γ= = >1
Wcycle Qout − Qin
END