Chapter 3: Evaluating

Properties

Lava flowing into the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii. Photo courtesy of Mike Benson.

Property Relations in Engineering

Thermodynamics

The State Principle

Two independent, intensive, thermodynamic
properties are required to fix the state of a
simple compressible system.

For example: P and v

T and u

x and h
Intensive thermodynamic properties:
h – specific u – specific internal x – quality s –specific entropy
enthalpy energy (steam only)
P –absolute T – absolute v – specific Less used:
pressure temperature volume g - Gibbs free energy
a - Helmholz free energy

1
 P-v-T Relation
Note the location of
the following:
- Single phase regions
- Two phase regions
- Saturation states
- Triple line
- Critical Point

T-v diagram

Diagram courtesy of Jerry M. Seitzman, 2001.

2
 Phase Changes

Constant Pressure phase change of water:

a) Subcooled or Compressed Liquid

b) Two-phase liquid-vapor mixture (steam)
c) Superheated vapor

Vapor and Liquid Tables

For Water:
– Superheated vapor
properties in Tables
A-4, A-4E
– Compressed liquid
properties in Tables
A-5, A-5E

3
 Linear Interpolation:
Between values in the tables

TL − T vL − v Subscripts:

= L – Value in table at lower end

H – Value in table at upper end
TH − TL vH − vL None – value of interest

Quality
For use in Tables A-2 and A-3
• For Saturated Mixture
(Liquid-Vapor) Region mg
– Quality; x; an intensive x≡
property
– x gives fraction that is m f + mg
vapor (gas)
– (1-x) gives Moisture
Content

0 ≤ x ≤ 1;
x = 0 → Saturated Liquid (subscript ‘f’)
x = 1 → Saturated Vapor (subscript ‘g’)
‘fg’ → ‘g’-’f’

4
 Example: Problem 3.61

Quality Relations
LET b = ANY INTENSIVE PROPERTY
– (b = v, u, h, s, etc.)

b − bf b − bf
x= =
bg − b f b fg
b = b f + x ⋅ b fg
b fg = bg − b f
b = x ⋅ bg + (1 − x ) ⋅ b f

5
 Enthalpy

H = U + P ⋅V
h = u + P⋅v
Enthalpy is a property constructed due to
the frequent occurrence of the above
combination of properties.

Specific Heats (Heat Capacities)

∂u  ∂h  cp
cv =  cp =  k=
∂T  v ∂T  p cv

6
 Approximations for liquids and
solids
• Using Saturated • Using ‘Incompressible
Liquid Data Substance Model’
(‘Compressed Liquid
Rule’)
v ≈ vf
c p = cv = c
h ≈ hf u2 − u1 = c(T2 − T1 )
h2 − h1 = c(T2 − T1 ) + v ( P2 − P1 )
u ≈ uf
h2 − h1 ≈ c(T2 − T1 )
s ≈ sf

Example: Problem 3.69

7
 Properties for Ideal Gases
Requirements:
Pv = nRT Z ≈1
R
Pv = RT R =
M P Pc
T Tc
PV = mRT

The Ideal Gas Model:

du When specific heats
u = u(T ) cv (T ) = are assumed constant
dT Table A-20(E):
h = h(T ) = u(T ) + RT
dh u2 − u1 = cv (T2 − T1)
Tables A-22(E) and A-23 (E) cp (T ) =
dT h2 − h1 = cp (T2 − T1)

Example: Problem 3.96

8
 Example: Problem 3.97

Polytropic Process of an Ideal Gas

PV n = constant
For a closed system: n
P2  V1 
= 
P1  V2 
Expansion/Compression (Moving
Boundary) Work (Ideal Gas OR liquid): Ideal Gases ONLY:
( n −1) / n ( n −1)
2 T2  P2  V 
P V − P1V 1 =  = 1
∫
1
P ⋅ dV = 2 2
1− n
, ( n ≠ 1) T1  P1   V2 
2
mR (T2 − T1 )
2
V  ∫ P ⋅ dV = ,( n ≠ 1)
∫ P ⋅ d V = P1V 1 ln  2
 V1
 , ( n = 1)

1
1− n
1 2
 V2 
∫ P ⋅ dV = mRT ln  V
1

1 

9
 Example
Show that for an ideal gas undergoing a polytropic
adiabatic process n=k.

Summary
• State Principle: Number of independent
properties of a system=1+Number of
“relevanr” work interactions.
• For a pure substance 2 independent
properties (P,T,v,u,h) fix the state.

10
 How to find properties & phase)

• Compressed Liquid
– Compressed liquid tables(only water A-5)
– v,u≈vf,uf at the same temperature
– Incompressible substances model-cp,cv,ρ (table A-19)
• Tow-phase liquid-vapor mixture
– P,T not independent
– X-quality is needed
– Liquid and vapor components have saturated properties; use
saturation table
• Superheated vapor
– Vapor tables
– Ideal gas model
• Saturation & superheated tables are given for water,
R22, R-134, Ammonia, and Propane

11