International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijhmt

Continuous nanofluids jet impingement heat transfer and flow

in a micro-channel heat sink
P. Naphon ⇑, L. Nakharintr, S. Wiriyasart
Thermo-Fluid and Heat Transfer Enhancement Lab. (TFHT), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Srinakharinwirot University,
63 Rangsit-Nakhornnayok Rd., Ongkharak, Nakhorn-Nayok 26120, Thailand

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Experimental investigation on the TiO2 nanofluids jet impingement heat transfer and flow characteristics
Received 29 January 2018 in the micro-channel heat sink are carried out. In the present study, three heat transfer enhancement
Received in revised form 18 May 2018 techniques; micro-channel heat sink, jet impingement, and nanofluids are considered in which included
Accepted 19 May 2018
the effect of relevant parameters of the nanofluids concentration, nozzle diameter, nozzle-to-heat sink
distances, mass flow rate of nanofluids on the heat transfer performance of a micro-channel heat sink
are considered. The obtained results showed that the suspending of nanoparticles in the base fluid
Keywords:
remarkably increases the convective heat transfer by 18.56% at 0.015% nanofluids concentration. In addi-
Micro-channel heat sink
Nanofluids
tion, the obtained heat transfer coefficient tends to increase with increasing the nozzle diameter and
Jet impingement decreasing nozzle level height. While the pressure drop across the test section increases as the nozzle
diameter decreases and nozzle level height increases. However, the suspending of nanoparticles bring
almost no extra addition of pressure drop as comparing with the base fluid. However, the obtained results
point out that the proper selection of the relevant parameters to enhancement of heat transfer is
important.
Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Due to high-density electronic components, small scale of elec-
tronic devices, and high generated heat rate, the dissipation of the
generated heat is a momentous embarrassment. Therefore, many
innovative ideas have been proposed for thermal cooling enhance-
ment in the electronic devices. The most common heat transfer
enhancement technique is the miniaturized technology, mini and
micro-components with jet impingement technique for the elec-
tronic devices. There are some studies on the jet impingement heat
transfer in the various configurations heat sink. For example,
Naphon et al. [1,3] experimentally and numerically investigated
the heat transfer characteristics of the jet liquid impingement with
three different configurations heat sinks for the central processing
unit of a personal computer. Effects of outlet port positions on the
jet liquid impingement heat transfer characteristics. Yang and Lai
[2,4] numerically studied the forced convection flow of Al2O3-
water nanofluid in the radial flow cooling system using a single-
phase approach model. Li et al. [5] applied the RANS-based k-u
SST turbulence model to analyze the heat transfer and hydrody-
namic behavior of various types of water-based nanofluids inside
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: paisarnn@g.swu.ac.th (P. Naphon).
a typical radial flow. Lelea and Laza [6,12] presented the thermal
and hydrodynamic analysis of the micro-heat sink with straight
microtubes and multiple inlet jets. Dai et al. [7] studied a flow sep-
aration technique including pressure drop and heat transfer in the
increased flow area. Jaberi et al. [8] studied heat transfer character-
istics of nanofluids in the impingement of a fluid jet on a flat circu-
lar disk. Trainer et al. [9] experimentally studied the heat transfer
performance of air-assisted liquid water jets impingement. Seyf
et al. [10] presented a three-dimensional model describing thermal
and hydrodynamic characteristics of a micro-tube heat sink. Kurnia
et al. [11] evaluated the heat transfer performance of laminar non-
Newtonian fluid flow in various configurations of coiled square
tubes. Yue et al. [13] analyzed the hydraulic and thermal perfor-
mances of a manifold micro-channel heat sink with and without
nanofluids as working fluids. Xia et al. [14] experimentally and
numerically studied the temperature distribution, flow field and
pressure drops of the current complex corrugation micro-channel
heat sink. Haridas et al. [15] presented the performance evaluation
of two type nanofluids in the context of compact channels. Gong
et al. [16] numerically studied the structures of micro-channel heat
sinks for chip cooling. Srikanth et al. [17] studied on the multi-
objective geometric optimization of a PCM based matrix type com-
posite heat sink. Zhang et al. [18] numerically investigated the con-
fined jet array impingement cooling with spent flow distraction

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.05.101
0017-9310/Ó 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932
Nomenclature
A area, [m2]
Cp specific heat, [kJ kg
1 °C
1]
h heat transfer coefficient, [W m
2 °C
1]
k thermal conductivity, [W m
1 °C
1]
Nu Nusselt number, [–]
p pressure, [Pa]
Pr Prandtl number, [–]
Q heat transfer rate, [kW]
T temperature, [°C]
Greek symbols
g viscosity, [Pa s]
q density, [kg m
3]
/ volume fraction of the nanoparticles, [–]
l fluid dynamic viscosity, [kg m
1 s
1]
Subscripts
ave average
b bulk
using nano-encapsulated phase change material. Barik et al. [19]
numerically studied the heat transfer performances of a Al2O3
nanofluid jet impinged normal to a protruded surface. Lam and
Prakash [20] applied a finite element modeling to analyze the
impingement cooling system with Al2O3/water nanofluids. Moreira
et al. [21] experimentally investigated effect of adding nanoparti-
cles to DI-water on the heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling
in tube. Mastiani et al. [22] investigated the laminar mixed convec-
tion flow of Cu-water nanofluid using a pressure-based finite vol-
ume method. Hasan et al. [23] studied effect of nanoparticles on
the electrical and thermal performance of a photovoltaic thermal
collector equipped with jet impingement. Bayomy and Saghir
[24] investigated the heat transfer characteristics and thermal per-
formance of an ERG aluminum foam heat sink for cooling the Intel
core i7 processor by using Al2O3-water nanofluid. Narkharintr et al.
[25,26] presented the results of the magnetic fields effect and jet-
plate spacing to jet diameter ratios on the heat transfer character-
istics and pressure drop in a confined single jet impingement of
mini-rectangular heat sink using TiO2 nanofluids mixture of de-
ionized water. Vutha et al. [27] numerically studied the laminar
and turbulent in a microchannel jet impingement cooling system
with a single slot jet. Most of the previous studies on this area have
been carried within the heat transfer enhancement of pin fin heat
sinks and car radiator using nanofluids (Ali et al. [28–30]). They
have been investigated on the heat transfer enhancement by using
various heat transfer enhancement techniques. In addition, the
thermal management of electronic devices by heat sinks with var-
ious configurations have been also considered (Ali et al. [31,32]).
There are some papers presented on the thermal performance
enhancement of minichannel and integral fin heat sink with
nanofluids (Arshad et al. [33,34]). Arshad et al. [35–38] experimen-
tal studied on the thermal performance of various heat sinks con-
figurations with phase change materials for electronic devices
cooling.
As mentioned above, the numerous papers presented the study
on the jet impingement heat transfer of the conventional coolant
including air, water, oil and ethylene glycol mixtures. However, it
is well known that the heat transfer capability is limited by the
working fluid flow behaviors and thermal physical properties
which results in poor heat transfer rate. However, there are many
still room to discuss in the micro-channel heat sink especially
effect of relevant parameters on the heat transfer enhancement
925
f base fluid
hs heat sink
in inlet
l liquid
LMTD log mean temperature difference
m mixture
n nozzle
nf nanofluids
out outlet
p particle
s surface
th thermal
w water
of the system. Therefore, a combined three heat transfer enhance-
ment techniques; jet impingement, nanofluids, micro-channel to
the thermal performance of micro-channel heat sink (Copper JIS
H1340) are investigated which considered effect of jet-plate spac-
ing (H = 1.0–2.0 mm), jet diameter (D = 0.5–1.5 mm), flow rate
(8.75–11.75 g/s), nanofluids concentration (0.001–0.015%vol.),
and heat input (120–150 kW/m2) on the heat transfer characteris-
tics and pressure drop of TiO2 nanofluids in the micro-channel heat
sink.
2. Experimental apparatus and method
2.1. Experimental apparatus
This work primary tries to consider the jet impingement con-
vective nanofluids heat transfer and flow characteristics in the
micro-channel heat sink. A schematic diagram of the experimental
apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The facility comprises of a set of ultra-
sonic bath system, jet impingement cooling nanofluids loop and
data acquisition system. The nanofluids after passing through the
micro-channel heat sink unit is collected in the collecting tank
for a period of time and the fluid mass is measured by an electronic
weight scale while the rotameter is only used to monitor the
nanofluids flow rate.
2.2. Nanofluids preparation and physical properties calculation
Nanofluids are prepared by Top-down approach in which
nanoparticles are suspended in the base fluid (De-ionized water).
An averaged particle size of 21 nm and purity > 99.9% of TiO2
nanoparticles are dispersed in de-ionized water with three differ-
ent concentrations of 0.005, 0.010, 0.015% by volume. The particles
are further dispersed in the suspension using ultra-sonication
which break down the alglomerates. Fig. 3 shows the scanning
electron microscope (SEM) micrograph of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
However, further stability of nanofluids while experiments are
achieved by continuously ultrasonic bath work in 10 min each
hour. The physical properties of nanofluids depends on the sus-
pending nanoparticles and the base fluid in which there are many
proposed correlations for predicting the nanofluids physical prop-
erties. For this study, however, the properties of nanofluids can be
926 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932

Digital Weight
Scale
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of experimental apparatus.

31 mm 5 mm

0.2 mm

31 mm 2.2 mm 31 mm

Fig. 2. Schematics diagram of the test section module and micro-channel heat sink.
 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932 927

calculated by using the published correlations [39–42] as 2.3. Test section

following;
Microchannels (200 µm  D > 10 µm) have been found in vari-
qnf ¼ /qP þ ð1
/Þqw ð1Þ ous application systems such as lungs, kidneys. Due to extremely
efficient heat and mass transfer processes, however, it have been
ðqC p Þnf ¼ /ðqC p Þp þ ð1
/ÞðqC p Þw ð2Þ used in the electronic cooling system. The channel size classifica-
tion is based on observations of many different processes, but its

 use is mainly in arriving at a common terminology. For the pre-
kp þ ðn
1Þkw
ðn
1Þ/ðkw
kp Þ sent study, the micro-channel (200 µm) heat sink module
knf ¼ kw ð3Þ
kp þ ðn
1Þkw þ /ðkw
kp Þ included upper cover, micro-channel heat sink (Details in Table 2),
and copper heater plate is used in the electronic cooling system
" # as shown in Fig. 2. The micro-channel heat sink is fabricated from
1
lnf ¼ lw
0:3
ð4Þ the copper block by a wire electrical discharge machine (WEDM)
1
34:87ðdp =dw Þ /1:03 with the width  length of 31  31 mm and with the base thick-
ness of 1 mm. The length, width and height of the fin are 0.2, 0.2,

1=3 0.2 mm, respectively. The micro-channel width of the test section
6M
dw ¼ 0:1 ð5Þ is 0.2 mm and the details of the micro-channel heat sink are
Npqw listed in Table 2. The copper plate is used as the heater plate. A
DC power supply is used as a power source of the heater. In order
where n = 3 for the spherical shape nanoparticle, M is the molecular to minimize the thermal contact resistance between the micro-
weight of water, N is the Avogadro number, dp is nanoparticle diam- channel heat sink and heater plate, a thin thermal interface mate-
eter, qnf is the density of the nanofluids,qp is the density of the rial with high thermal conductivity is applied at their junction
nanoparticles, qw is the density of the base fluid, / is the volume
fraction of the nanoparticles, ðqC p Þnf is the heat capacity of the
nanofluids, ðqC p Þw is the heat capacity of the base fluid, ðqC p Þp is
the heat capacity of the nanoparticles, lnf is the viscosity of the
nanofluids, lw is the viscosity of the base fluid, knf is the thermal
conductivity of the nanofluids, kw is the thermal conductivity of
the base fluid and kp is the thermal conductivity of the
nanoparticles.

Fig. 3. Photograph of the TiO2 nanoparticles used in the present study.

Table 1
Accuracy and uncertainty of measurements.

Instruments Accuracy Uncertainty

Voltage supplied by power source, voltage 0.2%  0.5
Current supplied by power source, ampere 0.2%  0.5
Digital weight scale, gram 0.01%  0.01
Thermocouple type T, Data logger, °C 0.1%  0.1
Differential pressure transducer 0.02%  0.02
Fig. 4. Effect of nanofluids concentration on heat transfer coefficient.

Table 2
Details of micro-channel heat sink.

Heat sink Channel width (mm) Size of Fin (mm) Size of heat sink (mm) Number of fins Surface area (m2)
Micro-channel 0.2 0.2–0.2–0.2 31–31–1 5444 0.00183

*Copper JIS H1340.

928 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932

interface. In addition, the thermal insulation materials are filled rate was increased in small increments while the supplied heat at
and wrapped around the test section module to minimize the the heat sink was maintained constantly and adjusted to achieve
heat loss. The nanofluids passes through the vertical nozzle of the desired level by using variac. The supplied voltage and current
1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm in diameter and forms impinging jet to cool to the heaters were measured by the digital clamp meter which
the micro-channel heat sink with the jet-plate spacing of 0.5, used to calculate the supplied power.
1.0, 1.5 mm. The differential pressure transducer (Yokokawa)
with accuracy of 0.02% of full scale is applied to measure the 3. Data reduction and uncertainty analysis
pressure drop across the test section with a single and two pres-
sure tap at the inlet and outlet ports as shown in Fig. 2. The type- 3.1. Data reduction
T copper–constantan thermocouples with an accuracy and uncer-
tainty 0.1% and ±0.1 of full scale, respectively, are employed to The energy balance between the supplied heat by the heater
measure the inlet and outlet nanofluids temperatures and col- plate and the absorbed heat by the nanofluids is ±10%. The
lected results by Data taker DT85. All the thermocouples probes absorbed heat by the nanofluids and heat transfer coefficient are
are pre-calibrated by dry-box temperature calibrator (Isotech) calculated from:
with 0.01 °C precision while the temperature distribution of the
heat sink base are measured with five Type-T copper–constantan _ nf C pnf ðT in
T out Þnf
Q nf ¼ m ð6Þ
thermocouples.
Q av e
2.4. Experimental procedure h¼ ð7Þ
As ðTb
T in;nf Þ

The steady-state sensible heat gain by the coolant flow can be  

determined from an energy balance. In the present study, only
the data that satisfy the energy balance conditions;
jQ heater
Q nanofluid j=Q av e is less than 10%, are used in the analysis
(To obtain the range of relevant parameters). The average heat
transfer, Q av e , is averaged from the supplied heat transfer to the
heater and the removal heat transfer by nanofluids. Experiments
were conducted with various heat flux, nozzle diameter, jet plate
spacing and nanofluids flow rates, nanofluids concentrations enter-
ing the micro-channel module. In the experiments, nanofluids flow
q L
T b ¼ T hs
in ð8Þ
khs
where Q nf is the absorbed heat by the nanofluids, m _ nf is the mass
flow rate of the nanofluids and T in;nf , T out;nf are the inlet and outlet
temperatures of the nanofluids. Q av e is average value of heat trans-
fer rate is obtained by the supplied heat by heater plate and the
absorbed heat by the nanofluids and As is the total heat transfer sur-
face area of the heat sink, T b is the base temperature of the heat
sink, T hs is the heat sink temperature, qin is the input heat flux from

Fig. 5. Effect of nanofluids concentration on outlet nanofluids temperature. Fig. 6. Effect of nanofluids concentration on heat sink temperature.
 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932
the electric heater, L is the base thickness of the heat sink and khs is
the thermal conductivity of the heat sink.
3.2. Uncertainty analysis
The uncertainties of measurements data as shown in Table 1
and the relevant parameters obtained from the data reduction pro-
cess are calculated. The maximum uncertainties of the relevant
parameters in the data calculation are based on Coleman and Steel
method [43]. The maximum uncertainties of the heat transfer coef-
ficient is ±5.0% which determined from
Uncertainty of h
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
2  2 
@h @h @h
¼ DV þ DT b þ DT in;nf þ
@V @T b @T in;nf
4. Results and discussion
In this study, three heat transfer enhancement techniques;
micro-channel heat sink, nanofluids, and jet impingement are
investigated. The coolant nanofluids flow into the test section
module as jet impingement in the normal direction at the central
zone of the micro-channel heat sink. Fig. 4 shows the variation of
average heat transfer coefficient for different nanofluids concentra-
tions at H/D = 1.0 and 0.67. Due to higher thermal conductivity,
higher energy exchange between the coolant nanofluids and the
micro-channel heat sink, higher mixing of nanofluids, the heat
transfer coefficient obtained from the nanofluids as coolant are
Fig. 7. Effect of nozzle level height on heat transfer coefficient.
929
higher than those from water as coolant for the whole range flow
rate of nanofluids. While the nanofluids concentration increases
from 0.005%vol. to 0.015%vol., the convective heat transfer coeffi-
cient ratio to that of water varies from 7.32% to 18.56% for a given
mass flow rate of 11 g/s. This results in higher outlet nanofluids
and the lower heat sink temperature as increasing nanofluids con-
centration as shown in Figs. 5 and 6, respectively.
Fig. 7 shows effect of nozzle level height on the variation of
average heat transfer coefficient. The results obtained from Li
et al. [5], it can be seen that effect of nozzle level height on the con-
vective heat transfer coefficient is not clear. For the micro-channel
heat sink of this study, lower nozzle level height gives higher heat
transfer coefficient. This is may be due to higher turbulent inten-
2  2ffi
@h sity of the jet impingement into the micro-channel heat sink which
DT out;nf corresponding with Narkharintr et al. [25] for the mini-channel
@T out;nf
heat sink. However, the variation of heat transfer coefficient also
ð9Þ
depends on various relevant parameters; nozzle level height, noz-
zle diameter, turbulent intensity, magnitude of the impingement
velocity, impingement surface. For a given nozzle diameter at
1.0 mm and 2.0 mm, the heat transfer coefficient remarkably
increase with decreasing nozzle level height. Higher nozzle level
height gives lower heat transfer coefficient as shown in Fig. 7
which results in decreasing outlet temperature as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 9 shows the variation of the convective heat transfer coeffi-
cient for different nozzle diameters. The heat removal capacity
depends on the coolant mass flow rate. Therefore, the tendency
of heat transfer coefficient increases with increasing coolant
nanofluids mass flow rate. For a given jet-plate spacing at 0.5
mm, 1.0 mm, the heat transfer coefficient increase as the nozzle
Fig. 8. Effect of nozzle level height on outlet nanofluids temperature.
930 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932

Fig. 9. Effect of nozzle diameter on heat transfer coefficient.

Fig. 10. Effect of nozzle diameter on outlet nanofluids temperature.

diameter increases. This is because the turbulent intensity of the

jet impingement is suppressed by the more nanofluids splash onto
the cover plate wall as increasing jet impingement velocity (Lower
nozzle diameter). In addition, the stagnation zone of lower nozzle
diameter is small as compared with higher ones. Therefore, the
heat transfer coefficient increases as higher nozzle diameter and
then results in higher outlet nanofluids temperature as shown in
Fig. 10.
The pressure drop across the test section becomes significant
for different nozzle level height and different nozzle diameter as
shown in Figs. 11 and 12, respectively. For constant flow rate, the
pressure drop across the test section tends to increase with
increasing nozzle level height. However, lower nozzle diameter
gives higher nanofluids velocity which imposed higher friction
loss. Therefore, the pressure drop increases as the nozzle diameter
decreases. However, the nanofluids concentrations have slightly
effect on the variation of pressure drop across the test section as
shown in Fig. 13.

Fig. 11. Effect of nozzle level height on pressure drop.

5. Conclusions

The application of nanofluids jet impingement in the micro-
channel heat sink is proposed to change flow behaviors and phys-
ical transport properties. In addition, the trends of heat transfer
characteristics of the nanofluids jet impingement in the micro-
channel heat sink are not clear. Therefore, the jet impingement
heat transfer and pressure drop features of nanofluids in the
micro-channel heat sink are experimentally studied. It can be
found that the nanofluids concentrations have significant effect
on the heat transfer of the micro-channel heat sink. The heat trans-
fer coefficient tends to increase with decreasing nozzle level height
and increasing nozzle diameter. For the pressure drop across the
test section, it tends to increase with decreasing nozzle diameter
and increasing nozzle level height. Therefore, it is instructive to
point out that the proper selection of the relevant parameters as
mentioned above is important for enhancing heat transfer espe-
cially nanofluids jet impingement.
 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932 931

[7] X. Dai, F. Yang, R. Fang, T. Yemame, J.A. Khan, C. Li, Enhanced single- and two-
phase transport phenomena using flow separation in a microgap with copper
woven mesh coatings, Appl. Therm. Eng.. 54 (2013) 281–288.
[8] B. Jaberi, T. Yousefi, B. Farahbakhsh, M.Z. Saghir, Experimental investigation on
heat transfer enhancement due to Al2O3 water nanofluid using impingement of
round jet on circular disk, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 74 (2013) 199–207.
[9] D. Trainer, J. Kim, S.J. Kim, Heat transfer and flow characteristics of air-assisted
impinging water jets, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 64 (2013) 501–513.
[10] H.R. Seyf, Z. Zhou, H.B. Ma, Y. Zhang, Three-dimensional numerical study of
heat-transfer enhancement by nano-encapsulated phase change material
slurry in microtube heat sinks with tangential impingement, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transf. 56 (2013) 561–573.
[11] J.C. Kurnia, A.P. Sasmito, A.S. Mujumdar, Laminar heat transfer performance of
power law fluids in coiled square tube with various configurations, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 57 (2014) 100–108.
[12] D. Lelea, I. Laza, The water based Al2O3 nanofluid flow and heat transfer in
tangential microtube heat sink with multiple inlets, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 69
(2014) 264–275.
[13] Y. Yue, S.K. Mohammadian, Y. Zhang, Analysis of performances of a manifold
microchannel heat sink with nanofluids, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 89 (2015) 305–313.
[14] G. Xia, D. Ma, Y. Zhai, Y. Li, R. Liu, M. Du, Experimental and numerical study of
fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in microchannel heat sink with
complex structure, Energy Convers. Manage. 105 (2015) 848–857.
Fig. 12. Effect of nozzle diameter on pressure drop.
[15] D. Haridas, N.S. Rajput, A. Srivastava, Interferometric study of heat transfer
characteristics of Al2O3 and SiO2-based dilute nanofluids under simultaneously
developing flow regime in compact channels, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 88
(2015) 713–727.
[16] L. Gong, J. Zhao, S. Huang, Numerical study on layout of micro-channel heat
sink for thermal management of electronic devices, Appl. Therm. Eng. 88
(2015) 480–490.
[17] R. Srikanth, P. Nemani, C. Balaji, Multi-objective geometric optimization of a
PCM based matrix type composite heat sink, Appl. Energy 156 (2015) 703–714.
[18] C.Y. Zhang, T. Wang, D.H. Chen, F.J. Hong, P. Cheng, Confined jet array
impingement cooling with spent flow distraction using NEPCM slurry, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 77 (2016) 140–147.
[19] A.K. Barik, S. Rout, A. Mukherjee, Numerical investigation of heat transfer
enhancement from a protruded surface by cross-flow jet using Al2O3-water
nanofluid, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 101 (2016) 550–561.
[20] P.A.K. Lam, K.A. Prakash, Thermodynamic investigation and multi-objective
optimization for jet impingement cooling system with Al2O3/water nanofluid,
Energy Convers. Manage. 111 (2016) 38–56.
[21] T.A. Moreira, F.J.D. Nascimento, G. Ribatski, Heat Transfer Research Group, An
investigation of the effect of nanoparticle composition and dimension on the
heat transfer coefficient during flow boiling of aqueous nanofluids in small
diameter channels (1.1 mm), Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci. 89 (2017) 72–89.
[22] M. Mastiani, M.M. Kim, A. Nematollahi, Density maximum effects on mixed
convection in a square lid-driven enclosure filled with Cu-water nanofluids,
Adv. Powder Technol. 28 (2017) 197–214.
[23] H.A. Hasan, K. Sopian, A.H. Jaaz, A.N. Al-Shamani, Experimental investigation of
Fig. 13. Effect of nanofluids concentration on pressure drop. jet array nanofluids impingement in photovoltaic/thermal collector, Solar
Energy 144 (2017) 321–334.
[24] A.M. Bayomy, M.Z. Saghir, Experimental study of using c-Al2O3-water
nanofluid flow through aluminum foam heat sink: Comparison with
Conflict of interest
numerical approach, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 107 (2017) 181–203.
[25] L. Nakharintr, P. Naphon, Magnetic field effect on the enhancement of
The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest nanofluids heat transfer of a confined jet impingement in mini-channel heat
sink, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 110 (2017) 753–759.
[26] L. Nakharintr, P. Naphon, S. Wiriyasart, Effect of jet-plate spacing to jet
diameter ratios on nanofluids heat transfer in a mini-channel heat sink, Int. J.
Acknowledgements Heat Mass Transf. 116 (2018) 352–361.
[27] A.K. Vutha, T. Rozenfeld, J.H. Shin, S. Rao, Y. Wang, G. Ziskind, Y. Peles, Spatial
The authors would like to express their appreciation to the Excel- temperature resolution in single-phase micro slot jet impingement cooling,
Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 118 (2018) 720–733.
lent Center for Sustainable Engineering (ECSE), Srinakharinwirot
[28] H.M. Ali, H. Ali, H. Liaquat, H.T.B. Maqsood, M.A. Nadir, Experimental
University for providing financial support for this study. investigation of heat transfer augmentation for car radiator using Zno-Water
nanofluids, Energy 84 (2015) 317–324.
[29] H.M. Ali, W. Arshad, Thermal performance investigation of staggered and
References inline pin fin heat sinks using water based rutile and anatase TiO2 nanofluids,
Energy Convers. Manage. 106 (2015) 793–803.
[30] H.M. Ali, W. Arshad, Effect of channel angle of pin-fin heat sink on heat transfer
[1] P. Naphon, S. Wongwises, Investigation on the jet liquid impingement heat
performance using water based graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids, Int. J. Heat
transfer for the central processing unit of personal computers, Int. Commun.
Mass Transf. 106 (2017) 465–472.
Heat Mass Transf. 37 (2010) 822–826.
[31] H.M. Ali, A. Arshad, Experimental investigation of n-eicosane based circular
[2] Y.T. Yang, F.H. Lai, Numerical study of heat transfer enhancement with the use
pin-fin heat sinks for passive cooling of electronic devices, Int. J. Heat Mass
of nanofluids in radial flow cooling system, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 53 (2010)
Transf. 112 (2017) 649–661.
5895–5904.
[32] H.M. Ali, A. Arshad, M. Jabbal, P.G. Verdin, Thermal management of electronics
[3] P. Naphon, S. Klangchart, Effects of outlet port positions on the jet
devices with PCMs filled pin-fin heat sinks: A comparison, Int. J. Heat Mass
impingement heat transfer characteristics in the mini-fin heat sink, Int.
Transf. 117 (2018) 1199–1204.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 38 (2011) 1400–1405.
[33] W. Arshad, H.M. Ali, Graphene nanoplatelets nanofluids thermal and
[4] Y.T. Yang, F.H. Lai, Numerical investigation of cooling performance with the
hydrodynamic performance on integral fin heat sink, Int. J. Heat Mass
use of Al2O3/water nanofluids in a radial flow system, Int. J. Therm. Sci. 50
Transf. 107 (2017) 995–1001.
(2011) 61–72.
[34] W. Arshad, H.M. Ali, Experimental investigation of heat transfer and pressure
[5] Q. Li, Y. Xuan, F. Yu, Experimental investigation of submerged single jet
drop in a straight minichannel heat sink with TiO2 nanofluid, Int. J. Heat Mass
impingement using Cue water nanofluid, Appl. Therm. Eng. 36 (2012) 426–
Transf. 110 (2017) 248–256.
433.
[35] A. Arshad, H.M. Ali, M. Ali, S. Manzoor, Thermal performance of phase change
[6] D. Lelea, The tangential micro-heat sink with multiple fluid inlets, Int.
material (PCM) based pin-finned heat sinks for electronics devices: Effect of
Commun. Heat Mass Transf. 39 (2012) 190–195.
932 P. Naphon et al. / International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 126 (2018) 924–932
pin thickness and PCM volume fraction, Appl. Therm. Eng. 112 (2017) 143–
155.
[36] A. Arshad, H.M. Ali, W.M. Yan, A.K. Hussein, M. Ahmadlouydarab, An
experimental study of enhanced heat sinks for thermal management using
n-eicosane as phase change material, Appl. Therm. Eng. 132 (2018) 52–66.
[37] M.J. Ashraf, H.M. Ali, H. Usman, A. Arshad, Experimental passive electronics
cooling: Parametric investigation of pin-fin geometries and efficient phase
change materials, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 115 (2017) 251–263.
[38] A. Arshad, H.M. Ali, S. Khushnood, M. Jabbal, Experimental investigation of
PCM based round pin-fin heat sinks for thermal management of electronics:
Effect of pin-fin diameter, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 117 (2018) 861–872.
[39] B.C. Pak, Y.I. Cho, Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids
with submicron metallic oxide particles, Exp. Heat Transf. 11 (1998) 151–170.
[40] Y. Xuan, Roetzel, Conceptions of heat transfer correlation of nanofluids, Int. J.
Heat Mass Transf. 43 (2000) 3701–3707.
[41] M. Corcione, Rayleigh-Benard convective heat transfer in nanoparticle
suspensions, Int. J. Heat Fluid 32 (2011) 65–77.
[42] R.L. Hamilton, O.K. Crosser, Thermal conductivity of heterogeneous two
component systems, Int. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 1 (9) (1962) 87–91.
[43] H.W. Coleman, W.G. Steele, Experimental and Uncertainty Analysis for
Engineers, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989.