Pressure

it states that the pressure or intensity of pressure at a

point in a static fluid equal in all directions
‫ ينص على أن الضغط أو شدة الضغط عند نقطة ما في‬:‫قانون باسكال‬
‫سائل ثابت متساوي في جميع االتجاهات‬

σ 𝐹𝑥=0
𝑃𝑥∆𝑦 ∆𝑧 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∆𝑠∆𝑦 =0
𝑃𝑥∆𝑧 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∆𝑠………..(1)
σ 𝐹𝑧=0
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥∆𝑦 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠∆𝑦 − 𝑤 = 0

𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔 ∗ 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔∆𝒙∆𝒚∆𝒛
𝟐
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥∆𝑦 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠∆𝑦 − 𝝆𝒈∆𝒙∆𝒚∆𝒛
𝟐
=0
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠………(2)
∆𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃∆𝑠 … … ‫( في تعوضع‬1)
∆𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠 … … ‫( في تعوضع‬2)
𝑃𝑥∆𝑧 = 𝑃𝑠∆𝑠 → 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥 = 𝑃𝑠∆𝑥 → 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝𝑠 ∆𝑠
∴ 𝒑𝒙 = 𝒑𝒛 = 𝒑𝒔 ∆𝑧
𝜃
∆𝑥

1
The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is obtained by the
hydrostatic law which states that the rate of increase of pressure in
vertical downward direction must be equal to the specific weight
of the liquid at that point

෍ 𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝜕𝑝
𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − (𝑝 + 𝜕𝑥 dx)(dydz)=0
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑥 = 0 → =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫الضغط متساوي في جميع االتجهاهات‬

෍ 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑝
𝑝 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 dxdy + ρ𝑔𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦=0
𝜕𝑝
𝒑− 𝒑+ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑑𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝
𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑝
𝜌𝑔 =
𝑑𝑧
𝑝2 𝑧2
𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 → න 𝑑𝑝 = න 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑧
𝑝1 𝑧1

𝒑 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉

2
Measurement of Pressure

1. Absolute pressure: Absolute pressure When a

pressure is expressed as a difference between its
value and a complete vacuum.

2. Gauge pressure : Gauge pressure When it is

expressed as a difference between its value and
the local atmospheric pressure.

3. Vacuum pressure: A negative gage pressure is

also referred to as a suction or vacuum pressure

𝑃𝒂𝒃𝒔 = Pgage+𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎

Pgage Pabs
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
_ _ _ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
_
𝑷𝒗𝒂𝒄

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
Pabs
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 0

3
 The pressure at the bottom of the
tank can be determined by
starting at the free surface where
the pressure is 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚, moving
downward until we reach point 1
at the bottom, and setting the
result equal to 𝑃1. It gives

‫يمكن حساب الضغط باستخدام قانون‬

‫𝑔𝜌 = 𝑝) حيث انه‬ℎ( ‫هيدروستاتك‬
‫يعتمد على ارتفاع مائع وكثافة‬

𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉𝟏 + 𝝆𝟐𝒈𝒉𝟐 + 𝝆𝟑𝒈𝒉𝟑 =p𝟏

𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 13600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (SI) 9810 𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝐵𝐺) 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

4
 ‫ من خالل هذه‬: ‫مالحظة‬
1. A barometer
‫االجهزة يتم تعرف على‬
2. Piezometer tube
‫الية حساب الضغوط‬
3. U-tube manometer
4. Inclined-tube manometer

1. A barometer is a simple manometer used to

measure atmospheric pressure.

σ 𝐹𝑦 =0 0
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑣 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑧

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔𝑧 → 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝛾ℎ

5
 2. A piezometer tube
is a simple manometer consisting of a vertical
tube that is open at one end and attached to a
container at the other end.

𝑝𝐴 − 𝛾ℎ1 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
∴ 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑝𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
‫يختصر الضغط الجوي من طرفين‬

3. U-tube manometer
Another type of manometer which is widely used
consists of a tube formed into the shape of a U, as is
shown in Figure below.

𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2ℎ2 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

∴ 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2ℎ2 = 0

𝑝𝐴 = 𝜌2𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌1𝑔ℎ1

6
U-tube –closed end pressure gauge is also widely used
to measure the pressure difference between two
points in a particular system.
2022 ‫مد‬
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ∆𝑝
𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2ℎ2 − 𝛾3ℎ3 = 𝑝𝐵
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛾2ℎ2 + 𝛾3ℎ3 − 𝛾1ℎ1

4 . Inclined-tube manometer
An inclined-tube manometer can measure small
changes in pressure more accurately than
manometers with vertical tubes.

𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

𝜃
𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 𝛾3ℎ3 = 𝑝𝐵

)cos 𝜃( ‫مالحظة قد تعطى الزاوية مع محور العمودي فانخذ‬

7
Mechanical and electronic pressure gauges
Although manometers are widely used, they are not well
suited for measuring very high pressures, or pressures that
change rapidly over time. The commonly used type of
mechanical pressure gauge is Bourdon tube

8
 1 A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure
in the tank is 6𝒍𝒃 /𝒊𝒏𝟐 and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the
pressure in lb/ft2 at the bottom of the tank? Where 𝜸 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑

𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝛾ℎ
𝑙𝑏 144𝑖𝑛2 78.6𝑙𝑏 Po=6
𝑝= 6 2 +( )(10𝑓𝑡)
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 10ft
𝑙𝑏
𝑝 = 1650 2
𝑓𝑡 ‫د‬2 2022

2 The inverted U-tube manometer of Figure below

contains oil (SG =0.92) and water as shown. The pressure
differential between pipes A and B, 𝑝𝐴 _ 𝑝𝐵, is −5 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Determine the differential reading, h.

𝑝𝐴 − 𝛾 𝑤 0.2 + 𝛾 𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ + 𝛾 𝑤 0.3 = 𝑝𝐵

𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ = 𝑝𝐵 − 𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾 𝑤 0.2 − 𝛾 𝑤 0.3

𝒉 = 𝒑𝑩−𝒑𝑨+𝜸 𝒘𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝟎.𝟐 −𝜸 𝒘 𝟎.𝟑

𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎. 𝟐 − (𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎(𝟎. 𝟑)

𝒉=
𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎
𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝒎

‫مهم‬

9
3
. For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the
heights of the fluid columns in barometers containing one of the
following liquids: (a) mercury, (b) water, and (c) ethyl alcohol.
Calculate the heights including the effect of vapor pressure, and
compare the results with those obtained neglecting vapor pressure.
Do these results support the widespread use of mercury for
barometers? Why?

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑝𝑣 + 𝛾ℎ

‫مالحظة ضغط البخار لكل‬

‫مائع وكاما للكحول تعطى‬
‫في سوال‬

Including vaper Without vaper pressure

pressure

‫قانون‬ ℎ = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚𝛾 −𝑝𝑣 ℎ = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝛾
Mercury ℎ = 101∗10
3
−0.16
ℎ = 101∗10
3
= 0.759𝑚
133∗103 133∗103
= 0.759𝑚
Water 3
ℎ = 101∗109810
−1.77∗10 3
ℎ = 101∗10
3
9810 = 10.3 m
= 10.1𝑚

alcohol 101∗103 −5.9∗103

ℎ = 101∗10
3
ℎ= 7740 7740 = 13.0 𝑚
=12.3𝑚

10
. 4 A mercury manometer is connected to a large
reservoir of water as shown in Figure below. Determine the
ratio, ℎ𝑤/ℎ𝑚, of the distances ℎ𝑤 and ℎ𝑚 indicated in the
figure.where SG m=13.56

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 ℎ𝑤 + 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 ℎ𝑚 − 𝛾 𝐻𝑔 2ℎ𝑚 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 ℎ𝑤 + 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 ℎ𝑚 − 𝛾 𝐻𝑔 2ℎ𝑚 =0

𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 ℎ𝑤 = ℎ𝑚 2𝛾 𝐻𝑔 − 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂𝛾 } ÷ ℎ𝑚 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂

ℎ𝑤 2𝛾 𝐻𝑔 −𝛾 𝐻2𝑂𝛾
= 𝛾 𝐻2𝑜
= (2SG − 1)
ℎ𝑚

ℎ𝑤
= 2 ∗ 13.56 − 1 = 26.1
ℎ𝑚

11
 5 In Figure below pipe A contains gasoline (SG = 0.7),
pipe B contains oil (SG = 0.9), and the manometer fluid is
mercury. Determine the new differential reading if the
pressure in pipe A is decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure in
pipe B remains constant. The initial differential reading is
0.30 m as shown.

∆ℎ = 0.3 − 2𝑎
0.3 − ∆ℎ
𝑎=
2 0.3
∆ℎ
‫مهم‬

𝑷𝑨 + 𝜸 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟎. 𝟑 − 𝜸𝑯𝒈(𝟎. 𝟑) − 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝑷𝑩 … … . (𝟏)

𝑷𝑨⋱ + 𝜸 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝟎. 𝟑 − 𝒂 − 𝜸𝑯𝒈 ∆𝒉 − 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍(𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝒂) = 𝑷𝑩 … (𝟐)

𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑨⋱ +𝜸 𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝒂 − 𝜸𝑯𝒈 𝟎. 𝟑 − ∆𝒉 + 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒂 = 𝟎

𝟎.𝟑−∆𝒉 𝟎.𝟑−∆𝒉
𝑷𝑨 − 𝑷𝑨⋱ + 𝜸 𝒈𝒂𝒔 − 𝜸𝑯𝒈 𝟎. 𝟑 − ∆𝒉 + 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 =𝟎
𝟐 𝟐

𝑷𝑨−𝑷𝑨⋱ +𝜸 𝒈𝒂𝒔(𝟎.𝟏𝟓)−𝜸𝑯𝒈 𝟎.𝟑 + 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍(𝟎.𝟏𝟓)

∆𝒉 = 𝜸𝒈𝒂𝒔 𝜸 𝒐𝒊𝒍
−𝜸 𝑯𝒈+ +
𝟐 𝟐

∆𝒉 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎+ 𝟎.𝟕∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝟓 − 𝟏𝟑.𝟓𝟔∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎.𝟑 +(𝟎.𝟗∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎)(𝟎.𝟏𝟓)

𝟏𝟑.𝟓𝟔∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟎.𝟗∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎
− 𝟎.𝟕∗𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 + 𝟐 + 𝟐
∆𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝒎

12
 6 An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil (SG = 0.8) is
located between two reservoirs as shown in Figure below. The
reservoir on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride, is closed
and pressurized to 8 psi. The reservoir on the right contains water
and is open to the atmosphere. With the given data, determine the
depth of water, h, in the right reservoir.

:𝛾 (𝑓𝑡 3 ) ‫علماً ان‬

𝑙𝑏

𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑙4 = 99.5
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 57
𝛾 𝐻20 = 62.4

𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾𝑐𝑐𝑙4 3 − 2.7 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 0.7 + 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 2 − 𝛾𝐻20 ℎ = 0

𝟖𝒍𝒃 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒊𝒏𝟐
+ 𝟗𝟗. 𝟓 𝟎. 𝟑 + 𝟓𝟕 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟕 + 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝒉
𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐

𝒉 = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 𝒇𝒕 2021 1‫د‬

7 For the configuration shown in figure below, calculate the

weight of the piston if the gage pressure reading is 70 kPa

weight of the piston 𝒘 = 𝒑 ∗ 𝑨

𝑷 = 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒉 + 𝒑 𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆
𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟔 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟏 + 𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑵
𝒑 = 𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝟐
𝝅 𝟐
𝑾 = 𝑷𝑨 = 𝟕𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ( ) 𝟏
𝟒
𝑾 = 𝟔𝟏. 𝟔 𝑲 𝑵 ‫مسائي‬
‫مد‬

13
 8 Determine the change in the elevation of the mercury
in the left leg of the manometer of Figure below as a result
of an increase in pressure of 5 psi in pipe A while the
pressure in pipe B remains constant

𝐴1ℎ1 = 𝐴2ℎ2
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑑2 𝑏
4 4
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 12
𝑎 = 𝑏
4 2 4 4
𝑏 = 4𝑎

𝟏𝟖 𝟔 𝟏𝟐
𝑷𝑨 + 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 − 𝜸 𝑯𝒈 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟑𝟎° − 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 = 𝑷𝑩 … . (𝟏)
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟖 𝟔
𝑷⋱ 𝑨 + 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 + 𝒂 − 𝜸 𝑯𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟎° + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒔𝟑𝟎°
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟏𝟐
− 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 − 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° = 𝑷𝑩 … … . (𝟐)
𝟏𝟐
‫مهم‬
PA- 𝑷⋱ 𝑨 + 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝒂 − 𝜸 𝑯𝒈 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝟑𝟎°
+𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° = 𝟎

PA- 𝑷⋱ 𝑨 + 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝒂 − 𝜸 𝑯𝒈 𝒂 + 𝟒𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒔𝟑𝟎°

+𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟒𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝟎° = 𝟎
−(𝑷𝑨−𝑷𝑨 ) ⋱
𝒂 = 𝜸𝑯𝟐𝟎−𝜸𝑯𝒈 𝟑 +𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍(𝟐)

−𝟓×𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝒂= 𝟔𝟐𝟒 − 𝟑×𝟏𝟑.𝟔×𝟔𝟐𝟒 +(𝟎.𝟗×𝟔𝟐𝟒×𝟐)
→ 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎 𝒇𝒕 (𝒅𝒐𝒘𝒏)

14
 9 A flowrate measuring device is installed in a horizontal pipe
through which water is flowing. A U-tube manometer is connected
to the pipe through pressure taps located 3 in. on either side of the
device. The gage fluid in the manometer has a specific weight of
112 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝒕𝟑 . Determine the differential reading of the manometer
corresponding to a pressure drop between the taps of 0.5 𝑙𝑏/𝒊𝒏𝟐

𝑃1 + 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 ℎ1 + ℎ − 𝛾 𝑔𝑓 ℎ − 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 ℎ1 = 𝑃2

0.5𝑙𝑏
𝑝1−𝑝2 (144𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑖𝑛2 )
ℎ= = 𝑖𝑛2 =1.45 𝑓𝑡
𝛾 𝑔𝑓−𝛾𝐻2𝑂 (112−62.4)

10
The U-tube manometer shown in Figure below has two fluids, water
and oil (S = 0.80). Find the height difference between the free water
surface and the free oil surface with no applied pressure difference.

𝑝𝐴 + 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔 (10) = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔 (10 − ℎ) + 𝑝𝐴

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(10) = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑔(10 − ℎ)

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (10) = (10 − h)

(0.8)(10) = 10 − ℎ

8 = 10 − ℎ

ℎ = 2 cm

15
11
Determine the elevation difference, 𝛥ℎ,
between the water levels in the two open tanks
shown in Figure below

‫مهم‬

𝑷𝟏 − 𝜸𝒘 𝒉 + 𝜸 𝒇 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝜸𝒘 𝒉 − 𝟎. 𝟒 + 𝜸𝒘 ∆𝒉 = 𝒑𝟐
∴ 𝒑𝟏 = 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝟎
𝜸𝒘 ∆𝒉 = −𝜸𝒘 𝒉 − 𝜸 𝒇 𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝜸𝒘 𝒉 − 𝟎. 𝟒 ÷ 𝜸𝒘
∆𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝑺𝑮 𝒇 × 𝟎. 𝟒
∆𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟒 − 𝟎. 𝟗 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝒎

16
 12 The water in a tank is pressurized by air, and the pressure is
measured by a multifluid manometer as shown in Figure below.
Determine the gage pressure of air in the tank if ℎ1 = 0.4 𝑚, ℎ2 = 0.6
𝑚, and ℎ3 = 0.8 𝑚. Take the densities of water, oil, and mercury to
be 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 850 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , and 13,600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , respectively.

𝒑𝟏 + 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒉𝟐 − 𝜸 𝑯𝒈𝒉𝟑 = 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎

𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 = 𝜸 𝑯𝟐𝑶 𝒉𝟏 − 𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝒉𝟐 + 𝜸 𝑯𝒈𝒉𝟑
𝒑 𝒈𝒂𝒈𝒆𝟏 = 𝟗. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟖𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖 − 𝟖𝟓𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟗. 𝟖
= 𝟗𝟕. 𝟔 𝒌 𝒑𝒂

H.W
Determine the new differential reading along the inclined leg
of the mercury manometer of Fig. P2.45, if the pressure in pipe A is
decreased 10 kPa and the pressure in pipe B remains unchanged.
The fluid in A has a specific gravity of 0.9 and the fluid in B is water

‫مهم‬

𝑆𝑂𝐿: ∆ℎ = 0.212 𝑚
 13 The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy
person is about 120 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔. If a vertical tube open to the
atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of the person,
determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1040 𝑘𝑔/𝒎𝟑

ρ𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑔 h𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 = ρ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔 h𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

h𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 =ρ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 h𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

ρ𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑

h𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑=𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝟐 =𝟏.𝟓𝟕 𝒎

14 A mercury manometer (𝜌 = 13,600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) is connected to

an air duct to measure the pressure inside. The difference in the
manometer levels is 10 mm, and the atmospheric pressure is 100
kPa. (a) Judging from Figure below, determine if the pressure in the
duct is above or below the atmospheric pressure. (b) Determine the
absolute pressure in the duct.

(a)The pressure in the duct is above atmospheric

pressure since the fluid
column on the duct side
is at a lower level.

(b)
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾ℎ𝑔
= 100000 + 13600 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 9.81 = 101334.16 𝑝𝑎

17
 13 the systolic pressure (the maximum pressure when the heart
is pumping) and the diastolic pressure (the minimum pressure when
the heart is resting) are measured in 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔. The systolic and
diastolic pressures of a healthy person are about 120 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 and 80
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔, respectively, and are indicated as 120/80. Express both of
these gage pressures in kPa, psi, and meter water column.

1- gage pressures (kpa ) ?

P ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ

13600𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚
= ∗ ∗ 0.12𝑚 = 16 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑚3 𝑠2
𝑃𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ 𝒍𝒐𝒘

13600𝑘𝑔 9.81𝑚
=( ∗ ∗ 0.08𝑚) = 10.7 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑚3 𝑠2

2-gage pressures (psi) ? ∴ 𝟏𝒑𝒔𝒊 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟓 𝒌𝒑𝒂

𝑷 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 = (𝟏𝟔/𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟓) = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟐 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑷 𝒍𝒐𝒘 = (𝟏𝟎. 𝟕/𝟔. 𝟖𝟗𝟓) = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝒑𝒔𝒊

𝝆𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚
3- H 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑯 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚
𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓

𝑯 𝒉𝒊𝒈𝒉 = (𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟏𝟐𝒎) = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝒎

𝑯 𝒍𝒐𝒘 = (𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎/𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎)(𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝒎 ) = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 𝒎

20
 16
The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the
manometer shown in Figure below with one of the arms open to
the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psia.
Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline.

2022 2‫ د‬+ ‫كوز‬

𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

𝛾 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 𝑆𝐺 ∗ 62.4 = 13.6 ∗ 62.4 = 848.64 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3

6 22 + 2
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 – 𝛾 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟( ) = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
12 12
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 0.5 + 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2

𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 14.5 𝑝𝑠𝑖 + (848.6 ∗ 0.5/144) + (62.4 ∗ 2/144)

𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 18 𝑝𝑠𝑖

:‫مالحظات‬
‫هنا نهمل الضغط الهواء داخل االنبوبة‬
‫ونهمل ارتفاع الغازات الن كثافة الوزنية للغازات صغيرة‬
ً‫جداً لذ تهمل دئما‬

21
 17 consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere.
Now water is poured into the Utube from one arm, and light oil (𝜌 =
790 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) from the other. One arm contains 70 cmhigh water,
while the other arm contains both fluids with an oil-to-water height
ratio of 6. Determine the height of each fluid in that arm.

ℎ𝑎
= 6 ‫ = معطى‬ℎ𝑎 = 6 ℎ𝑤2
ℎ𝑤2
h𝑤1 = 0.7 𝑚
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝜌𝑔 = 790 ∗ 9.8 = 7749.9

𝑝 𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾 𝑤 ℎ 𝑤1 − 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤2 − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ 𝑎 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝛾 𝑤 ℎ 𝑤1 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤2 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ 𝑎
𝛾 𝑤 (0.7𝑚) = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤2 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 6 ℎ𝑤2
𝛾 𝑤 (0.7) = ℎ𝑤2(𝛾𝑤 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 6)
ℎ𝑤2 = (9810+7749.9∗6)
(0.7∗9810)
=0.122 𝑚

ℎ𝑎 = 6 ℎ𝑤2 = 6 ∗ 0.122 = 0.732 𝑚

2022 1‫د‬

22
 ‫مصدر‬ Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig.
The pressure drop 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 is partly due to gravity and partly due to
friction. The mercury manometer reads a 5-in height difference.
What is the total pressure drop 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 ? What is the pressure drop
due to friction only between 1and 2? Does the manometer reading
correspond only to friction drop?

‫مهم‬
𝒙 𝟓
𝒑𝟏 + (𝟔𝟐. 𝟒)(𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟓° + + )
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟓 𝒙
− [ 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 = 𝒑𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
1𝑏
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 112.9 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑓𝑡
pressure drop due to friction
5 1𝑏
= 13.6 62.4 − 62.4 = 327.6 2
12 𝑓𝑡
manometer reads only the friction loss
‫مصدر‬ A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as
shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller pen cylindrical tank
containing cleaning fluid (SG. = 0.8) at height h. If PB=13.40 kPa
gage and P c= 13.42 kPa gage ,what are gage pressure Pa and
height h ofcleaning fluid? Assume that the cleaning fluid is
prevented from moving to the top of the tank.

𝑃𝑎 + (9.79)(0.055) = 13.42
𝑃𝑎 = 12.88 𝑘𝑃𝑎

12.88 + (9.79)(0.055 − ℎ)
+ [(0.8)(9.79)]ℎ = 13.40
ℎ = 0.00942 𝑚 = 9.42 𝑚𝑚

23
‫مصدر‬
Find the force of oil on the top surface CD of Fig. if
the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3 ft

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝐶𝐷 − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ∆ℎ = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 3 − 1.3
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 0.8 62.4 (3 − 1.3)
𝑃𝐶𝐷 = 84.8
𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝑃𝐶𝐷 ∗ 𝐴
2
𝜋 3
= 84.8 = 4.16 𝑁
4 12

‫مهم‬

Quiz For the configuration shown in Fig. P2.37 what must

be the value of the specific weight of the unknown fluid?
Express your answer in .

𝑙𝑏
SOL : 𝛾 = 82.1 𝑓𝑡 3

2022 1 ‫د‬

24
 Quiz Water from a reservoir is raised in a vertical tube of internal
diameter D=30 cm under the influence of the pulling force F of a
piston. Determine the force needed to raise the water to a height of
h=1.5 m above the free surface. What would your response be for
h=3 m? Also, taking the atmospheric pressure to be 96 kPa

𝑝 − 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ = 0
𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝐹 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ 𝐴
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 1.5𝑚
𝐹 = [96000 + (9810 (1.5)]( 𝜋(0.152 )
𝐹 = 1566.2 𝐾𝑁
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 ℎ = 3 𝑚
𝐹 = [96000 + (9810 (3)]( 𝜋(0.152 )
𝐹 = 1774.1 𝐾𝑁

H.W
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical
dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown in
Fig. P2.29. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a
specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are
filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa,
determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in
millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).

Sol :
(a)p= 103 kpa
(b) h =230 mm

25
 Quiz For the given fluid heights and specific gravities,
calculate the pressure difference ∆𝒑 = 𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑨

𝒑𝑨 + 𝜸𝑯𝟐𝑶 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝜸𝑯𝒈 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝜸 𝑯𝒈 − 𝜸 𝑮𝑳𝒀 𝟎. 𝟐 + 𝟎. 𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 + 𝜸 𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟎. 𝟏 = 𝒑𝑩

𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑨 = 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝜸 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝜸 𝑯𝒈 − 𝜸 𝑮𝑳𝒀 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 + 𝜸 𝒐𝒊𝒍 𝟎. 𝟏
∆𝑷 = 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐 − 𝟏. 𝟐𝟔 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 + (𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟏)
∆𝑷 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟕𝟓 𝑲𝒑𝒂

H.W A U-tube manometer contains oil, mercury, and

water as shown in Fig. P2.26. For the column heights
indicated what is the pressure differential between pipes
A and B .

Sol :
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝐴 – 𝑃𝐵 = −802
𝑓𝑡 2

26
 H.W U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank
containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.28. At the closed end of the
manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure
gage for a differential reading of 4 ft on the manometer. Express your answer in
psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight of
the air columns in the manometer.

H.W For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the pressure

in pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the
gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is
the pressure in pipe B corresponding to the differential reading
shown?

𝑆𝑂𝐿 ∶ 𝑃𝐵 = 0.224 𝑝𝑠𝑖

‫مهم‬

27
 Quiz A 6-in.-diameter piston is located within a cylinder which
is connected to a 2-in.-diameter inclined-tube manometer as
shown in Fig. P2.53. The fluid in the cylinder and the manometer is
oil (specific weight = 59 lb/ft³). When a weight, W, is placed on the
top of the cylinder, the fluid level in the manometer tube rises from
point (1) to (2). How heavy is the weight? Assume that the change
in position of the piston is negligible.

‫مسائي‬
‫مد‬

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙(ℎ1 sin 30°) = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 − 𝛾(ℎ1 sin 30°) = 0 ………(1)
6
𝑃′ − 𝛾 𝑜𝑖𝑙 (ℎ1 + 12) sin 30 = 0…….(2)
‫نطرح المعادلة الثانية من المعادلة االولى‬
6 𝑤
𝑃′ − 𝑃 = 𝛾 𝑜𝑖𝑙 sin 30 = 0 ∴ 𝑝′ = 𝑝 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 +
12 𝐴𝑝
𝑤 6
= 𝛾 𝑜𝑖𝑙 sin 30
𝐴𝑝 12
2
6 𝜋 6
𝑤 = (50 ∗ ∗ sin 30 ∗ ) = 2.9 𝑙𝑏
12 4 12

28
‫مصدر‬
In Fig. P2.21 all fluids are at 20°C. Gage A reads
350 kPa absolute. Determine (a) the height h ; and (b) the
reading of gage B in kPa absolute.

𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 ∗ ℎ + 𝛾𝐻𝑔 ∗ 0.8 = 𝑝𝐴

180 + 9.8 ∗ ℎ + 13.∗ 9.8 ∗ 0.8 = 350
ℎ = 6.49 𝑚
𝑝𝐵 = 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ + 0.8
= 251 𝑘𝑝𝑎

‫مصدر‬
In Fig. P2.36 both the tank and the slanted tube are
open to the atmosphere. If L = 2.13 m, what is the angle of
tilt o of the tube

𝒑𝒂𝒕𝒎 + (𝟎. 𝟖 ∗ 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓 + 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅ = 𝐩𝐁

8811
sin ∅ = = 0.422 ∅ ≅ 25°
208

28
‫مصدر‬
The U-shaped tube shown in Fig. P2.47 initially
contains water only. A second liquid with specific weight, ,
less than water is placed on top of the water with no mixing
occurring. Can these two pressures can only be equal?

2022 1‫د‬ (2)

𝑃1 = 𝑃2 (1)
Because on the same
level and the same fluid
𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝2 = 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ
these two pressures can only be equal if 𝛾 = 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟-
Since 𝜸 ≠ 𝜸 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 the Configuration Shown in the
figure is not possible. No.

‫مصدر‬
In Fig. P2.33 the pressure at point A is 25 psi. All
fluids are at 20°C. What is the air pressure in the closed
chamber B

𝑝𝐴 − 𝛾𝑤 0.04 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 0.06 − 𝛾 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑑 8 − 3 + 5 = 𝑝𝐵

= 171100 ÷ 47.88 ÷ 144 = 24.8 𝑝𝑠𝑖

29
 PE A pressure gage at the top of an oil well 18,000ft deep
registers 2,000 psig. The bottom 4,000-ft portion of the well is filled
with oil (S=0.70).The remainder of the well is filled with natural gas (
T=60 F, compressibilityfactor Z=0.80, and S=0.65 meaning tat the
molecular weight is 0.65thimes that of air ) find the oil/gas interface
𝑑𝑝
= −𝜌𝑔 ‫مالحظة االشارة سالب‬
𝑑𝑧
‫الن راح نبدي من‬ 𝑍𝐴 = 18000

‫حسب قوانين الغازات‬‫االسفل‬

‫يجب ان نستخرج كثافة الغاز‬

Gas
𝑑𝑝 𝑃𝑀
=− 𝑔
𝑑𝑧 𝑅𝑇𝑍 𝑍𝐵 = 400
𝑑𝑝 𝑀𝑔
= − 𝑅𝑇𝑍

𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑑𝑧
𝑝 𝒁𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑝𝐴 𝑑𝑝 𝑀𝑔 𝑧𝐴
‫ = 𝑝 𝐵𝑝׬‬− 𝑅𝑇𝑍 ‫𝑧𝑑 𝐵𝑧׬‬
𝑃𝐴 𝑀𝑔
ln 𝑃𝐵 = − (18000-4000 ft)
𝑅𝑇𝑍 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑚𝑅𝑇
0.65∗28.8∗32.2 1 (𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑚𝑅)/𝑚
= −( 10.73∗0.8∗520 ∗32.2∗144)(14000) 𝑃𝑀 = 𝜌𝑅𝑍𝑇
=−0.408 𝑃𝑀
𝜌 =𝑅𝑇𝑍
𝑃𝐵 ..... ‫معطى‬
ln = 0.408 𝑓𝑡 3 .𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃𝐴 R= 10.7
𝑙𝑏𝑚.𝑅°
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑒 0.408 Z=0.80
𝑃𝐵 = 2000 𝑒 0.408 S=0.65
𝑃𝐵 = 3014.2 𝑃𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝑔 = 32.2
𝑠2
𝑅° = 60𝐹° + 460 = 520°
𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 28.8 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
Convert factor =32.2∗144

30