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𝐹𝑥=0
𝑃𝑥∆𝑦 ∆𝑧 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∆𝑠∆𝑦 =0
𝑃𝑥∆𝑧 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ∆𝑠………..(1)
𝐹𝑧=0
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥∆𝑦 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠∆𝑦 − 𝑤 = 0
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 = 𝜌𝑔 ∗ 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔∆𝒙∆𝒚∆𝒛
𝟐
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥∆𝑦 − 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠∆𝑦 − 𝝆𝒈∆𝒙∆𝒚∆𝒛
𝟐
=0
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥 = 𝑃𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠………(2)
∆𝑧 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃∆𝑠 … … ( في تعوضع1)
∆𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃∆𝑠 … … ( في تعوضع2)
𝑃𝑥∆𝑧 = 𝑃𝑠∆𝑠 → 𝑝𝑥 = 𝑝𝑠
𝑃𝑧∆𝑥 = 𝑃𝑠∆𝑥 → 𝑝𝑧 = 𝑝𝑠 ∆𝑠
∴ 𝒑𝒙 = 𝒑𝒛 = 𝒑𝒔 ∆𝑧
𝜃
∆𝑥
1
The pressure at any point in a fluid at rest is obtained by the
hydrostatic law which states that the rate of increase of pressure in
vertical downward direction must be equal to the specific weight
of the liquid at that point
𝐹𝑋 = 0
𝜕𝑝
𝑃 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑧 − (𝑝 + 𝜕𝑥 dx)(dydz)=0
𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑥 = 0 → =0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
الضغط متساوي في جميع االتجهاهات
𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝑑𝑝
𝑝 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 − 𝑝 + 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 dxdy + ρ𝑔𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦=0
𝜕𝑝
𝒑− 𝒑+ 𝑑𝑧 + 𝜌𝑑𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑝
𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑝
𝜌𝑔 =
𝑑𝑧
𝑝2 𝑧2
𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑑𝑧 → 𝑑𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑑𝑧
𝑝1 𝑧1
𝒑 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
2
Measurement of Pressure
𝑃𝒂𝒃𝒔 = Pgage+𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
Pgage Pabs
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
_ _ _ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
_
𝑷𝒗𝒂𝒄
𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒎
Pabs
𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 0
3
The pressure at the bottom of the
tank can be determined by
starting at the free surface where
the pressure is 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚, moving
downward until we reach point 1
at the bottom, and setting the
result equal to 𝑃1. It gives
𝜌 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 13600 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (SI) 9810 𝑁/𝑚3
𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝐵𝐺) 62.4 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3
4
من خالل هذه: مالحظة
1. A barometer
االجهزة يتم تعرف على
2. Piezometer tube
الية حساب الضغوط
3. U-tube manometer
4. Inclined-tube manometer
𝐹𝑦 =0 0
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑣 𝐴 + 𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝑧
5
2. A piezometer tube
is a simple manometer consisting of a vertical
tube that is open at one end and attached to a
container at the other end.
𝑝𝐴 − 𝛾ℎ1 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
∴ 𝑝𝐴 = 𝑝𝑔𝑎𝑔𝑒 + 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑝𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
يختصر الضغط الجوي من طرفين
3. U-tube manometer
Another type of manometer which is widely used
consists of a tube formed into the shape of a U, as is
shown in Figure below.
𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2ℎ2 = 0
𝑝𝐴 = 𝜌2𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌1𝑔ℎ1
6
U-tube –closed end pressure gauge is also widely used
to measure the pressure difference between two
points in a particular system.
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = ∆𝑝
𝑝𝐴 + 𝛾1ℎ1 − 𝛾2ℎ2 − 𝛾3ℎ3 = 𝑝𝐵
𝑝𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝛾2ℎ2 + 𝛾3ℎ3 − 𝛾1ℎ1
4 . Inclined-tube manometer
An inclined-tube manometer can measure small
changes in pressure more accurately than
manometers with vertical tubes.
𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃
𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
7
Mechanical and electronic pressure gauges
Although manometers are widely used, they are not well
suited for measuring very high pressures, or pressures that
change rapidly over time. The commonly used type of
mechanical pressure gauge is Bourdon tube
8
1 A closed tank is partially filled with glycerin. If the air pressure
in the tank is 6𝒍𝒃 /𝒊𝒏𝟐 and the depth of glycerin is 10 ft, what is the
pressure in lb/ft2 at the bottom of the tank? Where 𝜸 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟔 𝒍𝒃/𝒇𝒕𝟑
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑜 + 𝛾ℎ
𝑙𝑏 144𝑖𝑛2 78.6𝑙𝑏 Po=6
𝑝= 6 2 +( )(10𝑓𝑡)
𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑡 2 𝑓𝑡 3 10ft
𝑙𝑏
𝑝 = 1650 2
𝑓𝑡
2 The inverted U-tube manometer of Figure below
contains oil (SG =0.92) and water as shown. The pressure
differential between pipes A and B, 𝑝𝐴 _ 𝑝𝐵, is −5 𝑘𝑃𝑎.
Determine the differential reading, h.
𝒉 = 𝒑𝑨−𝒑𝑩+𝜸 𝒘𝜸𝒐𝒊𝒍
𝟎.𝟐 −𝜸 𝒘 𝟎.𝟑
9
3
. For an atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa (abs) determine the heights of
the fluid columns in barometers containing one of the following liquids: (a)
mercury, (b) water, and (c) ethyl alcohol. Calculate the heights including the
effect of vapor pressure, and compare the results with those obtained
neglecting vapor pressure. Do these results support the widespread use of
mercury for barometers? Why?
𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝑝𝑣 + 𝛾ℎ
مالحظة ضغط البخار لكل
مائع وكاما للكحول تعطى
في سوال
10
. 4 A mercury manometer is connected to a large
reservoir of water as shown in Figure below. Determine the
ratio, ℎ𝑤/ℎ𝑚, of the distances ℎ𝑤 and ℎ𝑚 indicated in the
figure.where SG m=13.56
ℎ𝑤 2𝛾 𝐻𝑔 −𝛾 𝐻2𝑂𝛾
= 𝛾 𝐻2𝑜
= (2SG − 1)
ℎ𝑚
ℎ𝑤
= 2 ∗ 13.56 − 1 = 26.1
ℎ𝑚
11
5 In Figure below pipe A contains gasoline (SG = 0.7),
pipe B contains oil (SG = 0.9), and the manometer fluid is
mercury. Determine the new differential reading if the
pressure in pipe A is decreased 25 kPa, and the pressure in
pipe B remains constant. The initial differential reading is
0.30 m as shown.
∆ℎ = 0.3 − 2𝑎
0.3 − ∆ℎ
𝑎=
2 0.3
∆ℎ
0.3−∆ℎ 0.3−∆ℎ
𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐴⋱ + 𝛾 𝑔𝑎𝑠 − 𝛾𝐻𝑔 0.3 − ∆ℎ + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 =0
2 2
12
6 An inverted U-tube manometer containing oil (SG = 0.8) is
located between two reservoirs as shown in Figure below. The
reservoir on the left, which contains carbon tetrachloride, is closed
and pressurized to 8 psi. The reservoir on the right contains water
and is open to the atmosphere. With the given data, determine
the depth of water, h, in the right reservoir.
13
8 Determine the change in the elevation of the
mercury in the left leg of the manometer of Figure below
as a result of an increase in pressure of 5 psi in pipe A while
the pressure in pipe B remains constant
𝐴1ℎ1 = 𝐴2ℎ2
𝜋 2 𝜋
𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑑2 𝑏
4 4
2
𝜋 1 𝜋 12
𝑎 = 𝑏
4 2 4 4
𝑏 = 4𝑎
18 6 12
𝑃𝐴 + 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 − 𝛾 𝐻𝑔 sin 30° − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝑃𝐵
12 12 12
18 6 12
𝑃⋱ 𝐴 + 𝛾 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑎 − 𝛾 𝐻𝑔 𝑎 + sin 30° − 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑃𝐵
12 12 12
𝑆𝑂𝐿: ∆ℎ = 0.212 𝑚
14
9 A flowrate measuring device is installed in a horizontal pipe
through which water is flowing. A U-tube manometer is connected
to the pipe through pressure taps located 3 in. on either side of the
device. The gage fluid in the manometer has a specific weight of
112 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 . Determine the differential reading of the manometer
corresponding to a pressure drop between the taps of 0.5 𝑙𝑏/𝑖𝑛2
𝑃1 + 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 ℎ1 + ℎ − 𝛾 𝑔𝑓 ℎ − 𝛾𝐻2𝑂 ℎ1 = 𝑃2
0.5𝑙𝑏
𝑝1−𝑝2 (144𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑖𝑛2 )
ℎ= = 𝑖𝑛2 =1.45 𝑓𝑡
𝛾 𝑔𝑓−𝛾𝐻2𝑂 (112−62.4)
10
The U-tube manometer shown in Figure below has two fluids, water
and oil (S = 0.80). Find the height difference between the free water
surface and the free oil surface with no applied pressure difference.
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (10) = (10 − h)
(0.8)(10) = 10 − ℎ
8 = 10 − ℎ
ℎ = 2cm
15
11
Determine the elevation difference, 𝛥ℎ, between the
water levels in the two open tanks shown in Figure below
16
13 The maximum blood pressure in the upper arm of a healthy
person is about 120 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔. If a vertical tube open to the
atmosphere is connected to the vein in the arm of the person,
determine how high the blood will rise in the tube. Take the density
of the blood to be 1040 𝑘𝑔/𝒎𝟑
h𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑜݀=𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟎 𝟎.𝟏𝟐 =𝟏.𝟓𝟕 𝒎
(b)
𝑝 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾ℎ𝑔
= 1 ∗ 105 + 13600 ∗ 0.01 ∗ 9.81 = 101334.16 𝑝𝑎
17
13 the systolic pressure (the maximum pressure when the heart
is pumping) and the diastolic pressure (the minimum pressure when
the heart is resting) are measured in 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔. The systolic and
diastolic pressures of a healthy person are about 120 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 and 80
𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔, respectively, and are indicated as 120/80. Express both of
these gage pressures in kPa, psi, and meter water column.
𝝆𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚
3- H 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝝆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
𝑯 𝒎𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒚
20
16
The pressure in a natural gas pipeline is measured by the
manometer shown in Figure below with one of the arms open to
the atmosphere where the local atmospheric pressure is 14.2 psia.
Determine the absolute pressure in the pipeline.
6 22 + 2
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 – 𝛾 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟( ) = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚
12 12
𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝛾 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 0.5 + 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2
:مالحظات
هنا نهمل الضغط الهواء داخل االنبوبة
ونهمل ارتفاع الغازات الن كثافة الوزنية للغازات صغيرة
ًجداً لذ تهمل دئما
21
17 consider a U-tube whose arms are open to the atmosphere.
Now water is poured into the Utube from one arm, and light oil (𝜌 =
790 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 ) from the other. One arm contains 70 cmhigh water,
while the other arm contains both fluids with an oil-to-water height
ratio of 6. Determine the height of each fluid in that arm.
ℎ𝑎
= 6 = معطىℎ𝑎 = 6 ℎ𝑤2
ℎ𝑤2
h𝑤1 = 0.7 𝑚
𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝜌𝑔 = 790 ∗ 9.8 = 7749.9
𝛾 𝑤 ℎ 𝑤1 = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤2 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 ℎ 𝑎
𝛾 𝑤 (0.7𝑚) = 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤2 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 6 ℎ𝑤2
𝛾 𝑤 (0.7) = ℎ𝑤2(𝛾𝑤 + 𝛾𝑜𝑖𝑙 6)
ℎ𝑤2 = (9810+7749.9∗6)
(0.7∗9810)
=0.122 𝑚
22
مصدر Water flows downward in a pipe at 35°, as shown in Fig.
The pressure drop 𝑷𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐 is partly due to gravity and partly due to
friction. The mercury manometer reads a 5-in height difference.
What is the total pressure drop 𝒑𝟏 − 𝒑𝟐 ? What is the pressure drop
due to friction only between 1and 2? Does the manometer reading
correspond only to friction drop?
𝒙 𝟓
𝒑𝟏 + (𝟔𝟐. 𝟒)(𝟔 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟑𝟓° + + )
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
𝟓 𝒙
− [ 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 − 𝟔𝟐. 𝟒 = 𝒑𝟐
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐
1𝑏
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 112.9 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑝
𝑓𝑡
pressure drop due to friction
5 1𝑏
= 13.6 62.4 − 62.4 = 327.6 2
12 𝑓𝑡
manometer reads only the friction loss
مصدر A cylindrical tank contains water at a height of 55 mm, as
shown in Fig. 2-65. Inside is a smaller pen cylindrical tank
containing cleaning fluid (SG. = 0.8) at height h. If P. =13.40 kPa
gage and P c= 13.42 kPa gage ,what are gage pressure Pa and
height h ofcleaning fluid? Assume that the cleaning fluid is
prevented from moving to the top of the tank.
𝑃𝑎 + (9.79)(0.055) = 13.42
𝑃𝐴 = 12.88 𝑘𝑃𝑎
12.88 + (9.79)(0.055 − ℎ)
+ [(0.8)(9.79)]ℎ = 13.40
ℎ = 0.00942 𝑚 = 9.42 𝑚𝑚
23
مصدر
Find the force of oil on the top surface CD of Fig. if
the liquid level in the open pipe is reduced by 1.3
H.W
For the configuration shown in Fig. P2.37 what must
be the value of the specific weight of the unknown fluid?
Express your answer in .
𝑙𝑏
SOL : 𝛾 = 82.1
𝑓𝑡 3
24
Quiz Water from a reservoir is raised in a vertical tube of internal
diameter D=30 cm under the influence of the pulling force F of a
piston. Determine the force needed to raise the water to a height of
h=1.5 m above the free surface. What would your response be for
h=3 m? Also, taking the atmospheric pressure to be 96 kPa
H.W
A closed cylindrical tank filled with water has a hemispherical
dome and is connected to an inverted piping system as shown in
Fig. P2.29. The liquid in the top part of the piping system has a
specific gravity of 0.8, and the remaining parts of the system are
filled with water. If the pressure gage reading at A is 60 kPa,
determine: (a) the pressure in pipe B, and (b) the pressure head, in
millimeters of mercury, at the top of the dome (point C).
Sol :
(a)p= 103 kpa
(b) h =230 mm
25
Quiz For the given fluid heights and specific gravities,
calculate the pressure difference ∆𝒑 = 𝑷𝑩 − 𝑷𝑨
Sol :
𝑙𝑏
𝑃𝐴 – 𝑃𝐵 = −802
𝑓𝑡 2
26
H.W U-tube manometer is connected to a closed tank
containing air and water as shown in Fig. P2.28. At the closed end of the
manometer the air pressure is 16 psia. Determine the reading on the pressure
gage for a differential reading of 4 ft on the manometer. Express your answer in
psi (gage). Assume standard atmospheric pressure and neglect the weight of
the air columns in the manometer.
H.W
For the inclined-tube manometer of Fig. P2.32 the pressure in
pipe A is 0.6 psi. The fluid in both pipes A and B is water, and the
gage fluid in the manometer has a specific gravity of 2.6. What is
the pressure in pipe B corresponding to the differential reading
shown?
27
Quiz A 6-in.-diameter piston is located within a cylinder which
is connected to a 2-in.-diameter inclined-tube manometer as
shown in Fig. P2.53. The fluid in the cylinder and the manometer is
oil (specific weight = 59 lb/ft³). When a weight, W, is placed on the
top of the cylinder, the fluid level in the manometer tube rises from
point (1) to (2). How heavy is the weight? Assume that the change
in position of the piston is negligible.
28
مصدر
In Fig. P2.21 all fluids are at 20°C. Gage A reads
350 kPa absolute. Determine (a) the height h in cm; and
(b) the reading of gage B in kPa absolute.
مصدر
In Fig. P2.36 both the tank and the slanted tube are
open to the atmosphere. If L = 2.13 m, what is the angle of
tilt o of the tube
28
مصدر
The U-shaped tube shown in Fig. P2.47 initially
contains water only. A second liquid with specific weight, ,
less than water is placed on top of the water with no mixing
occurring. Can th
(2)
𝑃1 = 𝑃2 (1)
Because on the same
level and the same fluid
𝑃1 = 𝛾ℎ
𝑝2 = 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ℎ
these two pressures can only be equal if 𝛾 = 𝛾 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟-
Since 𝜸 ≠ 𝜸 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 the Configuration Shown in the
figure is not possible. No.
مصدر
In Fig. P2.33 the pressure at point A is 25 psi. All
fluids are at 20°C. What is the air pressure in the closed
chamber B
29
مصدرA pressure gage at the top of an oil well 18,000ft deep
registers 2,000 psig. The bottom 4,000-ft portion of the well is filled
with oil (S=0.70).The remainder of the well is filled with natural gas (
T=60 F, compressibilityfactor Z=0.80, and S=0.65 meaning tat the
molecular weight is 0.65thimes that of air ) find the oil/gas interface
𝑑𝑝
= −𝜌𝑔 مالحظة االشارة سالب
𝑑𝑧
الن راح نبدي من االسفل 𝑍𝐴 = 18000
Gas
𝑑𝑝 𝑃𝑀
=− 𝑔
𝑑𝑧 𝑅𝑇𝑍 𝑍𝐵 = 400
𝑑𝑝 𝑀𝑔
= − 𝑅𝑇𝑍
𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑑𝑧
𝑝 𝒁𝑪 = 𝟎
𝑝𝐴 𝑑𝑝 𝑀𝑔 𝑧𝐴
𝑝𝐵 𝑝
= − 𝑅𝑇𝑍 𝑧𝐵
𝑑𝑧
𝑃𝐴 𝑀𝑔
ln 𝑃𝐵 = − (18000-4000 ft)
𝑅𝑇𝑍 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑚𝑅𝑇
0.65∗28.8∗32.2 1 (𝑃𝑉 = 𝑍𝑚𝑅)/𝑚
= −( 10.73∗0.8∗520 ∗32.2∗144)(14000) 𝑃𝑀 = 𝜌𝑅𝑍𝑇
=−0.408 𝑃𝑀
𝜌 =𝑅𝑇𝑍
𝑃𝐵 ..... معطى
ln = 0.408 𝑓𝑡 3 .𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑃𝐴 R= 10.7
𝑙𝑏𝑚.𝑅°
𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐴 𝑒 0.408 Z=0.80
𝑃𝐵 = 2000 𝑒 0.408 S=0.65
𝑃𝐵 = 3014.2 𝑃𝑠𝑖 𝑓𝑡
𝑔 = 32.2
𝑠2
𝑅° = 60𝐹° + 460 = 520°
𝑀 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
= 28.8 𝑙𝑏𝑚/𝑙𝑏𝑚𝑜𝑙
1
Convert factor =32.2∗144
30