CSEC Chemistry

Teacher: Ms. Kristi Mohammed

Miss Shazara Kristi Mohammed
Pressure
SECTION A - HYDROSTATICS
Pressure
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term pressure and apply the definition.

2) Understand the Principle of a Manometer & Barometers.

3) Perform Pressure Calculations using Manometers.

4) Apply Archimedes’ Principle to predict whether a body would float

or sink in a given fluid.

 Pressure
Pressure can be defined as the normal force acting on a surface per unit area.

Where: P – Pressure (Pa)

F – Normal Force (N)

A – Area (m2)
 Pressure in Liquids

We calculate the pressure in a liquid using the formula below:

𝑃 = ∆ℎ𝜌𝑔

Where: P – Pressure in liquids (Pa)

∆H – Height/depth of the liquid (m)

ρ – Density of the liquid (kgm-3)

g – Gravity (Nkg-1 or ms-2) = 9.81 ms-2 or 9.81 Nkg-1

 Rules of Pressure in Liquids
1) Pressure is the same at all points at the same depth.

We calculate the pressure in a liquid using the formula below:

𝑃 = ∆ℎ𝜌𝑔

In the diagram above, the density of the liquid, ρ, and the acceleration due to gravity, g, remains constant,

therefore the only quantity which can affect the pressure is the depth of the liquid. If the depth remains the

constant, the pressure will also remain constant.

 Rules of Pressure in Liquids
2) Pressure is not affected by the shape or cross-section of the container.

We calculate the pressure in a liquid using the formula below:

𝑃 = ∆ℎ𝜌𝑔
Since the depth of liquid in both containers is the same, therefore pressure will also be the same.
 3) Pressure acts equally in all directions at the same depth.

The depth of the liquid affects the pressure. Once the depth is the same, the pressure exerted in all directions

will be uniform. In the diagram above, x represents the distance the liquid moves away from the container.

Since the holes are made at the same depth, it means that the pressure is the same and hence the distance

moved will also be the same.

4) Pressure is directly proportional to Depth of the liquid, h
 4) Pressure is directly proportional to Depth of the liquid, h
This means that:

(a) If the height/depth of the liquid increases, the pressure also increases.

(b) If the height/depth of the liquid decreases, the pressure also decreases.

As the depth increases from h1 to h3, the pressure exerted on the liquid will also increase from P1 to P3 and the

liquid will move a greater distance away from the container. The converse statement is also true.
 Measurements of Pressure
Manometers and Barometers are instruments that are used to measure pressure.

Barometers

Barometers can be used to predict the weather. They measure changes in atmospheric pressure over

time. Many traditional barometers contain mercury. The mercury is in a long glass tube with an open

reservoir at the bottom:

 higher atmospheric pressure exerts a downward force on the mercury in the reservoir - and pushes

the mercury up the tube

 lower atmospheric pressure cannot hold up the weight of the mercury column as effectively - so the

mercury moves lower down the tube

Barometer
 Example 1: Measuring Pressure using a Mercury Barometer

The diagram below shows a simple mercury barometer, an instrument used to measure the pressure of the

atmosphere. The height, h, of the mercury column is proportional to the atmospheric pressure. Since there is a

vacuum at the top of the tube, the pressure at Y is due only to the mercury above it. Given the following data,

calculate the atmospheric pressure, PA, indicated by the barometer.

Data: Density of Mercury, 𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3

Gravitational Field Strength, g = 10 Nkg–1
Height of Mercury, ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 75 cm = ? m
PA = pressure at X
PA = pressure at Y (since X and Y are at the same level in the mercury)

Equation for Pressure in Liquids:

P = ∆hρg
 Example 1: Measuring Pressure using a Mercury Barometer

Solution: Step 1: Convert the units of Height from cm to m.

Equation for Pressure:
Note: In the question, height is given in cm, which is not the S.I. unit of height
P = ∆hρg
(m). Convert cm to m before calculating the pressure to avoid any mistakes.

Conversion of cm to m
Data:
1 cm = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m
𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3
g = 10 Nkg–1
ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 75 cm = ? m Converting 75 cm to m.
PA = pressure at X 1 𝑐𝑚 = 1 × 10−2 𝑚
PA = pressure at Y
75 𝑐𝑚 = 75 × 10−2 𝑚

75 𝑐𝑚 = 0.75 𝑚
 Example 1: Measuring Pressure using a Mercury Barometer

Solution: Step 2: Substitute the data into the Pressure Equation.

Equation for Pressure in Liquids:
Equation for Pressure:
P = ∆hρg
P = ∆hρg
Let’s rewrite the equation using the terms stated in Data:

Data: Replace P – PA (Pressure at X)

𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3
∆h – ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
g = 10 Nkg–1
ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 0.75 m ρ − 𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

PA = pressure at X
𝑃𝐴 = (ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 )(𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 )(𝑔)
PA = pressure at Y
𝑃𝐴 = 0.75 13 600 10

𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
 Manometer
When we measure the pressure of gases, like that of the air in car tyres, we usually make this

measurement relative to normal air pressure. That is, we calculate the difference between the pressure

in the tyre and the pressure exerted by our atmosphere. Liquids can also be measured against normal air

pressure.

A manometer measures the pressure acting on a column of fluid. It is made from a U-shaped tube of

liquid in which the difference in pressure acting on the two straight sections of the tube causes the

liquid to reach different heights in the two arms.

The pressure difference can then be calculated by using the following equation:

P = ∆hρg
 Principle of a Manometer
The unknown pressure, P1, acts upon the liquid which causes the liquid to drop on one side and

increase on the other side. The pressure difference between P1 and P2 is indicated by the difference

between the liquid levels, h2.

𝑷𝟏 = 𝑷𝟐 + 𝑷𝑨 (1)

Where: 𝑃1 = Unknown Pressure

𝑃2 = Pressure of the Liquid (ℎ𝜌𝑔)

𝑃𝐴 = Atmospheric Pressure (1.0 × 105 Pa)

We know an equation for P2

𝑷𝟐 = 𝒉𝝆𝒈 (2)

Substituting (2) into (1)

𝑷𝟏 = 𝒉𝝆𝒈 + 𝑷𝑨 (3)
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
Unknown Pressure of the Gas, 𝑃1

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + ∆hρg

Excess Pressure of the

liquid (Mercury),
𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = ∆hρg

Pressure of the Atmosphere,

𝑃𝐴
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Practice
5) Use of salt or Questions
sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 Example 2: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

The diagram below shows a manometer, an instrument used to measure the pressure of a gas. One arm of the U-

tube is exposed to the atmosphere and the other is connected to the gas supply. The difference in the levels of the

liquid in the arms of the tube indicates the difference in pressure between the gas and the atmosphere. Given the

following data, calculate the pressure of the gas supply assuming the liquid in the manometer is mercury.

Data: Density of Mercury, 𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3

Gravitational Field Strength, g = 10 Nkg–1
Atmospheric Pressure, 𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
Height of Mercury, ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 20 cm = ? m
Unknown Gas Pressure, 𝑃1 = pressure at X
𝑃1 = pressure at Y (since X and Y are at the same level)
 Example 2: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: Solution: Step 1: Convert the units of Height from cm to m.

𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3

Note: In the question, height is given in cm, which is not the S.I. unit of height
g = 10 Nkg–1
(m). Convert cm to m before calculating the pressure to avoid any mistakes.
ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 20 cm = ? m
Conversion of cm to m
𝑃1 = pressure at X
𝑃1 = pressure at Y 1 cm = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐 m

Converting 20 cm to m.

1 𝑐𝑚 = 1 × 10−2 𝑚

20 𝑐𝑚 = 20 × 10−2 𝑚

20 𝑐𝑚 = 0.20 𝑚
 Example 2: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: Solution: Step 2: Substitute the data into the Pressure Equation for P1.

𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
g = 10 Nkg–1
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 (1)
ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 0.20 m
Recall that we also have an equation for the Pressure of Mercury:
𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13 600 kgm–3
𝑃1 = ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔 (2)

Substituting equation (2) into (1)

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + [ ℎ𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝜌𝑀𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔 ] (3)

Substituting the data into equation (3)

𝑃1 = 1.0 × 105 + [ 0.20 13 600 10 ]

𝑃1 = 1.3 × 105 Pa
Example 3: Given the height, calculate the Unknown Pressure, P1

Data: Density of Mercury, 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

Gravitational Field Strength, g = 10 Nkg–1
Atmospheric Pressure, 𝑃𝐴 = 1.01 × 105 𝑃𝑎
Height of Liquid, h = 9 cm = 0.09 m

Equation:

𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑

𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + ∆hρg
 Example 3: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: Solution: Step 1: Substitute the data into the Pressure Equation for P1.

𝑃𝐴 = 1.01 × 105 𝑃𝑎 Equation:

g = 10 Nkg–1 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
h = 0.09 m
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + 𝑃𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3
𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐴 + ∆hρg

𝑃1 = 1.01 × 105 + 0.09 1000 10

𝑃1 = 101 900 𝑃𝑎
 Archimedes’ Principles
The upwards force that acts on an object wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is equal and opposite

to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.

𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

 Archimedes’ Principles
The vertical forces acting upon an object which is submerged in a fluid can be represented by two

forces: Weight of the object and the Upthrust of the fluid.

An object immersed in a fluid can: (A) Float (W = U) (B) Sink (W > U) (C) Rise (U > W)
Example 4: Archimedes Principle

Data: Density of Water, 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

Gravitational Field Strength, g = 10 Nkg–1
Atmospheric Pressure, 𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
Height of water, ℎ = 0.75 m
 Example 3: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

g = 10 Nkg–1 Solution:
𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
ℎ = 0.75 m
𝑉 = 𝐴ℎ
A = 0.32 m2
𝑉 = 0.32 0.75
V = ? m3
𝑉 = 0.24 𝑚3
 Example 3: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

g = 10 Nkg–1
Solution:
𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
ℎ = 0.75 m 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
A = 0.32 m2
𝑚
V = 0.24 𝑚3 𝜌=
𝑉

Rearrange to make Mass, m, the subject of the formula.

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉

Substitute the data into the equation above:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉

𝑚 = 1000 0.24

𝑚 = 240 𝑘𝑔
 Example 3: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

g = 10 Nkg–1 Solution:
𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
ℎ = 0.75 m
Calculate the Weight of the Fluid Displaced to determine the Upthrust.
A = 0.32 m2
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
V = 0.24 𝑚3
𝑊 = 240 10
m = 240 kg
𝑊 = 2400 𝑁

Therefore the Upthrust acting on the Oil Drum = 2400 N

𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

Therefore the Weight of the Oil Drum is 2400 N

 Example 3: Measuring Pressure using a Manometer

Data: 𝜌 = 1000 kgm–3

g = 10 Nkg–1 Solution:
𝑃𝐴 = 1.0 × 105 𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 + 𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
ℎ = 0.75 m
𝑃 = 𝑃𝐿 + 𝑃𝐴
A = 0.32 m2
V = 0.24 𝑚3 𝑃 = hρ𝑔 + 𝑃𝐴

m = 240 kg 𝑃= 0.75 1000 10 + 1.0 × 105

𝑃 = 1.075 × 105 Pa
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Exam-Style Question
5) Use of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
 OBJECTIVE 1.1
Particulate Theory of Matter
Students should be able to:

1) Define the term ‘Matter’.

2) State the four (4) main ideas behind the Particulate Theory of Matter.

3) Show evidence to support the Particulate Theory of Matter.

4) Describe and explain experiments showing Diffusion and Osmosis.

Answers
5) Use of salt or sugar to control garden pests and as a preservative.
CSEC Physics
End of Lecture