Objectives

1- To confirm the theory relating to the flow under a sluice gate with the formulation of a
hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel.
2- To estimate the exerted by the sluice gate on the flow from momentum function
considerations.
3- To estimate the energy head loss and power loss at the jump section by specific
energy considerations.

Introduction & Theory

An open channel is one in which a liquid flow with its surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
Examples of open channels are natural creeks and rivers, artificial channels such as irrigation
ditches and canals, and pipelines or sewers flowing less than full. In most cases, water or
waste-water is the flowing liquid. This type of flow results from gravity moving water from
higher to lower elevations and is impeded by friction forces caused by the roughness of the
channel. By dimensional analysis, the independent π-group is obtained to characterize an
open-channel flow is the ratio of inertial force to gravity force which is called Froude number
Fr

2
inertial force 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑉2
(𝐹𝑟) = = =
gravity force ∆𝛾𝐿3 𝐿∆𝛾/𝜌
[1]
𝑉
𝐹𝑟 =
√𝑔𝐿
For rectangular cross-sections with uniform depth (y) and constant width (b) the Froude
number in term of discharge per unit width (q) can be simplified to

𝑉 𝑄/𝐴 𝑞𝑏/(𝑦𝑏) 𝑞
𝐹𝑟 = = = =
√𝑔𝑦 √𝑔𝑦 √𝑔𝑦 √𝑔𝑦 3

This π-group gives an indication about the nature of the open channel flow: Subcritical flow
is deep, slow flow with a low energy state and has a Froude number less than one (F<1).
Critical flow occurs when the Froude number equals one (F=1); there is a perfect balance
between the gravitational and inertial forces. Supercritical flow is shallow, fast flow with a
high energy state and has a Froude number greater than one (F>1).

A hydraulic jump is a case of rapidly varied flow which occurs when the flow is supercritical
in an upstream section of a channel and is then forced to become subcritical in a downstream
section resulting in an abrupt increase in depth, and considerable energy loss. They are often
considered in the design of open channels and spillways of dams to prevent erosion of the
foundation material of the structure. To study this phenomenon, we must observe the
behavior of energy, momentum and depth at position (1), (2) and (3) before and after sluice
gate and at the hydraulic jump, respectively. Figure.1 shows a Control-volume analysis
for the hydraulic jump.

1
 Figure(1): Control-volume analysis
for the hydraulic jump.

Energy consideration
Specific energy (E) is the sum of the depth of the flow and the velocity head.
𝑉2
E=y+
2𝑔

Q = VA
𝑄2
Then E= y+ 2𝑔𝐴2

For rectangular cross-section A=y.b where b is the constant width of the channel
𝑄2
E = y+ 2𝑔𝑦 2 𝑏2
𝑄
Since the width is constant, take the ratio q= where q is a quantity of the flow per width
𝑏

𝑞2
E = y+ 2𝑔𝑦 2

Momentum consideration
∑ 𝑀 = 𝑚̇ 2 𝑉2 − 𝑚1̇ 𝑉1 ; 𝑚̇=𝜌𝑉𝐴
𝑃1 𝐴1 − 𝑃2 𝐴2 =𝜌2 𝑉2 𝐴2 𝑉2 − 𝜌1 𝑉1 𝐴1 𝑉1 ; 𝑄1 = 𝑄2= VA
𝑃̅1 𝐴1 + 𝜌1 𝑄 𝑉1 = 𝑃̅2 𝐴2 +𝜌2 𝑄 𝑉2
𝑦 𝑦
𝜌𝑔𝑦 2
𝑃̅ = 𝑏 ∫ 𝑦𝑝(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏 ∫ 𝜌𝑔𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑏
0 0 2
𝑏𝜌1 𝑔𝑦1 2 𝑏𝜌2 𝑔𝑦2 2
+𝜌1 Q𝑉1= +𝜌2 Q𝑉2 ,𝜌1 = 𝜌2
2 2

2
 𝑦1 2 𝑄𝑉1 𝑦2 2 𝑄𝑉2
b + =b +
2 𝑔 2 𝑔

𝑄
Q=VA q= 𝑏

𝑄𝑉 𝑄1 2 𝑞 2 𝑏2 𝑞2
= = = b𝑔𝑦
𝑔 𝑔𝐴 𝑔𝐴

𝑦 2
1 2 𝑞2 𝑦 2 𝑞2
b 𝑔𝑦 + b𝑔𝑦 = b 𝑔𝑦 + b𝑔𝑦
1 2

then the momentum function per unit channel width:

𝑦2 𝑞2
M= + 𝑔𝑦
2

For flow under the sluice gate; there is no energy losses but there is a force per unit width (P)
exerted by the sluice gate on the fluid. Hence,
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑃
𝑀1 = 𝑀2 −
𝜌𝑔
For flow at the hydraulic jump; there is no external forces act against the fluid but there is an
energy loss. Hence,

𝑀2 = 𝑀3
𝐸2 = 𝐸3 + 𝑑𝐸
We can find the power loss (𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ) in the jump by
𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑄 𝑑𝐸
We can find the depth of water at the jump by the fact that the momentum is conserved across
the jump
𝑀2 =𝑀3
𝑞2 𝑦2 2 𝑞2 𝑦3 2
+ =𝑔𝑦 +
𝑔𝑦1 2 3 2

𝑞2 1 1 𝑞2 𝑦3 𝑦2
(𝑦3 2 − 𝑦2 2 ) = 2 𝑔 (𝑦 - 𝑦 )= 2 𝑔 (𝑦 -𝑦 )
2 3 2𝑦3 2 𝑦3

𝑞2 𝑦
(𝑦3 2 − 𝑦2 2 ) = 2 𝑔𝑦 (1 - 𝑦2)
2 3

(𝑦3 2 −𝑦2 2 ) 𝑞2
𝑦 =2 𝑔𝑦
1− 2 2
𝑦3

(𝑦3 2 −𝑦2 2 )𝑦3 𝑽2 2 𝑦2 2

=2
𝑦3 −𝑦2 𝑔𝑦2

𝑦 𝑽 2
(𝑦3 + 𝑦2 ) 𝑦3 =2 𝑔𝑦2 =2𝐹𝑟2 2
2 2

3
 𝑦 𝑦
(𝑦3 )2 + (𝑦3) - 2𝐹𝑟2 2 = 0
2 2

𝑦3 −1+√1+8𝐹𝑟2 2
=
𝑦2 2

𝑦2
𝑦3 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 2 − 1)
2

Apparatus
The apparatus is shown in figure 2. It is composed of rectangular open channel, sluice gate,
depth measuring device, flow rate measuring facility, stopwatch and a device that supplying
water at constant and steady rates with ability of varying the flow.[2]

Figure(2): Hydrulic jump apparatus

Procedure
1. Adjust the flow channel so that the bed was horizontal.
2. Set the moveable sluice gate about 1 m from the inlet.
3. Adjust the flow control valve and the sluice gate opening to give the range of flow
depth upstream and downstream of the hydraulic jump.
4. Make the system reach steady state before the total flow rate Q and the depth y1, y2
and y3 were recorded.
5. Repeat the experiment with different mass flowrate and observe the relation between
flow rate and the depth of the jump.

4
 Data collected
Table (1):Collected data

No Time (sec.) H1 (mm) H2 (mm) H3 (mm)

1
21.79 136 21 44

2
22.77 119 18 48

3
25.17 98 18 45

Table (2):Obtained results

.
m
No Q (m3/s) q (m2/s) E1 E2 E3 M1 M2 M3
(kg/s)
1
0.688389 0.000688 0.009034 0.136225 0.030432 0.046149 0.009309 0.000617 0.001157

2
0.658762 0.000659 0.008645 0.119269 0.029757 0.049653 0.007145 0.000585 0.001311
3
0.595948 0.000596 0.007821 0.098325 0.027622 0.04654 0.004866 0.000508 0.001151

Table (3): Obtained results

F (N) dE
Fr P (N/m) Power Y3 Error %
No

1
0.947797615 -85.2735 6.497844 -0.01572 -0.10613 19.54278 125.1471
2
1.142957274 -64.3464 4.903194 -0.0199 -0.12858 21.45514 123.7226
3
1.033974458 -42.7445 3.257128 -0.01892 -0.1106 18.81688 139.147

5
 Table (4): Obtained results

No Y1(experimental)(mm) Y1(Theoretical)(mm)

1
136 19.5
2
119 21.56
3
98 18.81

Sample of calculations

For the first trial

𝑚 15
𝑚 ̇= = = 0.6883 𝐾𝑔/𝑠
𝑡 21.79

𝑚̇ 0.6883
𝑄= = = 0.0006883𝑚3 /𝑠
𝜌 1000

𝑄 0.0006883
𝑞= = = 0.009034 𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑏 0.0762

𝑞2 0.0090342
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.136 + = 0.136225 𝑚
2𝑔𝑦1 2 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.1362

𝑞2 𝑦1 2 0.0090342 0.1362
𝑀1 = + = + = 0.009309 𝑚3 /𝑚
𝑔𝑦1 2 9.81 ∗ 0.136 2

𝑞 0.009034
𝐹𝑟2 = = = 0.947799
√𝑔𝑦2 3 √9.81 ∗ 0.0213

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔(𝑀2 − 𝑀1 ) = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (0.000617 − 0.009309) = −85.26852 𝑁/𝑚

𝐹 = 𝑏 ∗ 𝑃 = −6.49784 𝑁

𝑑𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 0.030432 − 0.046149 = −0.015717 𝑚

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑄 𝑑𝐸 = 1000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.0006883 ∗ (−0.015717) = −0.10613 𝐽

6
 𝑦2 0.021
(𝑦3 )𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = [−1 + √1 + 8𝐹𝑟2 2 ] = [−1 + √1 + 8(0.947799)2 ]
2 2
= 19.54278𝑚𝑚

44 − 19.54
𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟% = ∗ 100% = 125.147%
19.54
At sluice gate E1=E2
𝑞2
(𝑦 + ) =E2
2𝑔𝑦 2 1

𝑞2
𝑦 3 − 𝐸2 2 ∗ 𝑦 2 + = 0 and solving by calcolator for y
2𝑔

0.0090342
𝑦 3 − 0.0304322 ∗ 𝑦 2 + =0
2 ∗ 9.81
Y=19.5 mm

Conclusion
The hydraulic jump is an interesting and important case of rapidly varied flow. several points
of general interest arise from the test results. First, through sluice gate the energy is conserved.
On the other hand, through a hydraulic jump the momentum is conserved and there is an energy
loss but due to an experimental error we see that E3 is grater than E2 ,and E1 is not equal E2.
Second, the relation of specific energy and momentum function with the type of flow based on
Froude number as shown in the figure.3 and figure.4 . Third, the force exerted by the gate on
the fluid per unit width can be calculated from momentum function diagram as shown in
figure.4. Forth, From the calculated values of y1 we observe that there is a huge error while
doing the experiment.

7
 Figure(3): Theoretical specific energy curve corresponding to the second trial

Figure(4): Theoretical momentum function curve corresponding to the second trial

References
[1] Engineering Fluid Mechanics, Elger, D. F., Williams, B. C, Crowe, C. T., and Roberson,
J. A., John Wiley and Sons., 10th edition,(SI units)
[2] Fluid Mechanics Lab. manual: The University of Jordan.