Chapter 7 External Flow

1. Isothermal, Flat Plate in Parallel Flow, Tf

i. Laminar Flow, Average

ii. Turbulent Flow, Average

,
Where, A = 0
iii. Mixed Flow, Average,
,
Where, A = 871
2. The Cylinder in Cross Flow, Ts = constant
a) Hilpert Correlation, Tf

Where, C and m are from Table 7.2

b) Zukauskas Correlation, T

Where, n = 0.37 if , n = 0.36 if and is at Ts.

C and m are from Table 7.4

c) Churchill and Bernstein Correlation, Tf

3. The sphere
Whitaker correlation, T

0.71 ≲Pr≲ 380, 3.5 ≲ReD≲ 7.6104, and is at Ts.

Chapter 8 Internal Flow

For Ts = constant:
 For outer fluid T = constant:

1) Fully developed, laminar flow,incompressible, constant properties, circular tubes, ReD:

NuD = 4.36 for = constant
NuD = 3.66 for Ts = constant
2) Local, Turbulent, fully developed (L/D 10) flow insmooth circular tubes Eqs. (8.60) to (8.62):
a) Dittus-Boelter correlation, Tm:
(8.60)
0.6 ≲Pr≲ 160, ReD≳ 10,000,n = 0.4 for Ts Tm and n = 0.3 for Ts Tm.
b) Sieder and Tate correlation, Tm:
(8.61)
0.7≲Pr≲ 16700, ReD≳ 10000 and is at Ts.
c) Gnielinski correlation for smooth tubes including transition region, Tm:
(8.62)
0.5 ≲ Pr ≲ 2000, 3000 ≲ReD≲ 5106 and f at local Tf from:
Petukhov correlation, Tf:
(8.21)
Smooth surface, 3000 ≲ReD≲ 5106

Chapter 9 Free Convection

Grashof number
Rayleigh number
Properties are at Tf
1. The Vertical Plate, constant Ts

For laminar flow, 104≲RaL≲ 109, C = 0.59 and n =1/4.

For turbulent flow, 109≲RaL≲ 1013, C = 0.1 and n =1/3.
a) Churchill and Chu correlation:
(9.26) 104≲RaL≲ 1013, Ts = constant
b) Slightly better accuracy, laminar flow
 (9.27) RaL≲ 109, Ts = constant
2. The Long Horizontal Cylinder
a) Moran suggests:
Ts = constants (9.33)
Where, c and n are in Table 9.1 and ReD and are based on cylinder diameter, D.

b) Churchill and Chu suggest:

RaL≲ 1012, Ts = constant
3. The Sphere
Churchill suggests:
Pr≳ 0.7, RaL≲ 1011, Ts = constant