DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

MtE-350L MECHANICAL VIBRATION LAB, 5th Semester

Student Name: Hasnat Saleem Reg No: 19PWMCT0703 Dated: 30th Jan,2022

Lab Tittle: To Observe the Whirling in the Long Shaft using Whirling of Shaft Apparatus

Lab No: 10

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Course instructor: ENGR. WAHAD UR REHMAN

Title:
TO OBSERVE THE WHIRING IN THE LONG SHAFT USING
WHIRLING OF SHAFT APPARATUS

Objectives:

 To study detailed theory of whirling.

 To observe the whirling on the shaft experimentally.
 To find the critical frequency for different beam/shaft configuration.
 To analyze the different factors effecting the critical frequency.

Equipment:
In this lab we will use the following system:
1. Whirling of shaft Apparatus.

Diagram:

Figure 11. 1 Diagram of Whirling Apparatus

Picture:

Figure 11. 2 Picture of Whirling Apparatus

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Theory:

What is Whirling?
Whirling is the act of rotating in a circle or spiral. gyration. rotary motion, rotation the act of
rotating as if on an axis
Whirling frequency/ critical speed:-
the critical speed is the theoretical angular velocity that excites the natural frequency of a
rotating object, such as a shaft, propeller, leadscrew, or gear. As the speed of rotation
approaches the object's natural frequency, the object begins to resonate, which dramatically
increases system vibration. The resulting resonance occurs regardless of orientation. When
the rotational speed is equal to the numerical value of the natural vibration, then that speed is
referred to as critical speed.

Node and Anti-Node:-

A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimum amplitude. For
instance, in a vibrating guitar string, the ends of the string are nodes. By changing the
position of the end node through frets, the guitarist changes the effective length of
the vibrating string and thereby the note played. The opposite of a node is an anti-node, a
point where the amplitude of the standing wave is at maximum. These occur midway
between the nodes.

Causes of Vibration:

a. Over Speeding:
Over speeding of shaft or any mechanical system can cause whirling.
b. Fluctuation of Speed:
If there are some fluctuation in the speed of the system this can also lead toward the imbalance and
then to the whirling in the system.
c. Misalignment:
Misalignment of the parts is another important reason for whirling.
d. Unbalancing of System
e. Internal damping
f. Resonance Condition
g. Loose Connections

How to Avoid Un-necessary Whirling:

a. Add Bearing Brackets
b. Reduce length if possible
c. Balancing

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Simply supported beam:-
The beam, which is support from both side, not fixed called simply supported beam.
kg
Find the whirling frequency when l= 4m, d= 0.03m, E= 205 Gpa and ρ=7830
m3
The whirling frequency;

π
f n= (n 2)×
2
gEI
W l4 √
n= mode shape
g= gravity
E= young modulus
W= weight of shaft
l= length of shaft
I= moment of inertia

π d4
I=
64

Whirling frequency Vs diameter of the shaft:-

Figure 11. 3 Plot of Whirling frequency Vs diameter of the shaft

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Whirling frequency Vs length:-

Figure 11. 4 Plot of Whirling frequency Vs length

Whirling frequency Vs mass:-

Figure 11. 5 Plot of Whirling frequency Vs mass

Fixed to fixed beam:-

The beam, which is fixed from both side called fixed to fixed beam.
kg
Find the whirling frequency when l= 4m, d= 0.03m, E= 205 Gpa and ρ=7830 3
m
The whirling frequency;
π
f n= ¿
2
‘

Whirling frequency Vs length:-

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 Figure 11. 6 Plot of Whirling frequency Vs length

Diameter Vs whirling frequency:-

Figure 11. 7 Plot of Diameter Vs whirling frequency

Mass Vs whirling frequency:-

Figure 11. 8 Plot of Mass Vs whirling frequency

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Cantilever beam:-
The beam, which is fixed from one end called cantilever beam.
kg
Find the whirling frequency when l= 4m, d= 0.03m, E= 205 Gpa and ρ=7830 3
m
Whirling frequency:
π
f n= ¿
2
Diameter Vs whirling frequency:-

Figure 11. 9 Plot of Diameter Vs whirling frequency

Whirling frequency Vs length:-

Figure 11. 10 Plot of Whirling frequency Vs length

Mass Vs whirling frequency:-

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 Figure 11. 11 Plot of Mass Vs whirling frequency

Experimentally observe whirling and find whirling frequency

 Plug all the switch of the apparatus
 Make sure everything is clear with no jam
 Operate initially at lower speed
 Note down the RPM of first mode
 Note down the RPM of second mode
 Convert RPM to frequency

Result:-

Figure 11. 12 Experimental Observations

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Conclusion:

In this lab, we studied about whirling and causes of whirling. We also experimentally observe
the whirling in the long shaft. We find the whirling speed and frequency for different beams.
We analyze the factor affecting on the whirling frequency of the system.

References

[1] "collins," [Online]. Available: https://www.collinsdictionary.com.

[2] [Online]. Available: ["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b68438af-1708-44cf-a811-.

[3] [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121953.