DEPARTMENT OF MECHATRONICS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, PESHAWAR

MtE-350L MECHANICAL VIBRATION LAB, 5th Semester

Student Name: Hasnat Saleem Reg No: 19PWMCT0703 Dated: 30th Jan,2022

Lab Tittle: Balancing of Disk on Motor Spring Apparatus

Lab No: 8

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Course instructor: ENGR. WAHAD UR REHMAN

Title:
BALANCING OF DISC ON MOTOR SPRING APPARATUS

Objectives:

 To study the cause of vibration.

 To study the different methods to reduce vibration
 To perform experiment to balance the disc on motor spring balancing apparatus.

Equipment:
In this lab we will use the following system:
1. Motor Spring Balancing Apparatus

Diagram:

Figure 9. 1 Diagram of Motor Spring Apparatus.

Picture:

Figure 9. 2 Picture of Spring Apparatus

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 Theory:

What is Vibration?
Vibration is simply a back and forth movement—or oscillation—of machines and
components in motorized equipment. Vibration in industrial equipment can be a symptom, or
cause, of a problem, or it can be associated with normal operation. For example, oscillating
sanders and vibratory tumblers rely on vibration to function. Internal combustion engines and
gear drives, on the other hand, experience a certain amount of unavoidable vibration.
Causes of Vibration:
Excessive vibrations on rotating equipment like pumps, gearboxes, turbines and compressors
are a clear sign that the equipment is not functioning properly. Equipment that is showing
excessive vibrations will most likely not achieve the expected lifespan, and can be the source
of unscheduled downtime or dangerous situations. Therefore, it is important to find the root
cause of vibrations by measuring and analysing the vibration signals. Common causes of
vibrations are discussed below.

Alignment problems
When two or more rotating machines are connected, the correct alignment is crucial.
Typical alignment errors are:
 Parallel misalignment:
The shaft centre lines are parallel but are not in line. This can be both horizontal and vertical.
Parallel misalignment is also known as offset misalignment.
 Angular misalignment:
The shafts meet at a point, but are not parallel. This can be both on the horizontal and vertical
axis. Angular misalignment is also known as gap misalignment.
 Combined parallel-angular misalignment:
A combination of both parallel and angular misalignment. Combined parallel-angular
misalignment is the most common misalignment.

Figure 9. 3 Representation of Misalignment

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Unbalance
When the centre of gravity of a rotating object is not exactly in the centre line, it causes
machine unbalance resulting in vibration. When a machine is unbalanced, it can cause
damage to the machine itself, the foundation, pipes, etc. There are three types of unbalance:
static unbalance, coupled unbalance and dynamic unbalance.

Figure 9. 4 Representation of Unbalanced system

Static unbalance
Static unbalance is when the centre of gravity axis (inertia axis) is not in line with the centre
of rotation (shaft centre line), and the heavy spot and the centre of gravity are in the same
plane. Static unbalance can be the result of a parallel displacement of the principal mass axis
relative to the shaft centre line, and can be caused by non-symmetric mass distribution or
deformation. In theory, static unbalance can be detected by placing the object with a point of
rotation on each end. When there is static unbalance and friction is zero, gravity will turn the
heavy side downwards.
Coupled unbalance
Coupled unbalance appears when a rotating object has two or more unbalanced masses in
different planes, that equal each other out in rest position. The principal mass axis is no
longer in parallel to the centre of gravity, but crosses the centre of gravity axis. When the
system starts to rotate, these masses will be influenced by centrifugal forces, resulting in
vibration.
Dynamic unbalance
Dynamic unbalance is the most common type of unbalance and the result of static and
coupled unbalance. The principal mass axis is displaced and not parallel to the shaft centre
line.

Resonance
Every machine has one or more resonance frequencies (natural frequency). When a rotation
frequency coincides with the resonance frequency of the machine, resonance occurs.
Resonance can have major impact.

Loose parts
Loose bearings, loose bolts and corrosion can cause the machine to vibrate excessively. Due
to the mechanical forces in the machine, loose parts can rapidly cause damage.
Dynamic unbalance is the most common type of unbalance and the result of static and
coupled unbalance. The principal mass axis is displaced and not parallel to the shaft centre
line.

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Bearing damage
In rotating machinery, we come across two main types of bearings: roller bearings and sleeve
bearings.
A roller bearing can be damaged in several ways, each with its own vibration fingerprint:
 Damage to the inner ring
 Damage to the outer ring
 Damage to the cage
 Damage to rolling elements (e.g. cylinders, cones and needles)

Figure 9. 5 New vs Old Bearing

Each part of a roller bearing has its own frequency. By calculating these frequencies, it is
possible to use vibration analysis to determine whether the vibrations are a result of bearing
damage.
In contrast to roller bearings, sleeve bearings do not use a rolling element, but use a fluid (oil)
film to reduce friction. Vibrations can be caused by inaccuracies in the fluid film; if a stable
oil film cannot be formed, it can break, resulting in an oil whip or oil whirl. Additionally, this
type of bearing is more sensitive to external influences on the position of the shaft, because
its position in the bearing is not fixed.

Damaged or worn out gears

Gearbox vibrations are often caused by damaged or worn out gear teeth. When gear tooth
engagement involves a damaged tooth, the force cannot be transferred as with the other gear
tooth engagements. If a gear tooth is broken, less force can be transferred at this point of the
cycle. Vibrations occur as a result.

Figure 9. 6 Worn Gear

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How to prevent mechanical vibrations

In order to reduce the noise generated by the speed reducer, whether due to acoustic
vibrations or aerial propagation, an adequate design of all of the components is paramount.
Some tips to prevent these vibrations are:

 Guarantee proper gear operation.

 Maximise engagement rigidity.
 Reduce the transmission error.
 Use helical gears, since they guarantee a greater contact between the gears and
reduces the generated noise.
 Use materials with internal damping.
 Study the final speed reducer configuration, especially the housing, studying the
possible ways in which the structure may vibrate and preventing resonances.
 Know the final application and design for it considering the speed reducer’s
characteristics.

Application of Vibration:
a. Fatigue life of a system
b. Indication of an event
c. Vibrating shaking table
d. Shaking conveyor belt
e. Trimmer and microwave oven
f. Musical Instrument

Disadvantages of Vibration
a. Life is reduced
b. Efficiency of the machine also decreases
c. It causes friction and noises
d. Quality of the product is low

Unbalancing:-

The body is in un equilibrium state or unsteady state is called unbalancing.

Types of unbalancing:-

 Static unbalance:-

Static unbalance occurs when the unbalance is at the center of gravity. The vibration
amplitude will be the same on both bearings and the phase angles will also be the same.

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Couple unbalance:-

Couple unbalance occurs when the principal inertia axis is displaced from the rotational axis,
and the axes intersect at the center of gravity. The vibration amplitude will be the same on
both bearings as with static unbalance, but the phase angles will be 180 degrees different.

Dynamic unbalance:-

Dynamic unbalance is a mix between static and couple unbalance and occurs when the
principal inertia axis is displaced from the rotational axis and does not intersect at the center
of gravity. Both the vibration amplitude and the phase angles will be different.

In LAB Task:-

In this lab, we balance the disc on spring motor balancing apparatus;

Procedure:-

2. To start the motor in the apparatus

3. To note the from which wheel it is unbalance
4. To change the mass distribution on the disk with at some angle
5. To on and off the motor and note the vibration unbalancing in apparatus
6. At certain angle the vibration unbalancing is minimum which is given below;

°
m1=155

°
m 2=315

°
m 3=50

°
m 4=190

Conclusion:-
In this lab, we studied about vibration and causes of vibration. How to reduce the vibration of
system and application of vibration. We also studied the disadvantages of the vibration. We
studied the unbalancing and types of the unbalancing and perform the experiment on
balancing of disc on motor spring balancing

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References

[1] "collins," [Online]. Available: https://www.collinsdictionary.com.

[2] [Online]. Available: ["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=b68438af-1708-44cf-a811-.

[3] [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00121953.