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UNIT- I INTERFERENCE
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Statement: when two or more waves travelling simultaneously in a medium, the resultant
displacement at any point is the algebraic sum of the displacements due to individual waves.
If y1 and y2 are the instantaneous displacements of two waves, then the resultant displacement is given
by
y = y1 y2
‘+’ sign has to be taken when two both waves are in same phase and ‘–‘sign when both waves are out
of phase.
Coherence: Two waves are said to be coherent, if they have same frequency and constant phase
difference.
If a is the amplitude of the two waves, then the resultant amplitude for constructive
interference is
i.e. y = a + a = 2a.
i.e. y = a – a=0
4. With ray diagram discuss the theory of thin films in the condition for constructive
and destructive interference in the case of reflected system.
The path difference between the two reflected rays AR and DR′
= path[ AC+CD] in medium – [AB] in air
µ[AC+CD] – AB --------------(1)
From ΔAEC, cos r = CE / AC
CE t
AC ( CE t)
cosr cosr
t t 2t
AC CD - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (2)
cos r cos r cos r
AB
From ΔABD, sin i
AD
AB AD sin i
sin i
We Know that sin r
sin i sin r
AB AD sin r
AE
From Δ AEC , tan r
CE
AE CE tan r t tan r
AD AE ED 2t tan r ( AE ED)
Hence AB 2 t tan r sin r
2 t sin2r
AB - - - - - - - - - (3)
cos r
⇒
2 t
1 sin 2 r
cos r
2 t
cos2 r
cos r
2 t cos r
According to Stoke’s law, when the light is reflected by denser medium in to rarer medium,
then the reflected ray suffers a phase change of π radians or undergoes a path change of .
2
The path difference between the reflected rays AR and DR′
2 t cos r -
2
Condition for maxima:
Hence the condition for maxima, i.e. for an air film to appear
bright is
2 t cos r - n⇒2 t cos r where n=0, 1, 2,………
2
Condition for minima:
Hence the condition for minima, i.e. for an air film to appear dark
is 2 t cos r - (2n 1)
2 2
2 t cos r (2n 1)
2 2
2 t cos r (2n 2)
2
2 t cos r (n 1) where n= 0, 1, 2, 3………..
EXPERIMENTAL ARRANGEMENT:-
The experimental arrangement consists of a Plano-
convex lens ‘L’ of large radius of curvature and is
placed on a plane glass plate ‘p’ as shown in fig .
The light from monochromatic source is reflected
normally on to the air film by means of glass plate G
inclined at 450. A part of the incident light is
reflected by the curved surface of the lens ‘L’ (Ray
1) and remaining is transmitted. The transmitted
light is reflected back from the plane surface of the
glass plate ‘P’ (Ray 2) undergoes a path change of
λ/2(Stoke’s principle). These two reflected rays are
superimposed and produce an interference pattern in
the form of bright and dark circular rings. These
rings can be viewed in a microscope ‘M’ focused on
the film.
2μ t cos r (2n 1)
2 2
2μ t cos r n λ Where n=0,1,2,3…
7.Derive the expressions for the diameters of dark and bright rings.
R2 = rn 2 + (R-t) 2
rn 2 = R2 - (R-t) 2
rn 2 = R2 - R2 - t2 + 2Rt
2 2
rn 2R t t (as 2 R t >> t2, t2 can be neglected)
2
rn 2R t .
rn nR
The diameter of the dark ring is therefore given by
Thus, the radii (also diameters) of the dark rings are proportional to the square root of natural
numbers.
2 Dm
The thickness of the air film at the point of contact is zero i.e. t = 0, hence which is the
2
condition for destructive interference. So a dark spot is observed at the center of the Newton’s rings.
10. Determine the wavelength of light source and Radius of curvature of given convex lens
The wave length of incident monochromatic light can be determined by forming Newton's
rings and measuring the diameters of the dark rings using travelling microscope.
D Dn
2 2
m Thisis an expression for wavelength of incident light.
4(m n) R
Dm Dn
2 2
R T hisis an expression for Radius of curvatureof lens..
4(m n)
The condition is given by 2 t Cos r = m. Taking m = 1, the smallest thickness of plate that
causes destructive interference is
5890 1010
t 0.39 μm .
2 Cos r 2 1.5 Cos 600
2. A Newton’s ring arrangement is used with a source emitting two wavelengths and
2 4.5 10 5 cm . It is found that nth dark ring due to 1 coincides with (n+1)th dark ring for
2 If the radius of curvature of the curved surface is 90cm, find the diameter of nth dark ring for
1 .
3. In a Newton’s ring experiment, the diameter of the 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.400
cm and 0.700 cm, respectively. Find the diameter of the 20th dark ring.