Unit IV

Wave Optics: INTERFERENCE

Interference of Light.

When two waves of the same frequency and having constant initial phase difference traverse in the same region of
medium simultaneously and cross each other, then the disturbance at each point of the region of superposition is
the resultant of disturbance due to individual waves, but beyond this region the wave comes through completely
uninfluenced by each other. Hence there are modification in the intensity of light in the medium in the region of
superposition, which is, in general different from the sum of intensities due to individual wave at that point. The
resultant intensity at any point depends upon the amplitude and the phase relationship of the component waves.

This modification in the intensity resulting from the superposition of two (or more) waves of light called
interference. The phenomenon of modification in the intensity due to superposition of two waves of same
frequency and constant initial phase difference in the region of superposition is called interference.

At some points the intensity is maximum and the interference at these points is called constructive interference.
At some other points the intensity is minimum and the interference is called destructive interference. When two
light waves are made to interfere, we get alternate dark and bright fringes of a regular or irregular in shape. These
are called interference fringes.

Coherent Sources

Two sources of light are said to be coherent if they emit light which have always a constant phase difference
between them. It means that two sources must emit radiation of same wavelength.

The coherence is the most important characteristic of a laser beam. The degree of coherence is a measure of phase
correlation in the radiation field at different locations and different time.

Types of coherence

Coherence is of two types

Temporal Coherence refers to the constancy of phases as a function of time when the wave travels along the
same path at slightly different time. The average time interval for which the field remains sinusoidal known
as coherence time or temporal coherence.

The distance L for which the field remains sinusoidal is called coherence length and it is given by

Lc = tc c, Where c the speed of light & tc is coherence time

Spatial Coherence- Spatial coherence refers to the phase relationship between waves travelling side by side at
the same time but a t a some distance from one another.
Non Coherent Source - Two sources of light are said to be incoherent if they emit light wave whose phase
changes with the time. The incoherent waves would not produce any observable interference pattern.

Examples :-Electric bulb, night lamp etc.

Why two independent sources can not be coherent?

Two independent sources of light don’t have a distinct phase relationship between them. The reason behind it is
that every source undergoes haphazard changes of phase in every billionth of a second. Within a time interval of
10-8 sec, the phase will be randomly changed because of the fact that the excited atoms which are responsible for
emitting vibrations, are replaced by other excited atoms. Hence two independent sources of light can not be
coherent and can’t produce a sustained interference pattern.

Essential Conditions of Sustained Interference

For good interference the following conditions must be satisfied:

1. The two interfering waves should be coherent.

2. Light sources should be monochromatic.
3. The two coherent sources must be narrow.
4. The separation between the coherent sources should be as small as possible.
5. The distance of the screen from the two sources should be quite large.
Types of interference ( production of different coherent source)- The sources of light can be obtained by using
following methods.

Division of wave front:- The coherent source obtained by dividing the wavefront, originating from the common
source, by employing mirrors ,biprism or lenses Example :- Fresnel biprism ,Lloyd mirror and laser.

Division of amplitude: - The amplitude of incident beam is divided into two or more parts either by partial
reflection or refraction. These beams travel different path and are finally brought together to produce interference.
This is two beam interference resulting superposition of two wave. Example thin film interference, Newton ring,
Michelson interferometer etc

Thin Film:-

An optical medium is called a thin film when its thickness about the order of 1 wavelength of light in visible
region. Thus, a film of thickness of the 5500A0 may be considered as a thin film. A thin film is a sheet of
transparent material of glass, mica, an air film extended between two transparent material or a soap bubble.

Interference due to reflected light in thin film:

Consider a transparent film of thickness t & refractive index μ (>1). Let a ray of monochromatic light PQ be
incident on the upper surface of the film.

PQ ray is partly reflected along QR and partly refracted along QS. At S, it is again partly reflected ST and partly
refracted along SV and this process continues throughout the film.

The optical path difference,

Δ = path (QS+ST) in medium – path QN in air

Δ = μ (QS+ST) – QN ………….(1)

In right angled Δ QSO,

SO t
cos r = or QS = ………….(2)
QS cos r

Similarly in right angled Δ SOT,

SO t
cos r = or ST = ………….(3)
ST cos r

In right angled Δ QTN,

QN
sin i = or QN = QT sin i = (QO + OT ) sin i …………(4)
QT

Now again in Δ QSO and Δ SOT,

QO OT
tan r = and tan r =
OS OS

Putting these values in eqn (4), we get

 QN = (OS tan r + OS tan r) sin i

sin i
QN = 2t tan r(μ sin r) [From Snell’s law, =]
sin r

sin 2 r
QN = 2t …………..(5)
cos r

Putting the values from eqn (2),(3) & (5) in eqn (1)

t t sin 2 r
 = ( + ) − 2 t
cos r cos r cos r
2 t 2 t cos 2 r
= (1 − sin r )
2
=
cos r cos r
 = 2 t cos r

But this is not actual, it is apparent because when the light is reflected from the surface of an optically denser
medium, a phase change of π equivalent to a path difference of λ/2 occurs (Stoke law).


  = 2  t cos r −
2

1. Condition for maxima :

If Δ = nλ, where n = 0,1,2,3,…….constructive interference takes place and the film will appear bright

 2 t cos r − = n
2
or 2 t cos r = (2n + 1) 
2

2. Condition for minima

If Δ = (2n-1) λ/2, where n=1, 2, 3 … destructive interference takes place and the film will appear dark.
𝜆 𝜆
2𝜇𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 − 2 = (2𝑛 − 1) 2

2𝜇𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆

Interference due to transmitted light in thin film:

Consider a transparent film of thickness‘t’ & refractive index ‘μ’. Let a ray of monochromatic light be incident
on the upper surface of the film.
The ray PA ray is refracted along AQ at an angle r. The refracted part AQ is partly reflected along QS and
partly refracted along QB. The reflected part QS is again reflected from point S on the upper surface of the film
along ST and finally emerges out through TC.

The optical path difference,

Δ = path (QS+ST) – path QN

Δ = μ (QS+ST) – QN ………….(1)

In right angled Δ QSO,

SO t
cos r = or QS = ………….(2)
QS cos r

Similarly in right angled Δ SOT,

SO t
cos r = or ST = ………….(3)
ST cos r

In right angled Δ QTN,

QN
sin i = or QN = QT sin i = (QO + OT ) sin i …………(4)
QT

Now again in Δ QSO and Δ SOT,

QO OT
tan r = and tan r =
OS OS

Putting these values in eqn (4), we get

 QN = (OS tan r + OS tan r) sin i

sin i
QN = 2t tan r(μ sin r) [From Snell’s law, =]
sin r

sin 2 r
QN = 2t …………..(5)
cos r

Putting the values from eqn (2),(3) & (5) in eqn (1)

t t sin 2 r
 = ( + ) − 2 t
cos r cos r cos r
2 t 2  t cos 2 r
= (1 − sin r )
2
=
cos r cos r
 = 2 t cos r

1.Condition for maxima :

If Δ = nλ, where n = 0,1,2,3,…….constructive interference takes place and the film will appear bright

 2 t cos r = n

2.Condition for minima:

If Δ = (2n-1) λ/2, where n=1, 2, 3 … destructive interference takes place and the film will appear dark.

 2 t cos r = (2n − 1) 
2
Therefore the point of film which appears bright in reflected light appears dark in transmitted light. Hence the
interference pattern of reflected and transmitted monochromatic light are complementary to each other.
 Intereference pattern in wedge-shaped film:-

A Wedge shaped thin film is one whose plane surfaces are slightly inclined to each other at small angle θ
and encloses a film of transparent material of refractive index µ as shown in fig .The thickness of the film
increases from one side to another . At the point of contact thickness is zero. When the upper surface of the
film is illuminated by parallel beam of monochromatic light and the surface is viewed by reflected light, then
the interference between two rays, one (BC) reflected from the upper surface of the film and other (DE)
obtained by internal reflection at the back surface and consequent transmission at the film surface .Since both
the rays BC and DE are derived from the same incident ray OB they are coherent and on INTERFERNCE
produce a system of equidistant bright and dark fringes.

When a beam of monochromatic light is incident normally at point B on the upper surface of the film, the path
difference between the rays reflected from the upper surface and lower surfaces of the film is 2µt where t is the
thickness of the film at B.As the rays reflected from the surface of denser medium therefore there occurs an
𝜆 𝜆
additional path difference of 2
or phase change of π. Thus an additional path difference of 2
is introduced in the

ray reflected from the upper surface.

Interference in Wedge Shaped Film (Reflected Rays) proof

Consider a film of non-uniform thickness as shown in Fig. It is bound by two surfaces OP and OQ inclined at an
angle θ. The thickness of the film gradually increases from O to P. Such a film of non-uniform thickness is known
as wedge shaped film. The point O at which the thickness is zero is known as the edge of the wedge. The angle θ
between the surfaces OP and OQ is known as the angle of wedge. Let μ be the refractive index of the material of
the film. Let a beam AB of monochromatic light of wavelength λ be incident at an angle ‘i’ on the upper surface
of the film. It is reflected along BM and is transmitted along BC. At C also the beam suffers partial reflection and
refraction and finally we have the ray DR2 in the reflected system. Thus as a result of partial reflection and
refraction at the upper and lower surfaces of the film, we have two coherent rays BR1and DR2 in the reflected
system.
The wedge shaped film has a thin film of varying thickness, having thickness zero at one end and increases at the
other. The angle of wedge is θ.

The optical path difference between the two reflected rays R1 and R2 will be

△ = 𝜇( 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷) 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 – 𝐵𝑀 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟

From the geometry

△ = 𝜇( 𝐵𝑁 + 𝑁𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷) − 𝐵𝑀................... (1)

∠𝐵𝐷𝑀 = 𝑖 𝐴𝑁𝐷 ∠𝐵𝐷𝑁 = 𝑟

As in ΔBMD;
𝐵𝑀
sin 𝑖 =
𝐵𝐷
And in ΔBND
𝐵𝑁
sin 𝑟 =
𝐵𝐷
According Snell’s Law,
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝐵𝑀/𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝑀
𝜇= = =
sin 𝑟 𝐵𝑁/𝐵𝐷 𝐵𝑁

𝐵𝑀 = 𝜇. 𝐵𝑁

Substitute the value BM in equation (1) become

 △ = 𝜇( 𝐵𝑁 + 𝑁𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷) − 𝜇 𝐵𝑁

△ = 𝜇(𝑁𝐶 + 𝐶𝐷) ................. (2)

Now draw perpendicular DF from D on OP and produce BC. They meet at L.

Now triangle CDF and CFL are congruent,

Since

∠𝐶𝐷𝐹 = ∠𝐶𝐿𝐹 = 𝑟 + 𝜃

∠𝐷𝐹𝐶 = ∠𝐶𝐹𝐿 = 900

And CF is common

DM = ML = t

CD = CL

Substituting value of CD in equation (2) we get

△ = 𝜇(𝑁𝐶 + 𝐶𝐿)

△ = 𝜇. 𝑁𝐿 ....................... (3)

As the angle enclosed between the surface OP and OQ is θ, the angle enclosed between normal’s to the surface at
B and C must be θ.the angle of incidence BCJ at C is, therefore ( r+θ). CJ and DL are normal to the surface OP
therefore CJ and DL are parallel as ACL cuts the parallel line CJ and DL, we must have

∠𝐴𝐶𝐽 = ∠𝐶𝐿𝐷 = 𝑟 + 𝜃

As in ΔNDL
𝑁𝐿
cos (𝑟 + 𝜃) =
2𝑡
NL = 2 t cos (𝑟 + 𝜃)

Equation (3) gives

△ = 2𝜇𝑡cos (𝑟 + 𝜃)

As the wave train along BR1 is the reflected wave train from a denser medium, therefore there occurs a phase
change of π or path difference λ/2.

Therefore the effective path difference is

𝜆
△ = 2𝜇𝑡 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) + 2 .................................. (4)

Condition for constructive path difference of Maxima (Bright Fringe)

𝜆 𝜆
2𝜇𝑡 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) + = 2𝑛
2 2
Or
 𝜆
2𝜇𝑡 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
Where n= 1, 2, 3............

Condition for destructive path difference of Minima (Dark Fringe)

𝜆
2𝜇𝑡 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
2𝜇𝑡 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) = 𝑛𝜆

Where n=0, 1, 2, 3.....

Fringe Width:-

For bright fringe,

Let xn be the distance of nth bright fringe from the edge of the film, then

t
tan  = or t = xn tan 
xn

Putting this value of t in above eqn

 2 t cos( r +  ) = (2n + 1)  , where n = 0,1,2,3.........

2

2µ xntan(θ)Cos(r+θ)=(2n+1)λ/2 --------------------(1)

Similarly, if x n+1 is the distance of (n+1)th bright fringe, then

𝜆 𝜆
2µ𝑥𝑛+1 tan 𝜃 cos(𝑟 + 𝜃) = [2(𝑛 + 1) + 1] 2 = (2𝑛 + 3) 2 -------------------(2)

Subtracting eqn (1) from eqn (2),

For normal incidence, i = r = 0 and cos (r + θ) = cos θ

 
So, = =
2 tan  cos  2 sin 

For every small value of θ, sin   


=
2 
 
For air film,  =1  =
2

Colours of thin film

When a thin film of transparent material is illuminated by white light from an extended source, then coloured
fringes are seen in reflected light. The formation of colours in thin films can be explained by the phenomenon of
interference.

The formation of colours depends on path difference between interfering rays reflected from the upper and lower
surfaces of the film. The path difference depends on thickness of film t and inclination of the reflected ray r. At a
particular point of the film and for a particular position of the eye (r), only those colours which satisfy the
condition of maxima will be present. While the other wavelengths, which satisfy the condition of minima, will be
absent from the reflected system.

Necessity of an Extended source

An extended source is necessary to enable the eye to see whole the film simultaneously. This may be
understood as follows:

Let light from a narrow sources S can be incident on a thin film. For each incident wave we get a pair of
parallel interfering wave in fig (a) the interferrring pairs of wave due to incident wave 1,2,3 are shown
due to the limited size of pupil the ray from only a small portion will be visible. To observe the different
part of film they should move to sideways. Hence with a narrow source it is not possible to observe the
whole film simultaneously.

Now let us consider the case when the film is illuminated by an extended source o light in fig (b) the
portion of A film is seen by reflected light originally coming from some point S 1 of the extended
source. Similarly the portion B is seen by reflected light originally coming from some point S2 of the
same source and so on. Thus in case of extended source of light the rays of different part of are reflected
from different part of the film so as to enter the eye placed in a suitable position. Thus we may see the
entire film simultaneously. So we conclude that utility of an extended source is to enable the eye to view
a larger area of the film.

Newton’s Rings:

When a Plano-convex lens of large radius of curvature is placed with its convex surface in contact with a plane
glass plate, an air film of gradually increasing thickness from the point of contact is formed between the upper
surface of the plate and the lower surface of the lens. If monochromatic light is allowed to fall normally on this
film, then alternate bright and dark concentric rings with their centre dark are formed. These rings are known as
Newton’s rings. Newton’s rings are formed because of the interference between the waves reflected from the top
& bottom surfaces of an air film formed between the lens and plate.

Experimental arrangement:-

A Plano-convex lens L of large radius of curvature is placed on a plane glass plate P such that both of them are
having a point of contact. Light from a monochromatic source is allowed to fall on a glass plate G inclined at an
angle 45º to the incident beam. The light reflected from the glass plate falls normally on the air film enclosed
between Plano convex lens & plane glass plate. Light rays reflected upward from the air film, superimpose each
other and interference takes place. Due to interference of these rays, alternate bright & dark concentric rings are
seen, with the help of microscope.

Why the circular fringe formed?

The fringes are circular because the air film is symmetrical about the point of contact of the lens with the
plane glass plate.
 Theory: As the rings are observed in reflected light, the effective path difference is given by 2μt cos r + λ/2,
where μ is the refractive index of the film, t is the thickness of the film at point of incidence. For normal
incidence r = 0 and for air film μ = 1, therefore path difference is 2μt + λ/2

At t = 0, the effective path difference is λ/2.

This is the condition of minimum intensity. Hence the centre of Newton’s ring is dark.

For constructive interference, Δ = nλ

2μt + λ/2 = nλ

or 2μt = (2n - 1)λ/2 , where n = 1,2,3,…… ………(1)

For destructive interference, Δ = (2n+1)λ/2

2μt + λ/2 = (2n+1)λ/2

or 2μt = nλ, where n = 0,1,2,3……… ……….(2)

Diameters of Bright & Dark Rings:-

Let R be the radius of curvature of the lens and r be the radius of a Newton’s ring where film thickness is ‘t’.

From the property of a circle, DE×EF= OE ×EG

 r x r = t (2R-t)

r2 = 2Rt - t2 ………..(3)

Since t is very small as compared to R, hence

r2
2
r = 2Rt or t = .………(4)
2R

For Bright rings, Substituting the value of t in eqn(1),

r2 (2n − 1)R
2 = (2n − 1) / 2 or r2 =
2R 2

(2n − 1)R
For nth ring. rn =
2

2

(2n − 1)R 2(2n − 1)R

2
Dn
= or Dn =
2

4 2 
2(2n − 1)R
Dn = ..................(6)


For air film, μ = 1

Let √2𝜆𝑅 = 𝐾

Hence 𝐷𝑛 =K√2𝑛 − 1

Hence 𝐷𝑛 ∝√2𝑛 − 1

Thus, the diameters of bright rings are proportional to the square root of the odd natural number.

For Dark rings, Substituting the value of t in eqn (2),

r2 nR
2 = n or r2 =
2R 

nR
rn =
2
For nth ring.

 n R 4 n R
2
Dn
= or Dn =
2

4  
For air film, μ = 1,
4 n R
Dn = ................(7)


 Dn = 4nR

𝐷𝑛 ∝ √𝑛

Thus, the diameters of dark rings are proportional to the square root of the natural number.

To find the spacing between the successive rings we have to subtract the diameters of consecutive rings

𝐷𝑛+1 − 𝐷𝑛 = 𝑘[√(𝑛 + 1) − √𝑛]

The spacing between consecutive dark rings 1,2,3,4… is obtained by putting n = 1,2,3,4….. in the above equation,

𝐷2 − 𝐷1 = 𝑘(√2 − 1) = 0.414𝑘

𝐷3 − 𝐷2 = 𝑘(√3 − √2) = 0.318𝑘

𝐷4 − 𝐷3 = 𝑘(√4 − √3) = 0.268𝑘

𝐷5 − 𝐷4 = 𝑘(√5 − √4) = 0.236𝑘

Hence it is concluded that the spacing between rings decreases with the order of the ring and fringes get closer
and closer as their order increases.

Applications of Newton’s ring-

Determination of Wavelength of Sodium light using Newton’s Ring:-

Let Dn and D(n+p) be the diameters of the nth& (n+p)th dark rings respectively, then

Dn = 4nR D( n+ p ) = 4(n + p)R

2 2
and

where p is any number & R be the radius of curvature of the lens.

D 2 ( n+ p ) − D 2 n = 4(n + p)R − 4nR = 4 pR

D 2 ( n+ p ) − D 2 n
Thus,
or =
4 pR
 The same result shall be obtained for bright ring.

Determination Of refractive index of a liquid:-

For air film

Dn = 4nR D( n+ p ) = 4(n + p)R

2 2
and

D 2 ( n+ p ) − D 2 n = 4(n + p)R − 4nR = 4 pR

Let Dn’ and D(n+p)’ be the diameters of the nth& (n+p)th dark rings with liquid as medium respectively, then for
,2 4𝑛𝜆𝑅 ,2 4(𝑛+𝑝)𝜆𝑅
liquid film 𝐷𝑛 = and 𝐷𝑛+𝑝 =
𝜇 𝜇

4 p R
D'2 ( n+ p ) − D'2 n =

[ D 2 ( n+ p ) − D 2 n ]air
 =
[ D'2 ( n+ p ) − D'2 n ]liquid

Effect of introduction of liquid between the plate and lens on Newton’s rings

The diameter of nth dark ring when some drops of liquid is introduced between glass plate and plano convex

lens
𝟒𝒏𝝀𝑹
(𝑫𝟐𝒏 )𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = …………(1)
𝝁

With air film the diameter of nth dark ring is

(𝑫𝟐𝒏 )𝒂𝒊𝒓 = 𝟒𝒏𝝀𝑹 ………….(2)

(𝑫𝟐𝒏 )𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 1
Dividing equation (1) by (2), we get (𝑫𝟐𝒏 )𝒂𝒊𝒓
=𝜇

(𝐷𝑛 )𝑎𝑖𝑟
(𝐷𝑛 )𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 =
√𝜇

As μ >1, (𝐷𝑛 )𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 < (𝐷𝑛 )𝑎𝑖𝑟

Thus, when the liquid of refractive index μ is introduced between the glass plate and the plano-
convex lens, the diameter of the ring decreases, that is, the rings contract.
Newton ring with white light

When white light is used in Newton ring experiment in reflected system, there are few colored rings
around the black center and beyond it there will be uniform illumination.

Reason: the diameter of Newton ring with air film are given by

Dn = 4nR
2

Obviously diameter of ring is a function of wavelength. As white light is composed of

different wavelengths, diameter of ring is minimum for violet and maximum for red colour. So we get coloured
fringes. Due to overlapping of rings of different colours over each other, only first few rings will be clearly seen.
So after few rings, we get a uniform illumination . At center t = 0, so center is dark for all wavelength.

Newton’s Rings are Circular but Air-wedge Fringes are Straight

In both Newton’s rings and air wedge fringe arrangements, each fringe is the locus of points of equal thickness
of the film. In Newton’s rings arrangement, the locus of points of equal thickness of air film lie on a circle with
the point of contact of the plano convex lens and the glass plate as centre. Hence the fringes are circular and
concentric. In case of wedge shaped air film, the loci of points of equal thickness are straight lines parallel to the
edge of the wedge. Hence the fringes are straight and parallel.

Effect of Using a lens of Small Radius of Curvature

The expression for diameters of bright and dark rings is

(𝑫𝒏 )𝒅𝒂𝒓𝒌 ∝ √𝟐𝝀𝑹 𝒂𝒏𝒅 (𝑫𝒏 )𝒃𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 ∝ √𝟒𝝀𝑹

It clearly indicate that the diameter of dark or bright ring is directly proportional to the square root of the radius
of curvature, R of the lens. Hence if we use a lens of small radius of curvature, the diameter of the rings will be
small. This may cause large percentage error in the measurements.

Effect of not Using Monochromatic light

The two sources should give monochromatic or very nearly monochromatic light. If the sources give
polychromatic light (light having a mixture of wavelengths) consisting of a number of wavelengths, then the
light of each wavelength gives its own set of fringes, the fringe width (Dλ/2d) being different for each
wavelength. Hence only zero order or central fringes of all wavelengths lie in the same position, the others being
at different positions for each wavelength. The fringes of different wavelengths are intermixed. When the path
difference is large, there is very much intermixing at any point so a uniform illumination is obtained. Hence to
obtain interference pattern the light should be monochromatic.
Newton ring with both curved surfaces

In Newton ring arrangement, if the plane glass plate is replaced by a curved surface. The ring is formed
due to reflection from the upper and lower surfaces of the air film. The following two experimental
arrangement are possible.

Case 1 : when the lower surface is convex as shown in fig

The total thickness of the air film at any point as shown in the figure is given by

t = t1 + t 2 ……………………(1)

if the R1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of the upper and lower curved surface respectively, then

𝑟𝑛2 𝑟𝑛2
𝑡= +
2𝑅1 2𝑅2

𝑟2 𝑟2
2𝑡 = 𝑅𝑛 + 𝑅𝑛 ……………………….(2)
1 2

The condition of dark ring for normal incidence r = 0 and for air film μ = 1,

2t = nλ …………………………..(3)

From equation (2) and (3)

𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝒏𝝀 = 𝑹𝒏 + 𝑹𝒏 ……………………….(2)
𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝒏𝝀 = 𝒓𝟐𝒏 ( + )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐
Where n =0,1,2,3,……….

For bright ring the condition is

𝝀 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒓𝟐𝒏 ( + )
𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

Where n =0,1,2,3,……….

Case 2 when the lower surface is concave as shown in fig

The total thickness of the air film at any point as shown in the figure is given by

t = t1 - t 2 ……………………(1)

if the R1 and R2 be the radii of curvature of the upper and lower curved surface respectively, then

𝑟𝑛2 𝑟𝑛2
𝑡= −
2𝑅1 2𝑅2

𝑟2 𝑟2
2𝑡 = 𝑅𝑛 − 𝑅𝑛 ……………………….(2)
1 2

The condition of dark ring for normal incidence r = 0 and for air film μ = 1,

2t = nλ …………………………..(3)

From equation (2) and (3)

𝒓𝟐 𝒓𝟐
𝒏𝝀 = 𝑹𝒏 − 𝑹𝒏 ……………………….(2)
𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 𝟏
𝒏𝝀 = 𝒓𝟐𝒏 ( − )
𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

Where n =0,1,2,3,……….
 For bright ring the condition is

𝝀 𝟏 𝟏
(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒓𝟐𝒏 ( − )
𝟐 𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝟐

Where n =0,1,2,3,……….

INTERFERENCE NUMERICALS

Q1. A man whose eye are 150 cm above the oil film on water surface observe greenish color at a
distance of 100 cm from his feet .calculate the probable thickness of the film. (λg= 5000 A0,

μ oil = 1.4, μ water = 1.33)

solution : if t is thickness and r is the angle of refraction then the condition of maxima in the reflected
light is givin by

 2 t cos r = (2n − 1) 
2
Where n= 1,2,3…….. here λ= 5 ⨉ 10-5 cm μ oil = 1.4
100 2 2
Now, tan 𝑖 = = so sin 𝑖 =
150 3 √13

2
sin 𝑖 sin 𝑖
From snell law μ= and sin r = and sin r = √13
= 0.3962
sin 𝑟 𝜇 1.4

Hence cos 𝑟 = √1 − sin 2𝑟 = and cos 𝑟 = √1 − (0.3962)2 = 0.9182

2⨉1.4 ⨉ t ⨉ 0.9182 = 5 ⨉ 10-5/2 (2 n -1)

t= 9.725 ⨉ 10 -6 (2n-1) cm where n= 1,2,3………

Q2. White light falls normally on a film of a soapy water whose thickness is 1.5 ⨉ 10-5 cm and
refractive index 1.33. which wavelength in the visible region will be reflected strongly.

Solution: when light falls normally ( r = 0) on a film the condition of maxima is

2𝜇𝑡 cos 𝑟 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜆/2

Where n = 0,1,2,3………….

Here t = 1.5 ⨉ 10-5 cm and μ = 1.33

4𝜇𝑡 4 × 1.33 × 1.5 × 10−5 7.98 × 10−5

𝜆= = =
(2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1)
 7.98×10−5
For n =0 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 7.98 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
1

7.98×10−5
For n =1 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 2.66 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
3

7.98×10−5
For n =2 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 1.596 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
5

7.98×10−5
For n =3 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 1.14 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
7

Out of wavelength only 𝝀 = 𝟕. 𝟗𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒄𝒎 lies near the upper limit of visible region hence ,
wavelength 7890 A is strongly reflected

Q3. White light falls normally on a film of a soapy water whose thickness is 0.50 ⨉ 10-6 cm and
refractive index 1.5.find wavelength in the visible region (400nm -700 nm) will be reflected
strongly.

Solution: when light falls normally ( r = 0) on a film the condition of maxima is

2𝜇𝑡 cos 𝑟 = (2𝑛 + 1)𝜆/2

Where n = 0,1,2,3………….

Here t = 1.5 ⨉ 10-5 cm and μ = 1.5

4𝜇𝑡 4 × 1.5 × 1.5 × 10−5 30 × 10−5

𝜆= = =
(2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1) (2𝑛 + 1)

30×10−5
For n =0 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 30 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
1

30×10−5
For n =1 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 10 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
3

30×10−5
For n =2 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 6 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
5

30×10−5
For n =3 𝜆= or 𝜆 = 4.5 × 10−5 𝑐𝑚
7

Out of wavelength only 𝝀 = 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒄𝒎 lies near the upper limit of visible region hence ,
wavelength 7890 A is strongly reflected

Q4. Light of wavelength 5893 Å is reflected at nearly normal incidence from a soap film of
refractive index 1.42. What is the least thickness of the film that will appear (i) dark (ii) bright?

Solution (i) the condition for the darkness of the film in reflected system is given by
 2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆
For normal incidence, r = 0 and cos r =1
Therefore
2µ𝑡 = 𝑛𝜆
𝑛𝜆
𝑡=
2µ
For the least thickness of the film, n=1
𝜆
𝑡=
2µ
5893 × 10−8
𝑡=
2 × 1.42
=2075 Å
(ii) The condition for the brightness of the film in reflected system is given by
𝜆
2µ𝑡 = (2𝑛 − 1)
2
𝜆
𝑡 = (2𝑛 − 1)
4µ
For the least thickness of the film, n=1
𝜆
𝑡=
4µ
5893 × 10−8
𝑡=
4 × 1.42
=1037.5 Å
Q 5. A parallel beam of sodium light of 5880 Å is incident on a thin glass plate of refractive
index 1.5 such that the angle of refraction in the plate is 𝟔𝟎𝟎 .Calculate the smallest thickness of
the plate which will make it appear dark by reflection.

Solution: We know that the condition for dark band or fringe in the reflected light is

2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆

𝑛𝜆
𝑡=
2µ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟

5880 × 10−8
𝑡=
2 × 1.5 × .5

𝒕 = 𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 cm

Q6. Calculate the thickness of the thinnest film (µ=1.4) in which interference of violet
component (λ=4000 Å) of incident light can take place by reflection.
 Solution: We know that the condition of condition of constructive interference in the reflected
system is

(2𝑛 + 1)𝜆
2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 =
2
For normal incidence r=0 or cosr=1
For for thinnest film n=0
𝜆
Henc 𝑡 = 4µ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟
4000×10−8
t= 4×1.4×1
t = 714.3 Å
Q 7. A soap film of refractive index 1.43 is illuminated by white light incident at an angle of
𝟑𝟎𝟎 .The refracted light is examined by a spectroscope in which dark band corresponding to
the wavelengths 6×𝟏𝟎−𝟕 m is observed .Calculate the thickness of the film.

Solution: The condition for the darkness of the film in reflected system is given by

2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆

𝑛𝜆
𝑡=
2µ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
µ=𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
sinr = µ

𝑠𝑖𝑛300
sinr= 1.43

1/2
sinr = 1.43=.381

Cosr=√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑟=.92

𝟏×𝟔×𝟏𝟎−𝟕
t=𝟐×𝟏.𝟒𝟑×.𝟗𝟐=2.28×𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝒄𝒎

Q8.A thin film of soap solution is illuminated by white light at an angle of incidence sin -1(4/5). In
reflected light two dark consecutive overlapping fringes are observed corresponding to wavelength
6.1× 10-7 and 6 × 10-7m. The refractive index for soap solution is 4/3. Calculate the thickness of the
film

Solution: We know that the condition for dark band or fringe in the reflected light is
 2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆
If 𝑛 and (𝑛 + 1) are the orders of consecutive dark bands for wavelengths 𝜆1 and 𝜆2
respectively, then
2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆1 and 2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝜆2
2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆1 = (𝑛 + 1) 𝜆2 --------------------------------------(1)
𝑛𝜆1 =(𝑛 + 1) 𝜆2
𝑛(𝜆1 − 𝜆2 )= 𝜆2
𝜆2
𝑛 = (𝜆
1 −𝜆2 )

Put the value of 𝑛 in equation (1),we get

𝜆1 𝜆2
2µ𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 =
(𝜆1 − 𝜆2 )
𝜆1 𝜆2 1
𝑡= ----------------------------------- (2)
(𝜆1 −𝜆2 ) 2µ𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑟
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖
But from Snell’s law µ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑟
4 4
According to question µ = 3 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑖 = 5

(4/5)2
Hence, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = √1 − (4/32

3 2
=√1 − (5)

16 4
=√25= 5

4
Put this value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 in equation (2) and also 𝜆1 = 6.1 × 10−5cm, 𝜆2 = 6 × 10−5 cm, µ=3
6.1×10−5 × 6×10−5 ×3×5
𝑡=
(6.1×10 −5
− 6×10 −5
) ×2×4×4 1
3 5

𝒕 =. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒎
Q9. Light of wavelength 6000 Å falls normally on a thin wedge shaped film of refractive index1.4
forming fringes that are 2 mm apart. Find the angle of the wedge.

Solution: If θ is the angle of wedge formed by a medium of refractive index µ,then for normal
incidence the fringe width for wavelength λ is given by

λ 1
𝛽=
2µ θ

λ = 6000 Å=6000 × 10−8 cm, µ = 1.4, β = 2𝑚𝑚 = .2𝑐𝑚

 6000×10−8 180 degree
θ= =10.71× 10−5 radian=10.71× 10−5 ×
2×1.4×.2 π

θ=. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟏𝟎

Q10. A square piece of cellophane film with index of refraction 1.5 has a wedge shaped section so
that its thickness at two opposite side is t1 and t2. If the number of fringes appearing with
wavelength λ = 6000 Ao is 10 calculate the difference (t1 - t2).

Solution : if the order of the fringe appearing at one end o the film be n , then the order of the fringe
appearing at other end will be (n +10) for dark fringe.

2µ𝑡1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 𝑛𝜆 … … … … … … (1)

2µ𝑡2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = (𝑛 + 10)𝜆 … … (2)

Subtracting equation (1) from Equation (2) we get

2µ(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 10𝜆 … … . (3)

If the fringe is seen normal and the angle of wedge very small, then r =0 so that

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑟 = 1 … … … … … . (4)

Substituting the value of cos r from equation 4 to equation 3 we get

2µ(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = 10𝜆

10𝜆 5𝜆
(𝑡2 − 𝑡1 ) = =
2µ 2µ

Here
µ = 1.5 and 𝜆 = 6000 × 10−3 𝑐𝑚

𝟓 × 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑
(𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 ) = = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒄𝒎
𝟏. 𝟓

Q11. Newton’s rings are observed in reflected light of wavelength 6000 Å. The diameter of 10th
dark ring is 0.5 cm. Find the radius of curvature of the lens and the thickness of the air film.

Solution: The diameter of nth dark ring is given by

𝐷𝑛 2 =4𝑛𝜆𝑅

𝐷 2
𝑛
R=4𝑛𝜆𝑅
 𝐷𝑛=.5, 𝑐𝑚 λ=6000 Å=6 × 10−5 cm and 𝑛 = 10

.5×.5
R= =106cm
4×10×6×10−5

If t is the thickness of the film cprresponding to a ring of D diameter,then

𝐷2
2t=4𝑅

𝐷2
t=8𝑅

.𝟓×.𝟓
t= =3×𝟏𝟎−𝟒 cm
𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟔

Q12. Newton’s rings are observed by keeping a spherical surface of 100 cm. radius on a plane
glass plate. If the diameter of 15th bright ring is 0.59 cm and the diameter of 5 th ring is 0.336 cm.
What is the wavelength of light used?

Solution: If 𝐷𝑛+𝑝 and 𝐷𝑛 be the diameters of (𝑛 + 𝑝)𝑡ℎ and 𝐷𝑡ℎ bright ring then
𝐷2 𝑛+𝑝 − 𝐷2 𝑛
𝜆=
4𝑝𝑅
D15=.59 cm,D5=.336 cm
P=10 and R=100 cm
(.59)2 −(.336)2
λ= 4×10×100

=5.88×𝟏𝟎−𝟓 cm=5880 Å

Q13. Newton’s rings are formed in reflected light of wavelength 6000 Å with a liquid between the
plane and curved surfaces.If the diameter of 6th bright ring is 3.1mm and the radius of curvature
of the curved surface is 100 cm,calculate the refractive index of the liquid.
Solution:The diameter of nth bright ring is given by
2(2𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑅
𝐷𝑛2 =
µ
2(2𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑅
µ=
𝐷𝑛2
In the given problem,n=6,λ=6000 Å=6000 × 10−8 cm, R=100cm and D5=3.1mm=.31cm
2(2𝑛 − 1)𝜆𝑅
µ=
𝐷𝑛2
 2(12−1)×6000×10−8 ×100
µ= (.31)(.31)

µ =1.373
Q14. In newton’s ring experiment the diameter of 4th and 12th dark ring are .4 cm and .7 cm
respectively.Deduce the diameter of 20th dark ring.
Solution: If 𝐷2 𝑛+𝑝 and 𝐷2 𝑛 be the diameters of (n+p)th and nth dark ring respectively,then
𝐷2 𝑛+𝑝 − 𝐷2 𝑛 =4pλR -------------------(1)
In the given problem n=4,n+p=12,𝐷4 =.4 cm and 𝐷12 =.7 cm
𝐷212 − 𝐷2 4 = 4⨉8⨉λ⨉R ------------------(2)
Suppose the diameter of 20th dark ring is 𝐷20 ,
𝐷2 20 − 𝐷2 4 = 4⨉16⨉λ⨉R ---------------------------------(3)
Dividing equation (2) by (3), we get
𝐷212 − 𝐷2 4 4⨉8⨉λ⨉R 1
= =
𝐷2 20 − 𝐷2 4 4⨉16⨉λ⨉R 2
2 × (𝐷212 − 𝐷2 4 ) = (𝐷2 20 − 𝐷2 4 )
𝐷2 20 = 2𝐷212 − 𝐷2 4
𝐷2 20 = 2(0.700)(0.700) − (0.400)(0.400)
𝐷2 20 = 0.98 − 0.16 = 0.82
𝐷20 = √0.82 = .0906 𝑐𝑚
So diameter of 20 th ring =0.906 cm

Q15. Light containing two wavelength λ1 and λ2 falls normally on a plan convex lens of radius of
curvature R resting on a glass plate. If the nth dark ring due to λ1 is conside with the (n + 1)th
dark ring due to λ2. Prove that radius of nth dark ring of λ1 is given as.

𝜆1 𝜆2
√ 𝑅
𝜆1 − 𝜆2

Solution: radius of the nth dark ring is given as

𝑟𝑛 = √𝑛𝜆1𝑅………..(1)

nth dark ring due to λ1 is coinside with the (n+1) th dark ring due to λ2

𝐷2 𝑛 =4nλ1R = 4 (n+1) λ2 R

nλ1=(n+1)λ2
 𝜆2
𝑛=
𝜆1 − 𝜆2

Substituting the value of n in equation 1 we get

𝝀𝟏 𝝀𝟐
𝒓𝒏 = √ 𝑹
𝝀𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐