Irrigation Manual W-22

Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering Lab Manual
Lab Manual Book
HYDRAULICS AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
PREPARED BY:
REGISTRATION #
SECTION:
SUBMITTED TO:
THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

TABLE OF CONTENTS
S. NO. DESCRIPTION/EXPERIMENTS
i. Preface
ii. Important Note
iii. Acknowledgement
iv. Layout of Hydraulic Lab
v. Description of lab Instruments
GENERAL
Layout of Hydraulics & Irrigation Engineering Laboratory.
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. To determine Manning’s roughness coefficient ‘n’ and Chezy’s coefficient ‘c’ in a

laboratory flume.
2. To investigate the relationship between specific energy and depth of flow.
3. To study the flow characteristics over a hump/weir.
4. To study the characteristics of hydraulic jump developed in the laboratory flume.

PREFACE
This Laboratory Manual is intended to provide undergraduate engineering students an

understanding of the basic principles of Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering
and its machinery covering all experiments related to the third year level of the B.Sc. Civil
Engineering.
In this text, related theory is discussed with help of the photographs of apparatuses and machines
to quickly grasp the basic concepts. To further elaborate the theory, blank spaces are provided
for observations. It also contains brief procedure for the experiment, precautions, self-
explanatory table of observations and calculations, blanks spaces for writing results and finally
comments on the results. As practiced university, SI units are also used in this manual. However,
wherever felt necessary, values in alternate units are also provided to facilitate students.
In this Laboratory manually, totally four experiment are covered. Experiment number 1 is to
determine Manning’s roughness coefficient ‘n’ and Chezy’s coefficient ‘c’ in a laboratory flume.
Experiment number 2 refers to investigate the relationship between specific energy and depth of
flow, experiment number 3is to study the flow characteristics over a hump/weir and experiment
number 4 is to study the characteristics of hydraulic jump developed in the laboratory flume.
Any comments/ suggestions by the teachers / students will be highly appreciated.

IMPORTANT NOTE
All rights are reserved with ENGR. M. UMER SHEHZAD, lecturer civil engineering department.
The University of Lahore and no part of this manual should be reproduced and used by any
person, without exception, in any possible form without the written permission from the authors.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank DR. MUHAMMAD KALEEM ULLAH Head of Department of Civil
Engineering, The University of Lahore, for reviewing the manuscript and offering many helpful
suggestions for the manual in particular and many other colleagues and students in general.

GENERAL
LAYOUT OF HYDRAULICS & IRRIGATION ENGINEERING LAB.

EXPERIMENT NO 1
To Determine Manning’s Roughness Coefficient ‘n’ And Chezy’s

Coefficient ‘c’ In A Laboratory Flume.
OBJECTIVES:
 Physical measurement of n & c.
 To study the variation of n & c as a function of velocity of flow in the flume.
 To investigate the relationship between n & c.
APPARATUS:
 (S-6) glass sided tilting Flume Apparatus
 Point gauge
Figure No 1: Flume Apparatus
RELATED THEORY:
 FLUME:
Laboratory Open channel supported above the ground/ elevated open channel.
 TYPES OF FLUME:
According to shape, Flume may have following types.
 Rectangular Flume

 Trapezoidal Flume
 U Flume
 Parshall Flume
 S6 (GLASS SIDED) TILTING FLUME APPARATUS:

A glass sided tilting flume apparatus is fabricated with stainless steel with manometric
flow arrangement and slope adjusting scale which use in laboratory to perform the
various experiments. It is a function of the shape of the pipe, channel, or river in which
the water is flowing. A working cross-section of 300mm wide by 450 mm deep with
working lengths of 5m, 7.5, 10m and 15m.
 POINT GAUGE:
It is used to measure the depth of flowing flow in tilting flume at different points of
section.
 UNIFORM FLOW:
A uniform flow is one in which flow parameters and channel parameters remain same
with respect to distance between two sections. This flow is only possible in prismatic
flow.
 NON UNIFORM FLOW:

A uniform flow is one in which flow parameters and channel parameters do not remain
same with respect to distance between two sections. This flow is not possible in prismatic
flow.
 STEADY FLOW:
A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may
differ from point to point but do not change with time.
 UNSTEADY FLOW:
A steady flow is one in which the conditions (velocity, pressure and cross-section) may
differ from point to point but change with time.
 STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

Conditions do not change with position or with time in the stream. An example is the
flow of water in a pipe of constant diameter at constant velocity.

 STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW:

Conditions change from point to point
in the stream but do not change with
time. An example is flow in a tapering
pipe with constant velocity at the inlet –
velocity will change as you move along
the length of the pipe towards the exit.
Figure NO 2: Tapering Pipe
 UN STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

At a given instant in time the conditions at every point are the same, but will change with
time. An example is a pipe of constant diameter connected to a pump pumping at a
constant rate which is then switched off.
 UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW:

Every condition of the flow may change from point to point and with time at every point.
For example, waves in a channel.
 MANNING’S ROUGHNESS FORMULA:

The Manning formula states that:
2 1
1
Q  AR 3 S 2
n
WHERE,
Q is the flow [L3/T]
V is the cross-sectional average velocity [L/T]

K is a conversion factor which is 1 in SI units.
N is the Manning coefficient (also called as resistance to flow).
Rhis the hydraulic radius [L]
Sis the slope of the water surface or the linear hydraulic head loss.

 HYDRAULICS RADIUS:
The hydraulic radius is a measure of channel flow efficiency.
WHERE,
Rh is the hydraulic radius [L]
A is the cross sectional area of flow (A= B*y). [L2]
P is wetted perimeter and is equal to B+2y. [L]
Figure No 3:
Channel dimension’s notations
 The greater the hydraulic radius, the greater the efficiency of the channel.
 The hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.
 CHEZY’S FORMULA:
The Chezy’s formula states that:
 FLOW RATE (DISCHARGE):
It is the amount of water in m3 passing in one second from a point.
Q= kA√ (2g∆h)
Where,
K = roughness coefficient and here its value is 1.2
∆h = h1 – h2 [L]
h1 = head of water in one limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a greater value). [L]
h2 = head of water in other limb of the pressure tube. (It’s a lesser value). [L]

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘n’ & ‘c’:
C = R1/6/n
PROCEDURE:
 Set a particular slope of the flume.

 Start the pump; allow the flow in the flume to be stabilized.
 Determine the flow rate in the flume.
 Take three readings of depth of flow in flume at different points and average it for a
particular flow rate in the flume.
 Change the flow rate through the flume.
 Again allow the flow in the flume to be stabilized.
 Again take three readings of depth of flow in flume at different points and average it.
 Repeat the whole procedure (at least 6 readings) for different discharges in the flume.
PRECAUTIONS:
 Depth of flow should be measure at stabilized flow.
 Slope in flume should be constant.
 In the absence of point gauge, if depth of flow is being measured with scale, then it
should be placed at 900 angles with respect to the base of flume.
 There should be no leakage of water from flume body while water is flowing.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Flume width = B = ----------- m
Value of k to find the Q = ----------
Rise of water Average Depth of

Wetted Area Hydrauli
in tubes and flow Chezy’s
Perimeter of c mean Flow rate
Channe their Y= (Y1+Y2+Y3)/3 Manning’s Constan
P=B+2Y flow Radius Q=
Sr. l bed difference (m) Constant t
(m) A= R= A/P kA√(2g∆
# slope (m) n= c=
(B*Y) (m) h)
(S) A/Q.R2/3.S1/2 R1/6/n
(m2) (m3/sec)
h1 h2 ∆h Y1 Y2 Y3 Y

GRAPH PRESENTATION:
a) Graph between n and Q
b) Graph between Q and c c) Graph between n and c

RESULTS:
COMMENTS:

RUBRICS EVALUATION
LABORATORY: Hydraulics & Irrigation Engineering

EXPERIMENT EVALUATION RUBRICS
SUBJECT: Hydraulics & Irrigation Engineering
Note: 0 means absent 1 means poor 2 means satisfactory 3 means good 4 means very good 5 means extraordinary
EXPERIMENT NUMBER AND

1. To determine Manning’s roughness coefficient ‘n’ and Chezy’s coefficient ‘c’ in a laboratory flume.
TITLE:
EVALUATOR'S NAME: Engr. M. Umer Shehzad

COGNITIVE (10%) PSYCHOMOTOR (70%) AFFECTIVE (20%)
Data
Attitude /
Analysis and Operation Observing
Section
Groups
Criteria Total
Sr. Background Viva / Quiz / Safety Ethics
Report / of & Data Teamwork
No. Knowledge Presentation Precautions During
Manual Equipment Recording
Experiment
Writing
Regd. No. Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 Scale 0-5 14

EXPERIMENT NO 2
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC ENERGY AND DEPTH

OF FLOW.
OBJECTIVES:
 To study the variations in specific energy as a function of depth of flow for a given
discharge in the laboratory flume/ to plot E-Y diagram for a given discharge in the
channel.
APPARATUS:
 Point gauge
RELATED THEORY:
 SPECIFIC ENERGY:
The specific energy (E) is the total energy per unit weight measured relative to the
channel bed, and it is given by the sum of the depth and velocity head (assuming small
bed slope and a kinetic energy correction factor of 1):
v2
E  y
2g
Figure No 4
ASSUMPTIONS:
Following assumptions are being done.
 Normal flow conditions exist in channel. (Steady uniform flow)

 Velocity correction factor ( α = 1 )
 Bed Slope is very small. (Practically S < 1: 10
Hence, the specific energy is constant along the channel having uniform flow conditions,
but it varies for non-uniform flow conditions.

 SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM:
It is a plot between specific energy as a function of depth of flow.
Figure No 5
BASIC TERMINOLOGY:
 CRITICAL FLOW:
It is the flow that occurs when the specific energy is minimal for a given discharge.
It can be seen in Fig. that a point will be reached where the specific energy is minimum and
only a single depth occurs. At this point, the flow is termed as critical flow.
 SUPER CRITICAL FLOW:
The flow for which the depth is less than critical is (velocity is greater than critical) is
termed as supercritical flow.
 SUB CRITICAL FLOW:
Flow with low velocity and larger depth. (Froude No. < 1)

 CRITICAL DEPTH:
The depth of flow of water at which the specific energy is a minimum is called critical
depth.
 CRITICAL VELOCITY:
The velocity of flow at the critical depth is known as critical velocity.
 ALTERNATE DEPTHS:
For any value of the specific energy other than critical one, there are two depths, one
greater than the critical depth and other smaller than the critical depth. These two depths
for a given specific energy are called alternate depths.
FIGURE NO 6
PROCEDURE:
 Start the pump to maintain a constant discharge in hydraulic flume apparatus.

 Allow the flow in the flume to be stabilized.
 Take three readings of depth of flow in the flume at different points and average it.
 Change the slope of the flume by automatic system attached to the apparatus.
 Again allow the flow in the flume to be stabilized.
 Again take three readings of depth of flow in flume at different points and average it.
 Repeat the whole procedure by changing the slope of the flume.
 Develop a specific energy curve from observed data & calculations.

PRECAUTIONS:
 Tip of the hook gauge should just touch the water.

 Take piezometric readings when flow is ready.
 Take more than three readings.

Flume width = B= -------- m
Value of k to find the Q = --------
Avg
Area
Channel Flow Critical Depth Velocity Velocity Specific
of
bed rate depth of of of flow Head Energy
Sr# flow
slope Q flow flow v v2/2g E
A
So (m3/sec) (m) y (m/sec) (m) (m)
(m2)
(m)
10

GRAPH REPRESENTATION:
COMMENTS:

Rubrics Evaluation

EXPERIMENT NUMBER AND TITLE: 2. To investigate the relationship between specific energy and depth of flow.

Data Analysis Attitude /

Criteria Operation Observing Total
Section
Groups
Background and Report / Viva / Quiz / Safety Ethics

Sr. No. of & Data Teamwork
Knowledge Manual Presentation Precautions During
Equipment Recording
Writing Experiment

EXPERIMENT NO 3
TO STUDY THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OVER A HUMP/WEIR.
OBJECTIVE:
To study the variations in the flow with the introduction of different types of humps in the flume.
APPARATUS:
 Point gauge
 Broad crested Weir
o Round corner
o Sharp corner
Sharp corner Round corner

Figure No 7
RELATED THEORY:
 HUMP:
It is a streamline Construction provided at the bed of channel.
V2
Y1 Y2 Y3
V1 Z
Hump
Figure No 8

 WEIR:
A weir is a streamlined wall or structure commonly used to raise the water level of a river
or stream to divert the required amount of water into an irrigation canal. Weirs can be
gated (barrage) or ungated.
 FLOW OVER A RAISED HUMP:
Figure No 9
 CRITICAL HUMP HEIGHT:

It is the minimum height that causes critical depth (critical flow) over the hump.

 EFFECT OF HUMP HEIGHT ON DEPTH OF FLOW:
Figure No 10
PROCEDURE:
 Fix the slope of the flume.
 Introduce round corner weir at a certain location.
 Set a particular discharge in the flume.
 Note the depth of flow at U/S, D/S and over the weir at certain points (More than one).
 Repeat the same for various discharges.
 Calculate the value of yc, y1, y2&y3 and make their comparison.
 Repeat the same procedure for sharp corner weir.

Observation & Calculation:
Unit
Critical Depth of Flow over
Discharge Width U/S Depth of Flow D/S Depth of Flow Type of Flow
Depth weir/hump
discharge
Type
of Weir
Over
yc y1 y2 y3 Yavg y1 y2 y3 Yavg y1 y2 y3 Yavg U/S D/S
weir
m3/sec m2/sec
m m m m
Round
Corner
weir
Sharp
Corner
Weir

For Water Surface Profile

Horizontal Distance
Type of X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3 X1 X2 X3
Weir
Up Stream Over The Hump Down Stream
Round
Corner weir
Sharp
Corner Weir

Graph Presentation:

COMMENTS:

RUBRICS EVALUATION

EXPERIMENT NUMBER AND TITLE: 3. To study the flow characteristics over a hump/weir.


Section
Groups

Equipment Recording
Writing Experiment

EXPERIMENT NO 4
TO STUDY THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP DEVELOPED IN THE LABORATORY
FLUME.
OBJECTIVE:
 To achieve physically, the development of hydraulic jump in the laboratory flume.
 To measure the physical dimensions of hydraulic jump.
 To Plot hydraulic jump for various Froude’s No. 'Fn'.
 To calculate Energy Losses through the hydraulic jump.
APPARATUS:
 Point gauge
RELATED THEORY:
 HYDRAULIC JUMP:
The hydraulic jump was first investigated experimentally by Bidone, an Italian, in 1818.
Hydraulic jump or standing wave is a local non-uniform flow phenomenon, resulting

from the change in slope from Super critical to Sub critical and in such a case the water
must pass through the critical depth line and according to theory, dy/dx = infinite or the
water surface profile should be vertical. However, this can’t happen physically and
results in the discontinuity in the water surface characterized by a very steep upward
slope of the profile accompanied by the turbulence and eddies.
These eddies cause energy loss and depth after the jump is in accordance with the point
“C” on the E-y diagram. The depths y1 and y2 which are the depths before and after the
jump are called “Conjugate depths” or “Sequent depths”
OR
The hydraulic jump is a rapidly varied flow phenomenon in which flow in a channel
changes abruptly from supercritical flow at a relatively shallow depth (less than yc) to
subcritical flow at a greater depth (greater than yc). The depth before the jump is

calledthe initial depth, while the depth after the jump is known as the sequent depth. The
situation is illustrated in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Water Surface Profile for Hydraulic Jump: A-A' = initial section and
B-B' = sequent section (FHWA, 1961)
The hydraulic jump may be employed as a device for the dissipation of excess energy, as
where a steep drain enters a larger drain at a junction. In stormwater projects, the
hydraulic jump may be used to consume excess energy and avoid scour of earthen
channels. Thus, the analysis of hydraulic jumps usually has three objectives. First, the
location of the jump is important because of the potential of unexpected surcharges or
channel scour. This can be determined by searching for pipe/channel elements where the
flow is supercritical upstream and subcritical downstream. Once this is determined, it is
important to compute the two depths, y1 and y2, which are the initial and sequent depths,
respectively. Third, the energy loss Hi dissipated by the jump is often an important
design consideration. The pertinent depth equation for a rectangular section is:
---------------------------------- (4.1)
In which F1 is the Froude number at the upstream section. The energy lost in the jump,
Hj, is obtained by subtracting the specific energy at section 2 in Figure 4.1 from that at
section 1.
---------------------------------- (4.2)

 USES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

The major use of the hydraulic jump is to destroy the energy of the water where it is not
needed or it may damage the structure. Generally hydraulic jump is made to occur
downstream of the spillways, weirs and canal falls.
Another use of hydraulic jump is, when certain chemical are to be mixed for water
treatment purpose, hydraulic jump provides an efficient mixing.
 PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

Practical applications of hydraulic jump are many, it is used
1. To dissipate energy of water flowing over dams, weirs, and other hydraulic structures
and thus prevent scouring downstream of the structures.
2. To recover head or raise the water level on the downstream side of the measuring
flume and thus maintain high water level in the channel for irrigation or other water
distribution purpose.
3. To increase the weight on an apron and thus reduce uplift pressure under a masonry
structures by raising the water depth on the apron.
4. To indicate special flow conditions, such as the existence of super critical flow or the
presence of the control section, so that a gauging station may be located.
5. To mix chemicals used for the purification of water.
 DEPTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

d2 = d1/2(-1 + √1+8(q²/gy3))
Or
d2 = d1/2(-1 + √1+8F1²)
 EXPRESSION FOR THE LOSS OF ENERGY DUE TO HYDRAULIC JUMP:

hL = (d2-d1)³/4d1d2
 LENGTH OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

It is generally 5-7 times depth of jump for barrages.

 LOCATION OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

It is important to be able to determine just where along the length of the channel the
hydraulic jump will form. This cannot be done with a great deal of precision. The
solution can also be achieved by calculating conjugate depth “y” of various depths y2.
Graphically plotting these various curves greatly aids the solution process.
Hydraulic jump occurs in a supercritical flow when the depth changes abruptly to its
sequent depth. Theoretically speaking, jump will occur in a horizontal rectangular
channel if the initial and sequent depths approaching to Froude’s # satisfying equation for
sequent depth.
This theoretical condition is generally used to locate the position of a jump. For closer
location of the jump however, length of the jump should be considered. The following
will illustrate the location of a hydraulic jump in three typical cases.
CASE A:
Jump below a regulating sluice in a miled channel or jump formed on the glacis of a weir
(yn> d2).
CASE B:
Jump in a channel having a break in the bottom slope those changes from steep to mild or
jump formed at the toe of the weir (yn= d2).
CASE C:
Jump forms behind the overflow barrier or on the d/s side of the toe (yn< d2).
In barrages the most suitable and desire able location is at toe. But practically it is
difficult to achieve. So it is kept slightly above toe on sloping surface. By doing this jump
will be weaker but safer for structure. Hydraulic jump at d/s of toe is highly undesirable.
Because it will be dangerous for barrage due to scouring of toe. And it is also un-
economical.
 TYPES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP:

Hydraulic jumps are of several distinct types. According to the U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation, these types can conveniently be classified according to the Froude’s # of
the incoming flow, as follows:
For F = 1 to 1.7, the water surface shows undulpations, and the jump is called as
undular jump.

For F = 1.7 to 2.5, a series of small rollers develop on the surface of the jump, but the
downstream water surface remains smooth. The velocity throughout is fairly uniform and
the energy loss is low, this jump is called as weak jump.
For F = 2.5 to 4.5, there is an oscillating jet entering the jump bottom to the surface and
back again with no periodicity. Each oscillation produces a large wave of irregular
period, which, very commonly in canals, can travel for miles doing unlimited damage to
earth banks and ripraps. This jump may be called as oscillating jump.
For F = 4.5 to 9.0, the downstream extremity of the surface roller and the point at which
the high velocity jet tends to leave the flow occur at practically the same vertical section.
The action and position of this jump are least sensitive to variation in tail water depth.
The jump is well balanced and performance is at its best. The energy dissipation ranges
from 45 to 70%. This jump may be called as steady jump.
For F = 9.0 and larger, the high velocity jet grabs intermittent slugs of water rolling
down the front surface of the jump, generating waves downstream and a rough surface
can prevail. The jump action is rough but effective since the energy dissipation may reach
85%. This jump may be called as strong jump.
PROCEDURE:
 Fix the bed slope of glass flume.
 Set a particular discharge in the flume.
 Develop the hydraulic jump by holding back the tail water.
 Measure the depths of water. i.eyo, y1, y2 and corresponding horizontal distances x0, x1,
x2.
 Repeat the procedure with varying discharges.
 Draw the Hydraulics jumps on a graph sheet.

Depth
TYPE
Sr DEPTH OF FLOW AND ITS V1= V2= of ENERGY
Q q Yc Fr1 Fr2 OF
# HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (m) Q/A1 Q/A2 jump LOSS
JUMP
(d2)
(m3/s) (m/s) (m) y0 x0 y1 x1 y2 x2 (m/s) (m/s) (m) (m)
Graphical Presentation:
Graph between Xo and Yo

COMMENTS:

RUBRICS EVALUATION

EXPERIMENT NUMBER AND TITLE: 4. To study the characteristics of hydraulic jump developed in the laboratory flume.


Section
Groups

Equipment Recording
Writing Experiment

Irrigation Manual W-22

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Irrigation Manual W-22

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hydraulics and Irrigation Engineering Lab Manual

Lab Manual Book

HYDRAULICS AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

Layout of Hydraulics & Irrigation Engineering Laboratory.

1. To determine Manning’s roughness coefficient ‘n’ and Chezy’s coefficient ‘c’ in a

2. To investigate the relationship between specific energy and depth of flow.

3. To study the flow characteristics over a hump/weir.

4. To study the characteristics of hydraulic jump developed in the laboratory flume.

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

This Laboratory Manual is intended to provide undergraduate engineering students an

Any comments/ suggestions by the teachers / students will be highly appreciated.

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

LAYOUT OF HYDRAULICS & IRRIGATION ENGINEERING LAB.

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

To Determine Manning’s Roughness Coefficient ‘n’ And Chezy’s

Figure No 1: Flume Apparatus

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

 S6 (GLASS SIDED) TILTING FLUME APPARATUS:

 NON UNIFORM FLOW:

 STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

 STEADY NON UNIFORM FLOW:

Figure NO 2: Tapering Pipe

 UN STEADY UNIFORM FLOW:

 UNSTEADY NON-UNIFORM FLOW:

 MANNING’S ROUGHNESS FORMULA:

V is the cross-sectional average velocity [L/T]

N is the Manning coefficient (also called as resistance to flow).

Rhis the hydraulic radius [L]

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

Rh is the hydraulic radius [L]

A is the cross sectional area of flow (A= B*y). [L2]

P is wetted perimeter and is equal to B+2y. [L]

 The hydraulic radius is greater for the deeper channels.

 FLOW RATE (DISCHARGE):

It is the amount of water in m3 passing in one second from a point.

K = roughness coefficient and here its value is 1.2

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ‘n’ & ‘c’:

 Set a particular slope of the flume.

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Flume width = B = ----------- m

Value of k to find the Q = ----------

Rise of water Average Depth of

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

a) Graph between n and Q

b) Graph between Q and c c) Graph between n and c

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

LABORATORY: Hydraulics & Irrigation Engineering

EXPERIMENT NUMBER AND

EVALUATOR'S NAME: Engr. M. Umer Shehzad

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC ENERGY AND DEPTH

 Normal flow conditions exist in channel. (Steady uniform flow)

Civil Engineering Department The University of Lahore

 SPECIFIC ENERGY DIAGRAM:

It is a plot between specific energy as a function of depth of flow.