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Lecture 2
Steady Incompressible Flow
in Pressure Conduits
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Chapter 8
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Learning Objectives
▪ discuss the main properties of laminar and turbulent pipe flow and
appreciate their differences.
▪ identify and understand various characteristics of the flow in
pipes.
▪ calculate losses in straight portions of pipes as well as those in
various pipe system components.
▪ apply appropriate equations and principles to analyze a variety of
pipe flow situations.
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝑃2 ≠ 𝑃1
𝑃1 = 𝑃2
For Pipe flow, gravity may be important For open channel flow, gravity
the pipe need not to be horizontal, but alone is the driving force – the
the main driving force is likely to be a water flows down a hill.
pressure gradient along the pipe. If the
pipe is not full it is not possible to
maintain this pressure deference, 𝑝1 − 𝑝2 .
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
• Pipes
• Pipes fittings
• Flowrate control devices
(valves)
• Pumps or turbines
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
For laminar flow in a pipe there is only one component of velocity, 𝑉 = 𝑢መi
For turbulent flow the predominant component of velocity is also along
the pipe, but it is unsteady (random) and accompanied by random
components normal to the pipe axis, 𝑉 = 𝑢መi + 𝑣jመ + 𝑤k
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Laminar Flow: A flow in which each liquid particle has a definite path and the paths of
individual particles do not cross each other is known as laminar flow or streamline flow or
viscous flow.
Characteristics
✓ R < 2000 where R is Reynold’s Number
✓ Low velocity
✓ Dye injected into the flow does not mix with it.
✓ Fluid particles move in straight lines
✓ Simple mathematical analysis possible
✓ Rare in practice in water systems
Turbulent Flow: A flow in which each liquid particle does not have a definite path and the
paths of individual particles cross each other is known as turbulent flow.
Characteristics
✓ R > 4000
✓ High velocity
✓ Dye injected into the flow mixes rapidly and completely.
✓ Fluid particles paths completely irregular
✓ Mathematical analysis very difficult
✓ Most common type of flow in water systems
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
V𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝜌. . 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌𝑄. 𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉. 𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉. 𝑉 𝜌𝑉𝐿
= Time = = = =
Shear Stress . Area τ . A 𝜇 𝑑𝑢 .A 𝑉
𝜇 .A 𝜇
𝑑𝑦 𝐿
For flow in straight pipes of uniform diameter and usual roughness, Rcrit = 2000
R ~2000
Area of flow 𝐴
𝑅ℎ = =
wetted perimeter 𝑃
The hydraulic radius is a convenient means for expressing the shape as well as
the size of conduit since, for the same cross-sectional area, the value of 𝑅ℎ will
vary with the shape.
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
(4𝐴)
𝐷ℎ =
𝑃
4(𝜋𝐷2 /4)
𝐷ℎ = =𝐷
𝜋𝐷
Head Loss in Pipes When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, the fluid experiences some
resistance due to which some of energy (head) of fluid is lost.
Total Head Loss = Major Head Losses (ℎ𝑓 ) + Minor Head Losses (ℎ′ )
𝐿 𝑉2 𝑉2
ℎ𝐿 = ℎ𝑓 + ℎ′ ℎ𝐿 = 𝑓 + 𝑘
𝐷 2𝑔 2𝑔
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
V
ℎ𝑓 ∝ 𝑉 𝑛
Log-log plot for flow in uniform pipe
(n=2.0 for rough wall pipe; n=1.75
Where n ranges from 1.75 to 2 for smooth wall pipe)
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
Ʃ F = ma = 0
ℎ𝑓
𝑊 = 𝛾𝐴𝐿
Force Diagram
+ve
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑓
General Equation valid for Laminar and Turbulent flows and of any shape of uniform x-section.
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
)
Method
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University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
𝜏ഥ0 = 𝑘(𝑅)𝑛−2 𝜌𝑉 2
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar
ℎ𝑓
D
f (R)
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Department of Civil Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar