Department of Civil Engineering

University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

CE-330: Fluid Mechanics-II

Lecture 10
Hydraulic Machinery -- Pumps

5th Semester (3rd Year)

Civil Engineering
Fall 2021

Lecturer: Alamgir Khalil

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Hydraulic Machinery -- Pumps

Learning Objectives

After completing this chapter, you should be able to:

▪ Identify various types of pumps and understand how they work.

▪ Perform basic vector analysis of the flow into and out of pumps.
▪ Use specific speed for preliminary design and selection of pumps.

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Hydraulic Machinery
There are two broad categories of
turbomachinery, pumps and turbines.

✓ The purpose of a pump is to add

energy to a fluid, resulting in an
increase in fluid pressure, not
necessarily an increase of fluid
speed across the pump.
✓ The purpose of a turbine is to
extract energy from a fluid, resulting
in a decrease of fluid pressure, not
necessarily a decrease of fluid speed
across the turbine.
(a) A pump supplies energy to a fluid, while
(b) a turbine extracts energy from a fluid.
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Hydraulic Machinery -- Pumps

• Water pumps are devices

designed to convert mechanical
energy to hydraulic energy.
• They are used to move water
from lower points to higher
points with a required
discharge and pressure head.

Several identical pumps are often run in a

parallel configuration so that a large volume
flow rate can be achieved when necessary.
Three parallel pumps are shown. Courtesy
of Goulds Pumps, ITT Industries.

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Axial-flow pumps operating in a canal

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Pumps in power plant

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Rotodynamic Pump

Mixed

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

➢ Dynamic Pumps include

✓ Centrifugal Pumps : fluid enters

axially, and is discharged radially.

✓ Mixed--flow Pumps : fluid enters

axially, and leaves at an angle
between radially and axially.

✓ Axial pumps : fluid enters and

leaves axially.

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A positive-displacement pump is a machine where

chambers fill (suction) and empty (discharge) each
Positive-Displacement Pumps cycle of operation.
✓ Positive-displacement pump operates by alternating of filling a cavity and then
displacing a given volume of liquid.
✓ Positive-displacement pumps are ideal for high-pressure applications like pumping
viscous liquids or thick slurries, and for applications where precise amounts of liquid
are to be dispensed or metered, as in medical applications.

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Positive-Displacement Pumps (cont.)

Positive-displacement pumps (PDPs) force the fluid along by volume changes. A cavity
opens, and the fluid is admitted through an inlet. The cavity then closes, and the fluid is
squeezed through an outlet.

All PDPs deliver a pulsating or periodic

flow as the cavity volume opens, traps,
and squeezes the fluid. Their great
advantage is the delivery of any fluid
regardless of its viscosity.

The human heart is an example of a positive-displacement

pump; blood is pumped by expansion and contraction of
heart chambers called ventricles.

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Centrifugal Pump The Centrifugal pump is so called because the pressure increase
within its rotor (impeller) due to centrifugal action is an important
factor in its operation.

✓ It has two main components: an impeller

attached to a rotating shaft, and a
stationary casing, housing, or volute
enclosing the impeller.
✓ The impeller consists of a number of
blades (usually curved), also sometimes
called vanes, arranged in a regular
pattern around the shaft.
✓ As the impeller rotates, fluid is sucked in
through the eye of the casing and flows
radially outward.
✓ Energy is added to the fluid by the
rotating blades, and both pressure and
absolute velocity are increased as the Schematic diagram of basic elements of a
fluid flows from the eye to the periphery centrifugal pump.
of the blades.
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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Centrifugal Pump

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Centrifugal Pump
Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)
Volute Pump Diffuser (or Turbine) Pump

Volute Pump Diffuser (or Turbine) Pump

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

The rotating element of a

centrifugal pump is called the
impeller.

Types of pump impellers. Top left: closed

or shrouded radial.Top right: open or
unshrouded radial. Bottom left: mixed flow.
Bottom right: propeller. (Worthington
Pump Co.)
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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Types of impellers

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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

➢ Pump impellers can also be single or double suction. For the single-suction
impeller the fluid enters through the eye on only one side of the impeller,
whereas for the double-suction impeller the fluid enters the impeller along its
axis from both sides. The double-suction arrangement reduces end thrust on
the shaft, and also, since the net inlet flow area is larger, inlet velocities are
reduced.

➢ Pumps can be single or multistage. For a single-stage pump, only one impeller
is mounted on the shaft, whereas for multistage pumps, several impellers are
mounted on the same shaft. The stages operate in series, that is, the
discharge from the first stage flows into the eye of the second stage, the
discharge from the second stage flows into the eye of the third stage, and so
on. The flowrate is the same through all stages, but each stage develops an
additional pressure rise. Thus, a very large discharge pressure, or head, can
be developed by a multistage pump.
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Hydraulic Machinery -- Pumps

(a) Typical centrifugal pump installation. (b) Typical axial-flow pump installation

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Head developed by a Pump

The net head “h” delivered by the pump
to the fluid is
ℎ = 𝐻𝑑 − 𝐻𝑠

𝑝𝑑 𝑉𝑑2 𝑝𝑠 𝑉𝑠2
ℎ= + + 𝑧𝑑 − + + 𝑧𝑠
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔

Note: If the discharge and

suction pipes are the same
size, the velocity heads
cancel out, but frequently
the inlet pipe is larger than
the discharge pipe.

Head developed by a pump. In this case ps/γ is negative.

s – suction side, d – discharge side
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Pipeline with Pump

✓ If a pump lifts a fluid from one reservoir

to another as shown, not only does it
do work in lifting the fluid the height
∆z, but also it has to overcome the
friction loss (including minor losses) in
the suction and discharge piping.

✓ The friction head loss is equivalent to

some added lift, so that the effect is the
same as if the pump lifted the fluid a Pipeline with pump between two reservoirs
height;
∆z + Σℎ𝐿

✓ The power delivered to fluid by pump is: 𝛾𝑄(∆z + Σℎ𝐿 )

✓ The power required to run the pump is greater than

this depending upon the efficiency of the pump. The ℎ𝑝 = ∆z + Σℎ𝐿
total pumping head for this case is:
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Pipeline with Pump (cont.)

✓ If the pump discharges a

stream through a nozzle,
not only has the liquid been
lifted a height ∆z, but also it
has received a kinetic
energy.
✓ The total pumping head is:

𝑉22
ℎ𝑝 = ∆z + + Σℎ𝐿
2𝑔 Pipeline with pump and nozzle

✓ In any case the total pumping head may be determined by writing the energy equation
between any point upstream from the pump and any other point downstream.

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Pump Efficiency
The power input to the pump, delivered to the pump shaft by the motor, is called the
shaft power or the brake power. The power output from the pump, delivered to the
fluid, usually water, is called the fluid power or the water power. The efficiency of a
pump is given by

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝛾𝑄ℎ

𝜂= = =
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑇𝜔

Where
𝛾= Specific weight of the fluid
𝑄 = Discharge
ℎ= Head developed by the pump
𝑇= Torque exerted on the shaft of the pump by the motor that drives the shaft
𝜔= Rate of rotation of the shaft in radians per second.
2𝜋𝑛
𝜔 (𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠) = 𝑛(rotative speed) → 𝑟𝑝𝑚
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Hydraulic Machinery – Pumps (cont.)

Figure shows that the head at any flow

rate in the real machine may be
significantly lower than is predicted by
the idealized analysis. Some of the
causes are:

1) At very low flow rate, some fluid

recirculates in the impeller.
2) Friction loss and leakage loss both
increase with flow rate.
3) “Shock loss” results from a
mismatch between the direction of
the relative velocity and the
Comparison of ideal and actual head-flow
tangent to the impeller blade at the curves for a centrifugal pump with
inlet. backward-curved impeller blades
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Performance Characteristics of Pumps at Constant Speed

Typical performance characteristics for a centrifugal pump of a

given size operating at a constant impeller speed
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Performance Characteristics of Pumps at Constant Speed (cont.)

Characteristic curves for a typical mixed-flow centrifugal pump.

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Performance Characteristics of Pumps at Constant Speed (cont.)

Characteristic curves for a typical axial-flow pump

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Operating point of a Pump

The mode of operation of a pump depends

on the system in which it is operating. Operating
point

➢ Pump Characteristic Curve hL = total head loss

It shows the relation between the head
developed by the pump and its rate of h
discharge when the pump is running at
a given speed.
Δ𝑧 = static lift
➢ System Characteristic Curve
It shows the relation between the
required pumping head and the flow
rate in the pipeline. Q
The actual pump-operating head and flow rate Graphical method for finding the
are determined by the intersection of the two operating point of a pump and pipeline
curves.
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Specific Speed of Pumps

Specific speed is a number that defines
the type of pump (radial-flow, mixed-flow,
or axial-flow). It is expressed as

𝑛𝑒 𝑄 𝑛𝑒 𝑔𝑝𝑚
𝑁𝑠 = 3 = 3
ℎ4 𝐵𝐸𝑃 ℎ4 𝐵𝐸𝑃

Where the values used for 𝑛𝑒 (rpm), Q

(gmp), and h(ft) are those that occur at the
point of optimum operating efficiency
commonly referred to as BEP (Best
Efficiency Point).
For large pumps, specific speed has
sometimes been calculated using Q
expressed in cfs rather than gpm, in which
case:
Optimum efficiency for water pumps as a function of specific speed.
𝑁𝑠 𝑐𝑓𝑠 = 0.0472 𝑁𝑠 𝑔𝑝𝑚
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Specific Speed of Pumps (cont.)

In the SI, specific speed of pumps is defined by:

𝜔𝑒 𝑄
𝑁𝑠 𝑆𝐼 = 3
(𝑔ℎ)4 𝐵𝐸𝑃

Where the values used for 𝜔𝑒 (rad/s), Q (m3/s), and h(m) are those that occur at the
point of optimum operating efficiency commonly referred to as BEP (Best Efficiency
Point).
The relation between SI specific speed for pumps and traditional mode of expressing
specific speed is:

𝑁𝑠 𝑆𝐼 = 0.000368 𝑁𝑠 𝑔𝑝𝑚

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Specific Speed of Pumps (cont.)

Pumps Specific Speed (NS)

Radial-flow impellers between 500 and 5000
Mixed-flow between 4000 and 10,000
Axial-flow between 9000 and 15,000

In the SI Pumps Specific Speed (NS)

Radial-flow impellers 0.2 – 2.0
Mixed-flow 1.5 – 3.7
Axial-flow 3.3 – 5.5

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Peripheral-Velocity Factor
The ratio of the peripheral velocity to 2𝑔ℎ is referred to as the peripheral-velocity
factor denoted by 𝜙(phi). Thus, for a pump
𝑢2
𝜙= => 𝑢2 = 𝜙 2𝑔ℎ
2𝑔ℎ

Where 𝑢2 is the peripheral speed of the impeller. For an axial-flow pump it is the vane-tip speed.

For any pump its peripheral velocity range from zero up to some maximum under a given
head, depending on the operating speed and 𝜙 would vary through a wide range. Peripheral
speed that is of most practical significance is that at which the efficiency is a maximum. Let
the value of 𝜙 at the speed of maximum efficiency be 𝜙e

2𝜋𝑟𝑛𝑒 𝜋𝐷𝑛𝑒 60 2𝑔𝜙𝑒 ℎ

𝑢2 = = = 𝜙𝑒 2𝑔ℎ => 𝐷=
60 60 𝜋𝑛𝑒
153.3𝜙𝑒 ℎ Which can be used to estimate the diameter of the impeller
BG units: 𝐷=
𝑛𝑒 of the pump if the specific speed of the pump is known.
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Pumps operating in Series and in Parallel For two pumps in series, add
heads; for two in parallel, add
flowrates.
Pumps in Series

Two identical centrifugal pumps operating at the

same speed with the same discharge contribute
the same pump head. Since the inlet to the second
pump is the outlet of the first pump, the head
produced by both pumps is the sum of the
individual heads. The discharge from the inlet of
the first pump to the outlet of the second pump
remains the same.

Two identical pumps in series

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Pumps operating in series and in parallel For two pumps in series, add
heads; for two in parallel, add
flowrates.
Pumps in parallel

Two identical centrifugal pumps

operating at the same speed
with the same head contribute
the same pump discharge. The
discharge produced by both
pumps is the sum of the
individual discharges.

Two identical pumps in parallel

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Pumps operating in series and in parallel

For two identical pumps in series, both

the actual head gained by the fluid and
the flowrate are increased, but neither
will be doubled if the system curve
remains the same. The operating point is
at (A) for one pump and moves to (B) for
two pumps in series.

Effect of operating pumps in series

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Pumps operating in series and in parallel (cont.)

For two identical pumps in parallel, the

combined performance curve is
obtained by adding flowrates at the
same head. As illustrated, the flowrate
for the system will not be doubled
with the addition of two pumps in
parallel (if the same system curve
applies). However, for a relatively flat
system curve, as shown, a significant
increase in flowrate can be obtained as
the operating point moves from point
(A) to point (B).
Effect of operating pumps in parallel

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Problems
Pb 15.2 The diameter of the discharge pipe of a pump is 6 in and that of the intake pipe is
8 in. The pressure gage at discharge reads 30 psi, and the vacuum gage at intake
reads 10 inHg. If discharge of water is 3 cfs and the brake power is 35, find the
efficiency of the pump.The intake and discharge are at the same elevation.

Solution

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Problems (cont.)
Pb 15.14 A centrifugal pump is installed to deliver water from a reservoir of surface elevation
zero to another reservoir of elevation 300 ft. The 12-in-diameter suction pipe ( f =
0.020) is 100 ft long and the 10-in-diameter discharge pipe (f = 0.026) is 5000 ft
long. The pump characteristic at 1200 rpm is defined by hp = 375 – 24Q2 where hp
is the pump head, is in ft and Q is in cfs. Compute the rate at which this pump will
deliver water under these conditions.

Solution

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Problems (cont.)
Pb 15.8.4 Find the specific speed of a 10-stage pump that develops a total head of 600 ft at a
capacity of 1600 gpm when operating at maximum efficiency at a rotative speed
of 900 rpm. What type of pump is this?

Solution

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