Based on the online classes

Session: 2020-21
B. Tech. VII Semester
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
Subject: Ground Water Well and Pump Engineering
[Sub Code:BT-733]
Submitted by
Er. Kapil Kumar
Department of Agricultural Engineering
Submitted to

SIR CHHOTU RAM INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CH.CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY MEERUT
 Self-Declaration

“It is declared that the e-contents submitted herewith, related to B. Tech. VII semester Agricultural

Engineering of Subject- Ground Water Well and Pump Engineering (BT-733) are exclusively meant for academic
purposes and for enhancing the teaching and learning. Any other use for economic/commercial
purpose is strictly prohibited. The users of the content shall not distribute, disseminate, or share
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contents being related to teaching and learning of graduation/ post-graduation courses are
prepared with the help of existing literature available in different forms through offline and
online portals. The contents of the course are authentic and best as per my knowledge.”

Signature
Name: Kapil Kumar
Department of Agricultural Engineering
S. C. R. I. E. T.
Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut

[Ground Water Well and Pump Engineering] Page 2

 Lecture No. 21
Different types of pumping machinery
Introduction
Mechanically powered water lifting devices are usually termed as pumps, which are operated
with the help of auxiliary power sources such as engine or electric motor. These pumps are
capable of lifting large quantity of water to higher heads and are usually employed for the
irrigation of horticultural crops. Basically there are four principles involved in pumping water
(1) atmospheric pressure (2) centrifugal force (3) positive displacement and (4) movement of
column of fluid caused by difference in specific gravity.
21.1 Pump Definition
Pump can be broadly defined as ‘a mechanical device to increase the pressure energy of a
fluid’. Pumps are mostly used for lifting fluids (liquids or gases) from a lower level to a higher
level. This is achieved by creating a low pressure at the inlet or suction end and a high pressure
at the outlet or delivery end of the pump. Because of the low inlet pressure, the fluid rises from
a depth where it is available and the high outlet pressure forces the fluid to a desired height.
Here, work is done by a prime mover on the pump to enable it to impart energy to the fluid.
21.2 Classification of Pumps
Pumps are classified into two basic groups based on the method by which energy is imparted to
the fluid. They are: positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps. The positive
displacement pumps are classified into two major groups: reciprocating pumps and rotary
pumps, which are further classified into different groups as shown in Fig. 21.1. On the other
hand, rotodynamic pumps are broadly classified into radial flow pumps, axial-flow
pumps and mixed-flow pumps according to the direction of fluid flow inside the pump (Fig.
21.1).
Radial flow pumps are further classified as volute pumps and diffusion (turbine) pumps based
on the design of pump casing, both of which can be either of single stage (having one impeller)
or multi stages (having more than one impellers), though most multi-stage pumps consist of
diffusion casing.

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 Fig. 21.1. Classification of different types of pumps.

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21.3 Positive Displacement Pumps

These are the pumps in which the liquid is sucked and then it is actually pushed due to the
thrust exerted on it by a moving element which results in lifting the liquid to a desired height.
As such the discharge of liquid pumped by these pumps almost fully depends on the speed of
the pump. The most common example of the positive displacement pump is reciprocating
pumps.

21.4 Rotodynamic Pumps

They have a rotating element (called ‘impeller’) through which when the liquid passes, its
angular momentum changes which results in an increase of the pressure energy of the liquid.
Thus, a rotodynamic pump does not push the liquid as in the case of a positive displacement
pump. The most common example of a rotodynamic pump is centrifugal pumps. The details
about centrifugal pumps are given in Lessons 24 to 32, together with important references for
further reading.

Note that the use of reciprocating pumps has become out of date for the water supply purpose,
except for some popular indigenous water lifting devices used in rural areas. Rotodynamic
pumps, especially of centrifugal type, have almost totally replaced the reciprocating pumps for
lifting water.

21.4 Reciprocating pumps

Reciprocating pumps are normally used for drinking water supply in addition to irrigation. The
main parts of the reciprocating pumps are the pump cylinder in which an airtight piston or
plunger moves up and down with the help of pump rod, handle for operation of pump, valves,
pipe and strainer. As the plunger rises, water is drawn through a non-return valve at the bottom
of cylinder into the cylinder, and on the downward stroke the water is released to the upper
side of plunger. On the next upward movement of plunger water is raised to pump head and
discharged through the spout. By changing either the frequency of reciprocation or stroke
length of the piston the discharge rate can be varied. The reciprocating pumps are available in
various designs and models, which can be operated manually, with animal power and auxiliary
power sources.

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21.5 Piston pump: A piston pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-
pressure seal reciprocates with the piston. The pump has a piston cylinder arrangement. As the
piston, goes away after the delivery stoke, low pressure is created in the cylinder which opens
the suction valve. On forward stoke, the fluid filled inside the cylinder is compressed which
intern opens the delivery valve for the delivery of liquid.

Fig. 21.3 Piston pump

21.6 Diaphragm pump: uses a combination of the reciprocating action of a rubber,

thermoplastic or Teflon diaphragm and suitable non-return check valves to pump a fluid.
Sometimes this type of pump is also called a membrane pump.

Fig. 21.4 Diaphragm pump

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21.7 Rotary pumps:In rotary pumps, relative movement between rotating elements and the
stationary element of the pump cause the pumping action. The operation is different from
reciprocating pumps, where valves and a piston are integral to the pump. They also differ from
centrifugal pumps, where high velocity is turned into pressure. Rotary pumps are designed so
that a continuous seal is maintained between inlet and outlet ports by the action and position of
the pumping elements and close running clearances of the pump. Therefore, rotary pumps do
not require valve arrangements similar to reciprocating pumps.

Fig. 21.5 Gear pump

21.8 Lobe pump: Lobe pumps are similar to external gear pumps in operation in that fluid
flows around the interior of the casing. As the lobes come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the lobes
as they rotate. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the lobes
and the casing. Finally, the meshing of the lobes forces liquid through the outlet port under
pressure.

Fig. 21.6 Lobe pump

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21.9 Screw Pump: These pumps are rotary, positive displacement pumps that can have one or
more screws to transfer high or low viscosity fluids along an axis. Although progressive cavity
pumps can be referred to as a single screw pumps, typically screw pumps have two or more
intermeshing screws rotating axially clockwise or counterclockwise. Each screw thread is
matched to carry a specific volume of fluid. Screw pumps provide a specific volume with each
cycle and can be dependable in metering applications.

Fig. 21.7 Screw pump

21.10 Vane pump: A rotary vane pump is a positive-displacement pump that consists of vanes
mounted to a rotor that rotates inside of a cavity. In some cases, these vanes can be variable
length and/or tensioned to maintain contact with the walls as the pump rotates.

Fig. 21.8 Vane pump

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21.11 Rotary plunger pump: The pumping action takes place by rotating rotor and
reciprocating plunger. In a rotary plunger rotary pump, the axes of the plungers are
perpendicular to the rotational axis of the rotor or at an angle of not less than 450 to the axis;
the rotor is located eccentrically with respect to the axis of the case. Suction and forced
delivery of the liquid occur with the reciprocating motion of the plungers as a result of
centrifugal forces and spring action. Rotary pumps of this type may have as many as 72
plungers arranged in multiple rows, provide a delivery Q ≤ 400 liters/min, and build up a
pumping pressure ρ ≤ 100 MN/m2.

Fig. 21.9 Rotary plunger pump

21.12 Centrifugal pumps: They use a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. The fluid
enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller,
flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the
downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller
heads. These types of pumps are used for supply of water and handling of milk in dairy plants.

Fig. 21.10 Centrifugal pump

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21.13 Propeller pump: A propeller pump is a high flow, low lift impeller type device
featuring a linear flow path. The propeller pump may be installed in a vertical, horizontal, or
angled orientation and typically has its motor situated above the water level with the impeller
below water. These pumps function by drawing water up an outer casing and out of a discharge
outlet via a propeller bladed impeller head.

Fig. 29.11 Propeller pump

21.14 Turbine pump: Turbine pumps are centrifugal pumps that use pressure and flow in
combination with a rotary mechanism to transfer fluid. They typically employ blade geometry,
which causes fluid circulation around the vanes to add pressure from inlet to outlet. Turbine
pumps operate using kinetic energy to move fluid utilizing an impeller. The centrifugal force
drives the liquid to the housing wall in close proximity to the vanes of the impeller or
propeller. The cyclical movement of the impeller produces pressure in the pumping bowl. The
shape of turbine pumps also contributes to suction and discharge rates.

Fig. 21.12 Turbine pump

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