2022

Pumps

Team:-
1-Hoda Nady
2-Amira Abdelhafez
3-Aeisha Omar
4-Salma Hegazy
Prof.Yahia Hassan Magdy
2/28/2022
 Pumps
Contents

1- Pumps………………………………………………………………2
2- Field of use………………………………………3
3- Classification and Mode of Operation…………….…4
4- centrifugal pumps…………………………………….…5
5- Centrifugal pumps working principle………………..7
6- Automatic control of centrifugal pump………………8
7- Net Positive Suction Head……………………………..9
8- Pump losses………………………………………...……10
9- Cavitation in Pumps……………………………………..11
10- Positive displacement pum…………………13
11- Comparison between Centrifugal and PD
pumps…18
12- Sources……………………………………….22

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 Pumps
Pumps belong to a group of machines known as
“working machines”. The work to be done by pumps
consists of the raising the pressure of fluids like
water, oils, acids and alkaline solutions from a low
inlet pressure, to a higher pressure. This higher
pressure is needed to be able to transport the fluid
through different pipes, valves, tanks and burners,
and to raise its level above the pump.
To perform this work pumps need driving
machines as (e.g.) electric motors, diesel engines,
or turbine.

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-Field of use
Pumps are important auxiliary machines used in
almost all machine facilities of a power plant. Their
operational ability and their reliability are often a
base for the efficiency of the entire plant. Pumps
have to transport the following fluids:
• water
as raw water, clean water, feedwater, boiler water,
condensate, cooling water, heater water, and water for the
hydraulic transportation of slurries and slags.
• oil
as lubricating oil, control oil, cooling oil, hydraulic oil,
insulation oil, and heating oil.
• chemicals
concentrated and in aqueous solutions

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Classification and Mode of Operation of
Centrifugal Pumps and Positive-
displacement Pumps-:

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According to the mode of operation, pumps can be classified
as:
1- Centrifugal pumps:-

In the centrifugal pump the energy is transferred to the

fluid being transported by centrifugal wheels (impellers). These
pumps deliver an uninterrupted flow of fluid from the suction
line through the pump casing into the pressure/delivery line.
The centrifugal pump consists of three important parts are:-
a) Impeller:-
The impellers contain integral blades which suck in the
fluid to be transported and boost it to a higher pressure
and a higher speed (by reducing the flow area).
b) Volute casin
c) Suction and delivery pipes
The pumps with impellers are characterized by the form and the
arrangement of the impellers:-

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 A)radial flow impeller machine:- Radial impellers are able to
achieve a higher discharge pressure

d) axial flow impeller machine:- the volumetric flow is higher

with the axial impeller

c) multistage radial pump :- A multistage arrangement

of radial impellers are suitable for higher delivery pressures.

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 d) double-flow radial pump :- To achieve high flow rates
radial impellers have a parallel arrangement and therefore a
multi flow entre
-Centrifugal pumps working principle:-
• The impeller is keyed onto a
shaft which is mounted on
bearings and is coupled to a
motor which rotates the
impeller.
• The kinetic energy of the
impeller is transmitted to the
fluid and its velocity increases.
• The volute casing converts the kinetic energy of the fluid to
pressure energy. The pressure at the center of the impeller
(eye) decreases as the fluid flows outward. The decrease in
pressure causes the fluid of the sump to continuously flow
through the suction pipes.
• The high pressure fluid is delivered through the delivery pipe

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-Automatic control of centrifugal pump
In the automatic control of an impeller pump the volumetric
flow may be changed. There are different types of automatic
control.
The selection of the type of automatic control used in
a certain part of the plant take place first accord- ing
to the aspects of economy and operational reliability.
The most important types of automatic control are:
− throttle control,

− speed control,

− prerotation control,

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 − control by regulation of rotating blades – pitch control.
In this document only the throttle control and the speed
control will be dealt with.

-Meaning of the term NPSH

NPSH is the abbreviation of "Net Positive Suction
Head", which means the minimum suction head
above saturation pressure. Like the elevation, the
NPSH is measured in m.

-NPSH value of the system

If a pump is to operate correctly, it is important to
ensure that vapour bubbles do not form in the impel-
ler entry as a result of the pressure falling below the
saturation pressure of the conveyed medium.
The physical condition for this is that the static
pressure of the conveyed medium - at any point in the
pump and at any time - must be greater than the
saturation pressure of the liquid.
pstat  ps

This applies particularly for the impeller entry area in

which the conveyed medium is accelerated and
where significant proportions of the static pressure
are converted into velocity pressure.
For measurement-related reasons, and in physical
terms not strictly in line with the above statement, it
was specified that the total pressure measured in
the middle of the inlet connection of a pump (pgesZS)
must exceed the saturation pressure of the liquid (pS)
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 by a certain amount, the NPSH value of the system
(NPSHA), to prevent vapour bubbles forming.
pgesZS = pS +  W  g  NPSHA

-Pump losses
• Euler’s pump equation provides a simple, loss free description
of the impeller performance.
• In reality, because of a number of mechanical and hydraulic
losses in impeller and pump casing, the pump
• performance is lower than predicted by the Euler pump
equation.
• The losses cause smaller head than the theoretical

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-Cavitation in Pumps:-

The term cavitation refers to condition within the pump

where, owing to a local pressure drop, cavities filled with
water vapor are formed; these cavities collapse as soon as the
vapor bubbles reach regions of higher pressure on their way
through the pump.

– Cavitation means different things to different people. It

has been described as:
• A reduction in pump capacity.
• A reduction in the head of the pump.
• The formation of bubbles in a low pressure area of the
pump volute.
• A noise that can be heard when the pump is running.
• Damaged that can be seen on the pump impeller and
volute

– General cavitation takes place as a result of:-

• An increase in the static lift of the centrifugal pump.

• A decrease in the atmospheric pressure with a rise in the
altitude.
• A decrease in the absolute pressure on the system, as in
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 the case of pumping from vesses under vacuum.
• An increase in the temperature of the pumping liquid, which
has the same effect as a decrease in the absolute pressure
of the system.

– SIGNS OF CAVITATION:-
• Drop in head & efficiency.
• Noise and vibration.
• Vane pitting.

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2-Positive displacement pumps:-
In positive-displacement pumps the volume change
(compression) of fluid working spaces occurs periodically. The
suction line and pressure line are separated by working
elements (e.g. pistons, gate valves and valves).

-Two types of PDPs:-

– Reciprocating PDP :-
In a reciprocating pump, a volume of liquid is drawn into the
cylinder through the suction valve on the intake stroke and is
discharged under positive pressure through the outlet valves on
the discharge stroke.

• The discharge from a reciprocating pump is pulsating.

• This is because the intake is always a constant volume.
• Often an air chamber is connected on the discharge side
of the pump to provide a more even flow by evening out
the pressure surges.
• Reciprocating pumps are often used for sludge and slurry.
• They can be either single acting type or double acting
type:-
1. Single Acting Reciprocating pump: In this, suction takes
place in one direction motion of the piston and discharge
in other direction.

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2. Double Acting Reciprocating pump: Suction and
discharge takes place in both directions.

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– Rotary PDP:-
• A rotary pump traps fluid in its closed casing and discharges a
smooth flow.
• They can handle almost any liquid that does not contain
hard and abrasive solids, including viscous liquids.
• They are also simple in design and efficient in handling flow
conditions that are usually considered to low for economic
application of centrifuges.
• Types of rotary pumps include :-
1. Gear pumps: In this pump, the fluid is moved in between two
rotating gears. The liquid is pushed between these two gears as it
rotates.

2. Screw pumps: These pumps consist of two screw type rotor

turning against each other. When the two screw rotates it sucks
the water from the inlet and pump it to the outlet.

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3. Rotary vane pumps:

It is similar to scroll compressors. It consist of cylindrical rotor

having vanes on it which is encased in a similar (i.e. cylindrical
type) shaped housing. When it rotates the vanes on the rotor
traps the fluid in between the rotor and casing and discharges it
through outlet.

– Linear PDP:-
In this type the fluid displacement takes place linearly (i.e. in
straight line). Rope pumps and chain pumps are the examples of
these types

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 Comparison between Centrifugal and PD pumps
• Flow rate versus pressure
The centrifugal has varying flow depending on pressure or head,
whereas the PD pump has more or less constant flow regardless of
pressure

• Flow rate versus viscosity

Another major difference between the pump types is the effect of
viscosity on the capacity of the pump. The centrifugal pumps loses flow
as the viscosity goes up but in the PD pump’s flow actually increases.

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 • Efficiency versus pressure
The efficiency is significantly affected by pressure in centrifugal pumps
and has little effect in PD pumps.

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 • Efficiency versus viscosity
In centrifugal pumps the efficiency decreases by increasing viscosity
due to mechanical friction losses. The efficiency of PD pumps are
slightly affected by viscosity.

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 sources
1- Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines.Mahesh
Kumar.Assistant Professor.Department of Mechanical
Engineering.Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and
Technology.Hisar
2- A TextBook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines.Dr. R. K. Bansal.Scanned by Fahid
3- “Plant Operation Training & Capacity Building of
Graduated Engineers & Operators”from Siemens
4- https://www.reseachegate.net

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