MESIN FLUIDA

Kuliah 2: Centrifugal Pump

1
Sub-capaian Materi 2: Pompa

• Mahasiswa mengerti karakteristik dari berbagai jenis pompa

• Mahasiswa mengetahui performa dari jenis pompa yang
berbeda
• Mahasiswa mampu membaca technical specification dan
memahami jenis - jenis pompa

2
Definisi Pompa
• Agar fluida cair bisa mengalir dari satu titik ke titik lain,
harus ada sejumlah energi yang diberikan pada air
untuk melawan energi yang hilang karena gesekan
pada pipa.
• Energi juga dibutuhkan untuk mendorong air dari sisi
inlet ke sisi outlet yang memiliki beda ketinggian
• Pompa dapat dikategorikan menjadi 2, yaitu:
• Pompa impeller
• Pompa displasmen

3
Pump classification Pumps

Dynamic Displacement
pumps pumps

End suction Vertical Special effect

centrifugal Split case turbines pumps Reciprocating Rotary

jet pumps Piston Peristaltic

Progressive
regenerative Diaphragm cavity

Multiple gear-
vortex pumps lobe
4
Definition of Centrifugal Pump

• Hydraulic machine
• Moves fluids
• Mechanical energy
• Hydraulic energy – pressure energy
• Centrifugal force

5
Definition of Centrifugal Pump
The energy would be transferred from the impeller
to the water due to the friction between the impeller
and the water. However, water would splash out
onto the floor. This is because centrifugal force
causes the water to fly outward away from the
impeller.

If you surrounded the impeller with a case, you could control the water and
obtain a more efficient energy transfer.
The case that you would use is volute (spiral-shaped). Volute is a
geometrical shape, like a circle or a square. For example, a snail shell is
volute-shaped. The shape of the case helps to determine the direction of
rotation of the pump.
6
Centrifugal Pumps

Main components
• Impeller
• Casing
• Suction pipe
• Delivery pipe 7
Volute casing
 Centrifugal Pumps

In summary, there are two theories that explain how a centrifugal pump
works:
• Energy transfer – the transfer of energy from the shaft to the impeller
and from the impeller to the water.
• Centrifugal force – the force used to throw the water from the impeller.
9
Centrifugal Pumps
End suction and split case pumps can be installed in suction lift
or suction head conditions.

10
Centrifugal Pumps
Piping System – Suction side

• Require a foot valve on the end of the

suction line to prevent the pump from
losing prime.
• Most foot valves are large globe valves.
• Isolation valves on the suction side of a
pump should only be gate or ball valves.
Butterfly valves cause high headloss.
• As the piping reaches the pump, it is
reduced to meet the pump connection
using an eccentric reducer. The eccentric
reducer prevents air accumulation in the
piping.
11
Centrifugal Pumps
Piping System – Discharge side

• The discharge side of a pump usually

starts with a concentric reducer
• An isolation valve, preferably a gate or
ball valve, is normally installed on the
discharge.
• To reduce repair costs, a flange-by-
flange spool or expansion joint is placed
between the isolation valve and the
pump.

12
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Positive-displacement pumps operate by forcing a
fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of
the pump into the discharge zone of the pump.
• These pumps generally tend to be larger than equal-
capacity dynamic pumps.
• Positive-displacement pumps frequently are used in
hydraulic systems at pressures ranging up to 5000
psi.
• A principal advantage of hydraulic power is the high
power density (power per unit weight) that can be
achieved.
• They also provide a fixed displacement per revolution
and, within mechanical limitations, infinite pressure to
move fluids.
14
Positive Displacement Pumps
• In this pump, intermeshing gears or
rotors, rotate in opposite directions, just
like the gears in a vehicle or a watch
mechanism.
• The pump rotors are housed in the
casing or stator with a very small
clearance between them and the casing.
• The fluid being pumped will lubricate this
small clearance and help prevent friction
and therefore wear of the rotors and
casing.

15
Pump Characteristics
A pump can be defined by some properties:
• Capacity à Q-H curve
• Efficiency à Efficiency curve
• Power à Power curve
• Head à NPSH curve

16
Capacity and Pressure (Q-H) curve
• This curve shows the relation
between the capacity of the
pump and the pressure at
constant speed
• Q is the capacity defined by
the fluid discharged by the
pump in a certain time range
• H is the head or the pressure
difference between inlet and
outlet sides of the pump

17
Efficiency curve

• The hydraulic efficiency is the relation

between the absorbed hydraulic
energy (pressure and velocity) and
the provided mechanical energy at
the pump crank
• This curve shows the relation
between the hydraulic efficiency and
volume

18
 Power curve

• This is the energy used by the

pump in a given time.
• Its unit is 'Horsepower' (HP). 1
HP is equivalent to 0.746
kilowatt. (kW).

19
 NPSH curve
• The Net Positive Suction Head curve
berisi hubungan antara debit aliran Q
dengan margin yang dibutuhkan antara
sisi suction dengan vapour pressure
dari air untuk mencegah adanya kavitasi
pada pompa
• Tekanan negative dapat terjadi pada
sisi suction pompa, utamanya ketika
pompa terletak di tempat yang lebih
tinggi daripada reservoir
• Jika tekanan negative ini melebih
vapour pressure pada suhu tersebut,
maka kavitasi akan terjadi dan dapat
merusak komponen pompa
20
NPSH curve
Untuk mencegah kavitasi yang berlebih, maka nilai dari NPSH available
harus lebih besar atau sama dengan NPSH required

with h is the pressure at the impeller entrance,

v is the velocity of the water at the impeller
entrance.
21
Pump characteristics

• N1, N2, N3 show the increasing impeller speed that give

impact to all pump characteris9cs
• Pump characteris9c curves are usually available in
manufacturer’s literature
• Before selec9ng a pump, the required capacity and the
head has to be calculated by analysing the flow line
22
Energy and Head
• We use energy to describe the movement of liquids in
pump systems because it is easier than any other
• There are four forms of energy in pump systems:
• Pressure
• Elevation
• Friction, and
• Velocity.

23
Energy and Head
Pressure
• Pressure is produced at the bottom of the tank due to the weight of the
water that produces a force and it is distributed over a surface with a form
of pressure
• This type of pressure is called static pressure
• Even the tank or reservoir is not pressurized, it will still have pressure at
the bottom due to the liquid’s weight

Elevation
• The energy that is available to a liquid when it is at a certain height
• It is also known as the potential energy
24
Energy and Head
Friction
The energy that is lost to the environment due to the movement
of the liquid through pipes and fittings in the system

Velocity
The energy possessed by a moving object

25
System Head

• The elevation head is measured upwards from the arbitrarily selected datum
line.
• It is customary to select the datum line to pass through the centre of the pump.
• The elevation head on suction and discharge sides are taken as ZS and ZD
respectively.
• The pressure above the liquid level in the suction side is PS and the pressure
above the liquid level on the discharge side reservoirs is PD. 26
System Head
𝑃! − 𝑃" 𝑉!# − 𝑉"#
𝐻= + + (𝑍! − 𝑍" )
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔

𝐻 = ℎ$ + . 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠

kg m−1s−2
𝑘𝑔m−3𝑚s−2

27
Head Losses in Pipes
Major head loss: Losses due to the friction along the pipe.
𝐿 𝑉"
Darcy Weisbach ℎ! = 𝑓× × 𝑓 = friction factor
𝐷 2𝑔 𝐿 = Length (m)
𝑉 = velocity of flow (m/s) 𝐷 = Diameter (m)
𝐷 = pipe diameter (m) 𝑉𝐷 𝑉 = Velocity (m/s)
𝑣 = fluid’s kinematic viscosity (m2/s) 𝑅𝑒 = 𝑔 = gravity (m/s2)
𝑣
a. If the flow is laminar
64
𝑓=
𝑅𝑒
b. If the flow is turbulent
(
relative roughness = !
Use Moody Diagram to define the friction factor 𝑓
28
29
Head Losses in Pipes

Minor head loss: Losses that occur at a

change of section, valve, bend or other
interruption
𝑉"
ℎ! = 𝑘×
2𝑔
• 𝑘 = minor loss coefficient
• 𝑉 = Velocity (m/s)
• 𝑔 = gravity (m/s2)

What is the unit of head?

30
System Head
Although head is the pressure energy produced by a pump, the
unit of head is meter.

Taking the equation for head pressure,

𝑃' − 𝑃(
𝐻=
𝜌𝑔

Try to find the unit of H !

31
Assignment
Choose one of these following system that will be analyzed in your assignment:
1. Bilge system
2. Ballast system
3. Cooling system
4. Fuel oil system

Calculate the head, capacity and select the appropriate pump for your system. Attach the pump curve and
specification from the manufacturer.

Submission deadline: 3 Oktober 2021, 17.00 WIB (Submit to myitclassroom)

Files to be submitted:
1. Calculation in excel
2. Summary report consists of result and analysis
3. System drawing (if any)
4. References
32