FLUID MACHINERY

(PUMP)

Tanvir Ahmed
Lecturer MPE(ME), AUST.

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What is Pump?
• A pump is a mechanical device which transfer energy from an
external source to the liquid flowing through a conduit.

• Applications: Discharge
1. To lift liquid from a lower
level to higher level
2. To increase the pressure
energy

Motor
Casing

Armature Suction
Impeller

ME-4103 FLUID MACHINERY Impeller Casing 2

Classification:

Pumps

Positive
Dynamic
displacement

Rotary Special design Reciprocating Rotary

Centrifugal Jet Piston Vane

Axial flow Electromagnetic Plunger Gear

Mixed flow Fluid actuated Diaphragm Lobe

Screw

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There are two main categories of pump:

• Rotodynamic pumps.
• Positive displacement pumps.
PUMP

Rotodynamic Positive displacement

Centrifugal

Rotary Reciprocating
Axial flow

Mixed flow
Gear Piston

Turbine
Lobe Diaphragm

Sliding Vane Plunger

Screw 2
ME-4103 FLUID MACHINERY
Dynamic Pump:

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Dynamic Pump (contd.):

• In dynamic pumps, the hydraulic

action depends on the change of
angular momentum of the impeller.
• The pump modifies the hydraulic
gradient in the system and causes
the flow of liquid.
• The rate of flow depends not only
upon the size and speed of the pump
but also upon the resistance the
liquid encounters in the conduit.

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Centrifugal Pump

• The centrifugal pump converts the mechanical energy into the

hydraulic energy.
• The centrifugal pumps have radially outward flow.
• The pressure increases with increase in radial distance due to
centrifugal action.
• The wheel of the centrifugal pump on which the vanes are fitted is
known as an impeller.
• The liquid enters the pump at the center. The impeller gives a
centrifugal head to the liquid in the pump.
• The high pressure developed in the centrifugal pump may be used to
raise the liquid from a lower level to a higher level or to increase the
pressure in the system.

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Components:

Discharge

Motor
Casing

Armature Suction
Impeller

Impeller Casing
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Components:

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Different Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

• Impeller:
• The wheel fitted with a series of backward curved
vanes is known as impeller.

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Different Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
• Types of Impeller:
1. Shrouded or closed impeller (fig. C & D)
2. Semi-open impeller (fig. A)
3. Open impeller
(fig. B)

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Different Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
• Casing:
• The casing of a centrifugal pump is an air tight chamber
covering the impeller.

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❖ Types of Casing
1. Volute Casing.
2. Vortex Casing.
3. Volute Casing with guide blades.

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Different Parts of a Centrifugal Pump

• Volute casing:
• To collect water from the periphery of the impeller and
to transmit it to the delivery pipe at a constant velocity.
The cross-sectional area of the casing is gradually
increased, so that the extra area can accommodate the
water added at each point of the casing
• To eliminate the loss of head, by making the casing of
spiral or volute form.
• To increase evidently the efficiency of the pump by
eliminating the loss of head due to change in velocity
of flow in the volute.

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Different Parts of a Centrifugal Pump
• Suction Pipe:
• The suction pipe connects the sump with the pump inlet.
The lower end of the pipe is fitted with a non-return foot
valve. This helps priming. A strainer is usually provided at
the lower end so that only relatively clear liquid enters the
suction pipe.
• The upper end of the suction pipe is connected to the center
of the impeller known as the eye of the pump.

• Delivery Pipe:
• The delivery pipe connects the outlet of the casing to the
delivery reservoir. A valve is provided on the delivery pipe to
regulate the supply of water.

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ME-4103 FLUID MACHINERY 16
Working of a Centrifugal Pump

• The following procedure is adopted when starting the pump:

1. The delivery valve is closed and the priming of the pump is done
2. The external energy is supplied by electric motors
3. The delivery valve is then opened
4. While stopping the pump, the delivery valve should be first closed.
Otherwise there may be some back flow from the reservoir

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ME-4103 FLUID MACHINERY 18
Priming

• Obviously an impeller running in air

would produce only a small head.
• The first step in the operation of a
centrifugal pump is to fill the pump
with the liquid to be pumped.
• This process is called the priming of
the pump.
• Priming is done by pouring liquid
into the funnel provided for this
purpose.

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Priming

• Necessity of priming is the main disadvantage of a centrifugal

pump. To overcome this difficulty
1. The pump is installed below the suction water level.
2. The pump is equipped with the priming or self-priming
devices.

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Head Developed in a Centrifugal Pump

• Static Head:
• static head is the difference of
elevation between the liquid surface
in the sump and that in the reservoir
to which the liquid is delivered.

• H s = hs + h d
• hs  suction head
• hd  delivery head

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Head Developed in a Centrifugal Pump

• Manometric Head:
• The manometric head is the head
developed in the pump. It is equal to
the energy given to the liquid by the
impeller minus the losses in the
pump.

• Hm = Energy Given – Losses in the

pump
• Hm = Hs + Losses in the pipe + Vd2/g

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Efficiencies
• Mechanical Efficiency:
• Due to mechanical loss the power supplied to the shaft is greater
than the power actually delivered by the impeller.

𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
• 𝜼𝒎 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅

• Total Power Supplied = Impeller Power + Mechanical Losses

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Efficiencies

• Manometric Efficiency:
• The power delivered by the pump is less than the impeller power
because of hydraulic losses in the pump.

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
• 𝜼𝑶 =
𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓

• Water Power = Impeller Power – Power Losses in Pump

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Efficiencies

• Overall Efficiency:
• It is the ratio of Water Power to Shaft Power

𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
• 𝜼𝑶 =
𝑺𝒉𝒂𝒇𝒕 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
• 𝜼𝑶 = 𝜼𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒐 × 𝜼𝒎

• Water Power = Impeller Power – Power Losses in Pump

• Shaft Power = Impeller Power + Mechanical Losses

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Various Losses in Pump

Mechanical Losses

Hydraulic Losses
Shaft Power

Impeller Power
Losses in Pipes

Water Power

Power
Static
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Cavitation

• Cavitation is defined as the formation of bubbles and vapour filled

cavities in a flowing fluid as a result of reduction in fluid pressure.
• Vapour cavities are formed when the pressure at any point in a flow
field falls to the vapour pressure of the liquid at that temperature.
• The negative pressure at any point in a pump should not exceed the
limiting pressure given by
• Hn = Ha – Hv
• Hn  limiting negative pressure head
• Ha  atmospheric pressure
• Hv  vapor pressure head

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Effects of Cavitation
1. The normal flow pattern is changed as the cavitation occurs. This
disturbs the smooth flow.
2. The hydraulic machines indicate a sudden loss in efficiency as soon
as cavitation occurs.
3. As cavitation occurs, it may cause vibration. It may further lead to
fatigue stresses and excessive wear.
4. Cavitation is usually accompanied by noise.
5. The cavitating parts in the flow phenomenon cause an increase in
the drag force.
6. Some of the boundary material may be eaten away at the points
where cavitation occurs. It is known as pitting.

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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• NPSH is defined as the net head in meters of liquid that is required to
make the liquid flow through the suction pipe from the sump to the
impeller.
• It is equal to the barometric head minus the sum of static suction lift,
vapour pressure head, friction head and velocity head.
• NPSH = Ha – (Hv + hs + hf + Vs2/g)
• For the liquid to flow in the suction pipe. NPSH should be positive.
The NPSH depends on the pump design, its speed and the discharge.
Its value is usually given by the manufacturer. NPSH is also a
parameter that can be used to check cavitation in pumps.

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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• NPSH is expressed in two ways:
1. NPSHa is the net positive suction head available in the system.
2. NPSHr is the net positive suction head required by the pump at a
particular flow.

• NPSHa must always be greater than NPSHr or damage to the pump

will occur due to cavitation.

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Specific Speed (N)

• The specific speed is a characteristics of pumps which can be used as

a basis for comparison of the performance of different pumps.
• The specific speed is defined as the speed in rpm of a pump
geometrically similar to the actual pump but of such a size that under
corresponding conditions it delivers 1m3 of liquid per second against
a head of 1m.
𝑵 𝑸
• 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟑
𝑯𝒎 ൗ𝟒
𝑵 𝑷
• 𝑵𝒔 = 𝟓
𝑯𝒎 ൗ𝟒

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Head-Discharge Relations: Performance Curves

• Figure: Ideal performance curve for pump

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 Head-Discharge Relations: Performance
Curves

• The theoretical head curve differs from the actual head curve. The
difference between the two can be attributed to the following
effects:
• 1. Shock entry.
• 2. Frictional Loss.
• 3. Slip in the impeller.

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 Head-Discharge Relations: Performance Curves

• Figure: Comparison between theoretical and actual radial-flow pump

performance curves.

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Pump Performance Curves

• Figure: Typical centrifugal pump performance curves at constant

impeller-rotation speed

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Matching Pumps to System Demand

• Figure: Pump characteristic curve and system demand curve

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Pumps in Parallel

• Figure: Characteristic curves for pumps operating in parallel

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Pumps in Series

• Figure: Characteristic curves for pumps operating in series

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Fluid Coupling

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Fluid Coupling

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Performance characteristics of Fluid Coupling

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Torque Converter:

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Torque Converter:

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Torque Converter:

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