Ideal Gas Equation of State

CHAP 2 : PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE
IDEAL GAS EQUATION OF STATE
¾ An ideal gas is a theoretical gas composed of a set of

randomly-moving, non-interacting molecules.
¾ At normal ambient conditions such as standard
temperature and pressure, most real gases behave like an
ideal gas.
¾ Deviation from an ideal gas tends to decrease with higher
temperature and lower density, as the work performed by
intermolecular forces becomes less significant compared
with the particles' kinetic energy, and the size of the
molecules becomes less significant compared to the
empty space between them.
¾ The ideal gas model tends to fail at lower temperatures or
higher pressures, when intermolecular forces and
molecular size become important.
At Low Pressure and High Critical Temp

Temp Oxygen 164.4 K
Actual Gas (More than double of Hydrogen 33.3 K
its Critical temp) Nitrogen 126.0 K
DESIGNED AND PREPARED BY : MOHD KAMAL ARIFFIN/2003
• Equation of state is an any equation that relates the pressure, temperature

and specific volume of substance.
• In 1662, Robert Boyle (Englishman), from his experiments, found out that
the pressure of gases is proportional to their volume
• In 1802, J. Charles and J. Gay-Lussac (Frenchman), experimentally
concluded that at low pressure the volume of a gas is proportional to its
temperature, that is
or
Ideal Gas State
Equation
pV = nMRT
kPa
K
m3 Specific Gas
kmol Constant(kJ/kgK)
kg
pV = mRT pυ = RT kmol
kPa K
kg kPa m3/kg
m3 Specific Gas K
Specific Gas
Constant kJ/kgK Constant, kJ/kgK
1
p
Other Ideal Gas
Equations
T2 >T1
s2 >s1
pV=mRT Avogadro Law T1
pV/T = mR At similar p, T and V, s1
Gas will have the same no of mole υ
p-υ Diagram for Iideal Gas
pV=nMRT
T υ2 >υ1 p2 >p1
υ1 p1
pV V MRT
= Constant = = Constant
T n p
p1V1 p 2 V2 MaR a T MbR b T
= =
T1 T2 p p
kJ
MaR a = MbR b = R u ( )
kmol.K
s
T-s Diagram for Ideal Gas
Lihat Jadual 2.4 m/s 59 untuk contoh nilai R
2
P-V-T PROJECTIONS OF IDEAL GAS
EXAMPLE 3-10 (Pg 139)
3
MY EXAMPLE 2-3
A pressure vessel with a volume of 0.003 m3 contains 0.01 kg of an ideal
gas. Initially, the absolute pressure and temperature of the gas are 5 bar and
120 oC respectively. The gas is undergone an expansion process to a
pressure and temperature of 1 bar and 0.02 m3 respectively. Determine the
molecular mass and the temperature of the gas at the final condition.
Solution
Initial condition, p1V1 5x10 2 (0.003 )

R= = = 0.3871 kJ/kgK
mT1 0.01 x (120 + 273 )
R u 8.3142
M= = = 21.78 kg/kmol
R 0.3817
p2 V2 1x10 2 (0.02 )
T2 = = = 524.0 K
mR 0.01 x 0.3817
MY EXAMPLE 2-4
1 kg of air in a closed tank initially at 25oC and 1 bar undergoes a cyclic process
consisting of the following processe:
1-2 : constant volume heating to a pressure of 2 bar
2-3 : constant temperature expansion
3-4: constant pressure compression
Sketch the processes on a p-υ diagram and by assuming the air as an ideal gas,
determine the temperature at state 2 and the volume at state 3.
Solution p
(bar) T2
R1T1 0.287 x 298
υ 2 = υ1 = = = 0.8556 m3/kg 2
p1 1 x 102 p2= 2 •
p2 υ 2 2 x 102 x 0.8556
T2 = = = 596 K T=C
R 0.287
υ=C
mRT3 1 x 0.287 x 596 3

V3 = = = 1.711 m3 p1= 1 • •
p3 1 x 102 1 p=C
T1 = 25 oC
4
IS WATER VAPOR AN IDEAL GAS?
COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
Compressibility factor is used in the ideal gas state equation to analyze the
actual gas.
pυ
Defined as, Z = 1.1
RT
1.0
Actual Volume TR = 2.00
or Z = 0.9
Ideal Volume
υ 0.8
= actual TR = 1.50
υ ideal Z
0.7
TR = 1.30
0.6
So, pυ =ZRT TR = 1.20
0.5
Z is defined by using 0.4 TR = 1.10

Compressibility Chart
0.3
TR = 1.00
0.2
Where
0.1
p T
pR = and TR = 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
pc Tc
Reduced Pressure, pR
Reduced Reduced Generalized Compressibility Chart

pressure temperature
5
Comparison of Z factors for

various gases
The Z factor for all gases is

approximately the same at
the reduced pressure and
temperature. This is called
the principle of
corresponding states. This
generalized compressibility
chart can be used for all
gases
The following observations can be made from the generalized compressibilty chart :
• At very low pressure (Pr << 1), gases behave as an ideal gas regardless of temperature
• At high temperatures (TR > 2), ideal gas behavior can be assumed with good accuracy
• The deviation of a gas from ideal gas behavior is greatest in the area of the critical point
Nelson-Obert Generalized Compressibility Chart
6
EXAMPLE 3-11 Page 142
7
8
0.84
MY EXAMPLE 2-5
Determine the specific volume of water (R = 0.4615 kJ/kgK) at a pressure of 10 bar and
temperature 600 oC by using (a) property tables, (b) ideal gas equation of state and (c)
generalized compressibility chart.
(a) From Table A-5 at 100 bar and 600 oC (superheated vapor), the specific
volume is 0.0384 m3/kg
RT 0.4615 x (600 + 273)

(b) Using ideal gas equation, υ = = = 0.0403 m3 /kg
p 100 x 10 2
(c) The critical pressure and temperature of water are 221 bar and 374 oC
respectively, thus
T (600 + 273) p 100
TR = = = 1.35 pR = = = 0.45
Tc (374 + 273) pc 221
Using generalized compressibility chart at TR = 1.35 and pR = 0.45,

Z = 0.94
ZRT 0.94 x 0.4615 x (600 + 273)
υ= = = 0.0379 m3 /kg
p 100 x 10 2
9
MY EXAMPLE 2-5
MY EXAMPLE 2-5
0.94
10
EXAMPLE 3-12
Determine the pressure of water vapor at 350oC and 0.035262 m3/kg, using (a) the steam
tables (b) the ideal gas equation and (c) the generalized compressibility chart.
Solution : The pressure of water vapor is to be determined in 3 different ways

Analysis : The gas constant, the critical pressure and temperature of steam are determined
from Table A-1,
R = 0.4615 kJ/kgK , pr = 22.06 MPa and TR = 647.1 K
(a) From Table A-6 at T = 350oC and υ = 0.035262 m3/kg, p = 7.0 MPa
(b) Using ideal gas equation, RT 0.4615 x (350 + 273)

υ= = = 8153. 7 = 8.15 MPa
p 0.035262
Error = 8.15 – 7.0 = 0.164 or 16.4%
(c) Calculate, the pseudo-reduced specific volume and the reduced temperature
υactual (350 + 273)
υR = = = 2.61
RTc Pc 0.4615 x 647.1
Pr = 0.31
T (350 + 273)
TR = = = 0.96
Tc 647.1
11
EXAMPLE 3-12
0.31
OTHER GAS STATE EQUATIONS
VAN DER WAALS EQUATION OF STATE

The der Waals equation of state was proposed in 1873, and has two constant that are
determined from the behavior of a substance at the critical point.
+ a2 ⎟⎟ (υ − b) = RT
⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜ p
⎝ υ ⎠
Intermolecular
forces Corrected volume,
b represents the
volume occupied
by the gas per
unit mass
27R 2Tc2 RTc

a= and b=
64p c 8pc
12
BEATTIE-BRIDGEMENT EQUATION OF STATE

Was proposed in 1928 and based on five experimentally determined constants
R uT ⎛ c ⎞ A
A = A o ⎛⎜ 1− a ⎞⎟ and B = Bo ⎜⎜ 1− b ⎟⎟
⎛ ⎞
p= ⎜ 1− ⎟ (υ + B ) − 2
υ2 ⎝ υT 3 ⎠ υ ⎝ υ⎠ ⎝ υ⎠
BENEDICT-WEBB-RUBIN EQUATION OF STATE
R uT ⎛ C ⎞ 1 bR uT − a aα c ⎛ γ ⎞
+ 6 + 3 2 ⎜ 1 + 2 ⎟e − γ / υ
2
p= + ⎜ BoR uT − A o − o2 ⎟ 2 +
υ ⎝ T ⎠υ υ 3
υ υ T ⎝ υ ⎠
13
14
15
MY EXAMPLE 2-6
Determine the pressure of nitrogen gas in a tank when its temperature and specific
volume are 200 K and 0.05 m3/kg respectively on the basis of (a) ideal gas equation of
state, (b) Van der Waals equation of state, (c ) Beattie-Bridgement equation of state and
(d) Benedict-Webb-Rubin equation of state.
(a) Ideal gas equation of state RT (0.2968)(200)

p= = = 1187.2 kPa
υ 0.05
(b) The critical temperature and pressure of nitrogen are 126.2 K and
33.9 bar respectively
27R 2 Tc2 27(0.2968)2 (126.2)2
a= = = 0.1746 m6kPa/kg2
64pc 64 x 33.9 x102
RTc 0.2968 x 126.2
b= = = 0.00138 m3 /kg
8pc 8 x 33.9 x 102
RT a 0.2968 x 200 0.1746
p= − = − = 1151.1 kPa
(υ − b) υ2 (0.05 - 0.00138 ) 0.05 2
16
BAB 2 : BAHAN TULIN
MY EXAMPLE 2-6 (CONT….)
(c) υ = Mυ = 28 x 0.05 = 1.4 m3 / kmol

⎛ a⎞ ⎛ 0.02617 ⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ (-0.00691) ⎞
A = A o ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 136.2315 x ⎜ 1 - ⎟ B = Bo ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 0.05046 x ⎜ 1 - ⎟
⎝ υ⎠ ⎝ 1.4 ⎠ ⎝ υ⎠ ⎝ 1.4 ⎠
= 133.69 = 0.05071
R uT ⎛ c ⎞ A
p= ⎜1− ⎟(υ + B ) − 2
υ2 ⎝ υT 3 ⎠ υ
8.3143 x 200 ⎛⎜ 4.20 x 10 4 ⎞⎟
= ⎜ 1− (1.4 + 0.05071) − 133.69 = 1158.0 kPa
1.4 2
⎝ 1.4 x 2003 ⎟⎠ 1 .4 2
(d) From Table 3-4

Ao = 106.73 Co = 8.164 x 105 a = 2.54 c = 7.379 x 104
Bo = 0.04074 α = 1.272 x 10-4 b = 0.002328 γ = 0.0053
8.3143 x 200 ⎛⎜ 8.16 x 105 ⎞⎟⎛ 1 ⎞

p= + ⎜ 0.0407 x 8.3143 x 200 - 106.73 - ⎜ ⎟
1.4 ⎝ 2002 ⎟⎠⎝ 1.42 ⎠
-4
0.00233 x 8.3143 x 200 - 2.54 2.54 x 1.27 x 10 7.38 ⎛ 0.0053 ⎞ − 0.0053 1.4 2
+ 3
+ 6
+ 3 2⎜
1+ ⎟e
1.4 1.4 1.4 x 200 ⎝ 1. 4 2 ⎠
= 1157.9 kPa
BAB 2 : BAHAN TULIN
MY EXAMPLE 2-6 (CONT….)
17
18

Ideal Gas Equation of State

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CHAP 2 : PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE