MEDIA FILTER FROM DRIED WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia Crassipes)

A Thesis

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Engineering

University of Rizal System

Antipolo City

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Czelsi Carlos Navarro

James Bryan Garcia Soliman
Jane Vivien Ramos Turla

December 2019
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis with a title MEDIA FILTER FROM DRIED WATER HYACINTH

(EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES) prepared and submitted by Czelsi C. Navarro, James

Bryan G. Soliman, and Jane Vivien R. Turla in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering is hereby recommended for

corresponding oral examination.

December 9, 2019 GEORGE P. PALADA, RCE

Date Adviser

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering by the Oral Examination Committee.

JANE FRANCES SM. MARANION, RCE

Chairperson

ALLEN JAKE Y. DISCAYA, RCE EVA B. MARANAN, REE Ph.D.

Member Member

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Bachelor of

Science in Civil Engineering

FRANCISCO B. CULIBRINA, Ph.D; PECE

Date Dean

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researchers are really grateful to the following people who willingly

extended their personal and professional assistance in the completion of this

academic effort.

DR. DANILO M. PASCUAL, Campus Director, University of Rizal System

Antipolo Campus, for allowing the researchers to conduct the study in this school.

ENGR. GEORGE P. PALADA, their thesis adviser, for his knowledgeable

opinions; expert guidance during discussions and consultations, and for his full

support and efforts extended to every researchers.

DR. EVA B. MARANAN, the Program Head, for the inspiration and moral

support extended to the student so they strive harder to finish their research.

ENGR. JANE FRANCES S.M. MARANION, faculty and panel member, for

her suggestions, time, supervision, ideas, and her guidance throughout the course

of the study.

DR. WILFREDO P. MARIÑO, faculty member, for his expert guidance

regarding the statistical treatment used by the researchers used in the study.

iii
 And last but not the least, the researchers’ family, their parents, friends, and

loved ones for showering an unconditional love, affection, and support that inspired

them to move on despite the pressure and difficulties.

Above all, to the Lord Almighty who always provide them with all the

blessings, knowledge, wisdom, and spiritual strength in completing the study.

The Researchers

iv
 DEDICATION

This study

is wholeheartedly and fondly dedicated

to our parents,

who supported us morally and financially;

who gave their guidance and strength

to accomplish this piece of work,

to our beloved brothers, sisters, and loved ones

who had been very supportive to us

and most especially to Almighty God…

For the unconditional love, and who is the source of all wisdom,

to make this work a reality.

v
 ABSTRACT

Water is uniquely vulnerable to pollution. Water pollution is the

contamination of water bodies, usually as a result of human activities. Household

graywater greatly contributes in contamination of freshwater and other bodies of

water. The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that water should be

disposed properly to different bodies of water. Filtering of graywater is already

practiced by large industries but not by household. Hence, the researchers

proposed a design of filtration system that can be used by household to treat

graywater before disposing it to the bodies of water.

The experimental study was conducted to develop and determine the

effectiveness of Media Filter from Dried Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes)

based on the parameters described by the Department of Environment and Natural

Resources No. 2016-08 titled Water Quality Guidance and General Effluent

Standards of 2016. Water hyacinth is very abundant and now considered as an

invasive plant. The researchers made a media filter that comes in three forms;

weaved, fibered, and a combination of weaved and fibered.

vi
 The study presented three (3) forms of filter with each corresponding

physical analysis of water sample that passed through the filter. A laboratory test

was conducted to determine if the media filter was effective by considering the

parameters stated in the Department of Environment and Natural Resources No.

2016-08 Water Quality Guidance and General Effluent Standards of 2016. The

study determined the effectiveness of each form of filter by using Analysis of

variance (ANOVA) based on the data gathered from the laboratory test results.

The researchers concluded that the Media Filter from Dried Water Hyacinth

(Eichhornia crassipes) when recuperates graywater from households and can be

reused for watering plants and discharge into bodies of water. It has better quality

due to physical parameters that meets the standards set by DENR. Based on

statistics results, the combined form of filter delivers the best result both in water

quality and cost. The media filter from dried water hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes)

can still be improved in terms of functionality and design. More features can be

added by future researchers.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………... i

APPROVAL SHEET ……………………………………………………... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ……………………………………………………... iii

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………... v

ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………... viii

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………... xi

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………... xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ……………………………………………………... xiii

Chapter
1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction ……………………………….. 1
Background of the Study ……………………………….. 4
Theoretical Framework ……………………………….. 7
Conceptual Framework ……………………………….. 9
Objectives of the Study ……………………………….. 9
Assumption of the Study ……………………………….. 11
Scope and Limitations of the
Study ……………………………….. 11
Significance of the Study ……………………………….. 12
Definition of Terms ……………………………….. 13

viii
 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Technical Design ……………………………….. 15

Setting of the Study ……………………………….. 16
Subject of the Study ……………………………….. 19
Sources of Data ……………………………….. 20
Procedure of the Study ……………………………….. 21
Statistical Treatment ……………………………….. 24

3 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Design Result
Interpretation ………………………………………… 25
Cost Analysis ………………………………………… 34

4 SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary of Results ………………………………………… 38

Conclusions ………………………………………… 39
Recommendations ………………………………………… 40

Bibliography ……………………………………………………... 41

Appendices ……………………………………………………... 43

Curriculum Vitae ……………………………………………………... 51

ix
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Conceptual Framework ……………………………….. 10

2 Vicinity Map of Cardona

Livelihood Center ……………………………….. 16

3 Vicinity Map of Makisig Street

Taytay, Rizal ……………………………….. 17

4 Vicinity Map of Pharmavida Inc.

Water Laboratory Center ……………………………….. 18

5 Flow Chart of Water Hyacinth as A

Media Filter ……………………………….. 21

x
 LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

1 Laboratory Results of Unfiltered

Household Graywater in Terms of
Turbidity, pH Level, and TDS. ………………………… 25

2 Laboratory Results of Filtered

Household Graywater in Terms of
Turbidity, pH Level, and TDS. ………………………… 26

3 Percentage Difference of Filtered to

Unfiltered Graywater. ………………………… 27

4 pH Level, Turbidity and TDS Results of

Four Water Samples (graywater,
fibered, weaved, and combined). ………………………… 32

5 Analysis of Variance of Filtered and

Unfiltered Graywater in terms of pH
Level ………………………… 33

6 Analysis of Variance of Filtered and

Unfiltered Graywater in terms of
Turbidity ………………………… 34

7 Analysis of Variance of Filtered and

Unfiltered Graywater in terms of Total
Dissolved Solids ………………………… 35

xi
8 Cost estimation between different forms
of Media Filter
from Dried Water Hyacinth ………………………… 36
9 Cost Analysis Between Three (3) Forms ………………………… 37

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX PAGE

A Laboratory Testing Results …………………………… 42

B Proposed Model, Actual Model, and
Actual Media Filter …………………………… 45

C Letter of Request for the Panel Chairperson

…………………………… 47
D Gantt Chart (Chart of Activities) …………………………… 48

xii
 1

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, background and purpose of the

study, objectives, theoretical and conceptual framework, significance of the

study, scope and limitation, and definition of terms.

Introduction

Water is essential to human life. This phrase is probably one of the most

said expression. If, as learned from geography, the earth is two-thirds water, and

science says the human body is 70% water, then it goes without saying that no

life can be sustained without water (Thairu, 2017).

Everybody use water for drinking, washing, cleaning, cooking, and

growing food—making it our most precious resource for survival. What adds to

that daily household water use, is that even more water is used by industry to

generate electricity, manufacture products, and transport people and goods. All

of the water that we use comes from local lakes, rivers, streams or underground

aquifers, depending on your city and state. How we use water depends on the

purpose at hand (Evans, 2019).

Graywater is described as gently used waste water that comes from

sources such as the bathroom, kitchen and laundry. It is relatively clean and
 2

cannot be compared with the water from toilets (blackwater). Generally, any

water that is drained from the house other than toilet water can be described as

graywater. It may also contain trace of food, grease, hair, dirt or particular

household cleaning products (Conserve Energy Future, 2020).

Reuse of graywater has been an old practice, and it is still being done in

areas that are water stressed. This practice if given the needed attention can

help reduce the overreliance on freshwater resources and reduce the pollution

caused by discharge of untreated graywater into freshwater resources. It can

also supplement water sources in areas where there is a minimal water crisis.

Recycled graywater can be used for different water-demanding activities

including potable and non-potable use such as toilet flushing and agriculture. The

major concern on the use of graywater are perceptions on public health issues

and inappropriate technology for the reuse option (Vigneswaran, 2004).

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as a media filter in treating

wastewater is an ecological and economical medium in additional to filtration

systems. This proves that water hyacinth have other uses, not only in making

handicrafts out of it and being an obstruction in bodies of water.

The excessive supply of water hyacinth in the Philippines causes handful

of problems like flooding and obstruction in livelihood and transportation in

bodies of water. This dramatically affects water flow and blocks sunlight from

reaching aquatic life under bodies of water which leads them to death.
 3

Water hyacinth is used to treat domestic wastewater, it reveals the

optimum growth rate of water hyacinth has great effect on water purification

efficiency in continuous system and nutrient removal was successfully achieved

(Rezania, 2016).

Proper disposal of used water may be considered as the top priority that

needs to be addressed in time, most specifically in areas wherein it can cause

different illnesses to people if not disposed properly.

The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 states that:

“This Act shall apply to water quality management in all water

bodies: Provided, that it shall primarily apply to the abatement and control
of pollution from land based sources: Provided, further, that the water
quality standards and regulations and the civil liability and penal provisions
under this Act shall be enforced irrespective of sources of pollution.”
In addition, Republic Act No. 2067, the Act states that:
“An act to integrate, coordinate, and intensify scientific and technological
research and development and to foster invention; to provide funds
therefor; and for other purposes.”
“In consonance with the provisions of section four, Article XIV of the
Constitution, it is hereby declared to be the policy of the state to promote
scientific and technological research and development, foster invention,
and utilize scientific knowledge as an effective instrument for the
promotion of national progress.”

With these legal bases, the researchers conducted this study to develop a

gray water filtration system due to high demand of water for domestic,

commercial, agricultural and industrial use, so as to be able to reuse the

wastewater.
 4

Background of the Study

Scientists believed that there may be hundreds of disease-causing

organisms present in wastewater that have yet to be identified. There are 7.53

billion of people living on the planet, so treating wastewater is a big priority.

Wastewater disposal is a major problem in developing countries as many people

in these areas do not have access to sanitary conditions and clean water.

Untreated wastewater in such areas can contaminate the environment and cause

diseases. Bacteria are microscopic organisms that are responsible for several

wastewaters related diseases, including typhoid, paratyphoid, bacillary

dysentery, gastroenteritis, and cholera (National Small Flows Clearinghouse,

2005).

Inorganic minerals, metals, and compounds, such as sodium, potassium,

calcium, magnesium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc are common in

wastewater from both residential and nonresidential sources. They can originate

from a variety of sources in the community including industrial and commercial

sources, storm water, and inflow and infiltration from cracked pipes and leaky

manhole covers. Most inorganic substances are relatively stable and cannot be

broken down easily by organisms in wastewater. Large amounts of many

inorganic substances can contaminate soil and water. Some are toxic to animals

and humans and may accumulate in the environment. For this reason, extra

treatment steps are often required to remove inorganic materials from

 5

industrial wastewater sources. Heavy metals, for example, which are discharged

with many types of industrial wastewaters, are difficult to remove by conventional

treatment methods (Salar, 2013).

Water hyacinths clog waterways, making boating, fishing and almost all

other water activities impossible. Water flow through water hyacinth is greatly

diminished, an acre of water hyacinth can weigh more than 200 tons; infestations

can be many acres in size. Water hyacinth degrades water quality by blocking

photosynthesis, which greatly reduces oxygen levels in the water. This creates

cascading effect by reducing other underwater life such as fish and other plants.

Water hyacinth also reduces biological diversity, impacts native submersed

plants, alters immersed plant communities by pushing away and crushing them,

and also alter animal communities by blocking access to the water and/or

eliminating plants and animals depend on for shelter and nesting

(Thanappan,2016).

In Laguna de Bay, water hyacinth is considered a nuisance because they

are fast growing plants and almost covered 20% of the lake’s surface thus

blocking the sunlight's penetration into the water and will threaten the survival of

aquatic species (Tacio, 2009).

Water hyacinth grows fast from seeds and from shoots that break off and

grow into new plants. The number of plants doubles every 5 to 15 days, so in

single season, 25 plants can multiply up to 2 million. This means that if water
 6

hyacinth gets into a new river or lake, it grows and grows until it covers the water

with a thick floating tangled weed.

There are many environmental issues caused by water hyacinth

population for instance its lower dissolved oxygen concentrations, damaging fish

populations. One acre of water hyacinth yearly deposit as much as 500 tons of

rooting plant material on the bottom of the water ways.It can also increase

flooding in rivers and canals. It provides ideal breeding environments for

mosquitoes and other diseased bearing insect. It decreases biodiversity.

Therefore, as the researchers see a lot of water hyacinth invading most of

the waterways and bodies of water, the researchers decided to conduct a study

that can help minimize the excessive population of water hyacinth.

Addressing the potential of water hyacinth for treating small-scale dairy

wastewater to satisfy an efficient standard to disposal into public sewers,

conducting an experiment using reactor with water hyacinth and without water

hyacinth, the system with water hyacinth obviously performed better. The

reaction rate parameters for water hyacinth were three times higher than a

system without water hyacinth (Munavalli, 2009).

 7

Theoretical Framework

The researchers considered the following theories and principles needed

to be able to conduct the study.

In fluid mechanics, fluid flow through porous media is the manner in which

fluids behave when flowing through a porous medium, for example sponge or

wood or when filtering water using sand or other porous materials. As commonly

observed, some fluid flows through the media while some mass of the fluid is

stored in the pores present in the media.

Darcy’s Law defines the ability of a fluid to flow through a porous media

such as rocks and soil. Fluid flow within and between rock layers is governed by

the permeability of the rocks. However, to account for permeability, it must be

measured in both the vertical and horizontal directions.

Darcy’s Law is defined by the formula:

Q=kIA

Where:

Q = groundwater flow

k = permeability of the rock

I = hydraulic gradient, also equal to h/l

A = cross-section area
 8

The Bernoulli Principle explains the flow of fluids and was one of the

earliest examples of conservation of energy. It states that during steady flow, the

energy at any point in a conduit is the sum of the velocity head (v), pressure

head (P) and elevation head (z). It takes the form of a conservation equation

where the sum of the three variables will always remain constant as long as no

losses or additions occur.

Bernoulli’s Principle Formulas:

Energy = v + P + z = Constant

1/2ρv2 + ρgz + P = Ptotal = Constant

Where:
ρ = density
v = flow velocity
P = pressure
g = acceleration due to gravity
z = elevation

Since the study is about the effectiveness of water hyacinth as a media

filter, that requires graywater to flow on a porous media. Which in this case is the

water hyacinth, the researchers concluded that Darcy’s Law is the theory and

principle which guided the overall study. Bernoulli’s Equation was also stated

because it also discuss about the flow of water considering pressure and head

losses.
 9

Conceptual Framework

The input includes gathering of related data that came from articles,

review of related literatures and videos that are related to media filter making;

gathering materials such as water hyacinth, getting wastewater from households,

and making of model.

The process includes experimenting of graywater by using filtration with

different forms of water hyacinth and unfiltered graywater; the analysis of the

laboratory test results. Lastly, the output shows what the media filter can

contribute to the people who are affected by problem on water hyacinth.

Objectives of the Study

The study aimed the following:

1. To determine the parameters of the unfiltered household graywater

in terms of turbidity, pH level, and total dissolved solids.

2. To determine the above parameters of the filtered household

graywater using fibered, weaved, and combined form using water

hyacinth as a media filter.

3. To test whether there is a significant change in the parameters of

the filtered graywater using different forms of water hyacinth

(fibered, weaved form, and combined) as a media filter.

 10

PROCESS
INPUT
Experiment
Gathering Related Data
Conducting the experiment
Data that came from: that includes filtration of
graywater in the system:
 Articles
 RRL’s  With Stem of Water
 Videos that are Hyacinth
OUTPUT
related to the study  Forms of water
hyacinth Effectiveness of
Materials  Making 3 forms of Dried Water hyacinth
 Stem of Water the media filter (Eichhornia
Hyacinth  Filtering the water crassipes) as a
 Materials to use for samples Media Filter for
the filter  Laboratory testing household graywater
 Graywater from conducted
household Analysis of Results
Model Analysis on the study that
 Media Filter includes the following
parameters:

 TDS
 pH Level
 Turbidity

Figure 1
Conceptual Framework of Media Filter from Dried Water Hyacinth
(Eichhornia Crassipes)
 11

Assumption

In doing this study, the researchers assumed the following:

1. By using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as an additional

media filter, the treated graywater from household has better

physical properties such as turbidity, pH level, and TDS.

2. The media filter with the weaved form of water hyacinth is the

most effective among the three forms.

3. The graywater that has been filtered will be safe forwatering

plants, but not for drinking and hygiene use.

4. Filtered graywater will now be safe to dispose in different bodies

of water.

Scope and Limitation

The reason for conducting the study was to test the effectiveness of water

hyacinth as a media filter and to lessen the population of water hyacinth in bodies

of water. This study was conducted by the Bachelor of Science in Civil

Engineering 5th Year students from University of Rizal System Antipolo Campus.

The gathering of samples, filtering the graywater sample was conducted at

Taytay, Rizal. The gathered water samples were used water from household’s

laundry.
 12

Laboratory tests were conducted at Pharmavida Inc. these tests were

applied to the gathered samples with focus on turbidity, pH level and total

dissolved solids and the result of the tests were furthered analyzed by using

ANOVA.

The graywater that underwent the filtration system was usable for several

purposes only like watering plants and cleaning. Excess application of water than

what the plant needs, is another way to recharge groundwater. The filtered gray

water was not advisable to use in hygiene purposes and therefore it was not safe

for drinking.

Significance of the Study

The study on water hyacinth would be beneficial to the environment and

the community, most specially those who do not have access to clean water for

their household needs. By using water hyacinth as the main source, the end

product of this will give knowledge to the locals whose lakes, lagoons, and rivers

have been infested by the fast-growing water hyacinth. They will also be able to

put them in good use aside from making crafts out of them. When properly

managed, graywater can be used for the purpose of landscaping, gardening,

irrigations, plant growths and toilet flushing. This study showed that they can

make their own media filter without spending too much money and also help
 13

resolve problems caused by the fast growth of water hyacinth. The researchers

have thought that the following will benefit from this study:

Environment. The use of water hyacinth as water filters can reduce

pollutants in the bodies of water commonly the rivers and lakes.

Local Government. Result of the study can be used for formulation of

local policies in relation to conserving and preserving the quality of the

environment.

University Administration. The output of the study will serve as basis for

technology development and advancement.

Future Researchers. This study can serve as basis for future

researchers. They can also improve this study to be more efficient and

convenient.

Definition of Terms

The following terms were defined alphabetically and conceptually.

Media Filter. The surface upon which solids are deposited in a filter and

capable in delivering a clear filtrate at a suitable production rate.

Permeability. The property of a porous material which permits the

passage or seepage of water or other fluids through its interconnecting voids.

 14

pH. Expresses the intensity of the acid or alkaline condition of a solution.

A pH of 7 indicates neutral conditions on a scale of 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline). The

generally accepted range for pH in water is 6.5 to 8.5 with an upper limit of 9.5.

Phytoremediation. Bioremediation process that uses various types of

plants to remove, transfer, stabilize, and/or destroy contaminants in the soil and

groundwater.

Porous. Having minute spaces or holes though which liquid or air may

pass.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). Comprise inorganic salts and small

amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water. The principal constituents

are usually the cat ions calcium, and nitrate.

Turbidity. It is the measurement of particles of matter suspended in water

it can be clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic and other microscopic

organisms.

Water Hyacinth. A free-floating water plant which has been introduced

elsewhere as an ornamental and in some warmer regions has become a serious

weed of waterways.
 15

Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research technical design, research

instruments, procedures or methods of the study and project design models.

Research Technical Design

The researchers used experimental type of research in their study and

focused on developing an effective, sufficient, ecological material that could both

benefit man and the environment.

The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to

research in which the researchers manipulate one or more variables, and control

and measure any change. Experimental research is any research conducted with

a scientific approach, where a set of variables are kept constant while the other

set of variables are being measured as the subject of experiment (Bhattacharya,

2019).

The study is categorized as experimental research because the

researchers used a systematic and scientific approach in conducting the study.

There are parameters and different forms of filter used and the results are

compared statistically. Each parameter has to meet certain criteria to prove that

the study is effective.

 16

Setting of the Study

The harvesting and gathering of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

took place in Cardona Livelihood Products.

This is where the

water hyacinth
gathered

Figure 2

Vicinity Map of Cardona Multipurpose Cooperative

The researchers chose Cardona a town in Rizal, which is located near

Laguna de bay because it has been placed under state of calamity

after water hyacinths piled up in portions of the lake. Some barangays

of Cardona have been isolated since no boats could sail due to the thick layer of

the aquatic plants on the river.

 17

The construction and experimentation of the filtration system took place at

#27 Makisig St. Brgy. Dolores Taytay, Rizal.

Figure 3

Vicinity Map of Makising Steet Brgy. Dolores Taytay, Rizal

 18

The testing of the filtered and unfiltered graywater samples took place at

Pharmavida Water Laboratory Center, which is the premier water testing facility

in Metro Manila and in Central Luzon. This Water Laboratory Center is accredited

by the Department of Health which aims to offer microbiological and physio-

chemical testing services. It is also recognized by the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources to provide graywater testing services.

Figure 4

Vicinity Map of Pharmavida Water Laboratory Center

 19

Subject of the Study

Water hyacinth is a free-floating and flowering invasive aquatic plant

originated from Amazon Basin, South America. It has spread mainly to the

tropics and subtropics since the 1800s. Water hyacinth has been considered as

an invasive aquatic plant.

The water hyacinth has severely infested the Philippine waters with its

rapid rate of proliferation. It is the most damaging aquatic plant worldwide

because of its capability to reproduce at an extraordinary rate, thereby choking

lakes and rivers. It grows in mats up to 2 meters wide which can reduce light and

oxygen, change water chemistry, and affect local flora and fauna. In Laguna de

Bay, it covers about 20% of the lake’s surface area. Because of the water’s high

sewage concentrations, the plant yields about 657 tons of dry matter per hectare

a year.

Its pervasive presence has caused barriers to waterways

consequently causing problems in marine transportation like fishing and

irrigation, especially in the major water areas of the Philippines like Pasig River,

Laguna de Bay, etc. By clogging up waterways and irrigation systems, it causes

heavy floods and increased pollution especially on rainy seasons.

The researchers have used the stems of water hyacinth (Eichhornia

Crassipes) and put them in a container for a more conventional way of filtering

the graywater. The dried stems are absorbent ofwater pollutants and thus deliver
 20

a fair result. The quality of graywater that went through the system is at the

allowable qualification for disposing the graywater to the natural bodies of water

or reuse it for watering plants, etc.

Sources of Data

The researchers gathered data from the test results given by the testing

center. The particular parameters that were tested were turbidity, pH level, and

total dissolved solids, respectively.

The conducted turbidity test shows the amount of particles that affects

clarity of water in unit of NTU. The test in terms of pH level determines the pH

level of the water samples were acidic or basic. Lastly, in terms of total dissolved

solids, the amount floating or suspended solids in the water samples were

determined in terms of mg/L.

In addition, the researchers also got data from previous studies on water

hyacinth which was used as a media filter. Several articles related to the study

can be found on the internet and it clearly tells on how advantages of water

hyacinth can be used.

The procedure below was followed by the researchers in making the

whole process of the study, making of the media filter, model and analyzing the

conducted laboratory results.

 21

Procedure of the Study

Collecting of Collecting of water

household graywater hyacinth

Making different forms

 Weaved Form
 Fibered Form
 Combined fibered and weaved

Constructing the Filter System

 Cylinder Glass
 Storage container of graywater
 Stand
 Hose or pipes

Filtration of Water Samples

Conducting of Laboratory Testing
 Unfiltered Graywater
 pH Level
 With weaved form
 Turbidity
 With fibered form
 Total Dissolved Solids
 Combined fibered and weaved

Evaluating and comparing of result

Water Hyacinth as media filter for

household graywater

Figure 5

Flowchart of Water Hyacinth as a Media Filter

 22

In determining the effectiveness of water hyacinth as a media filter in

household graywater, the following procedures were considered:

1. Collection of household graywater

The collection of household graywater took place at Makisig St. Brgy.

Dolores Taytay, Rizal. The collected household graywater that was included

were from used water from washing dishes and laundry.

2. Collection of water hyacinth

The collection of water hyacinth took place at Cardona Multipurpose

Cooperative. The water hyacinth was sun dried for 1 week, and then the

researchers used the stem part of the dried water hyacinth for the study.

The researchers made three (3) media filter forms from dried water

hyacinth namely weaved, fibered, and combined weaved and fibered.

3. Construction of the filter system

The researchers used three (3) cylinder glass, storage container, stand

made of wood, and hose or pipes to make the filter system that is used in

determining the effectiveness of water hyacinth as a media filter. The actual

model and what it looked like can be found at the appendix.

 23

4. Filtration of water samples

The collected household graywater water underwent the filter system with

three (3) different water hyacinth media forms. The researchers gathered a liter

of water per sample. The gathered water samples are as follows: a sample of

unfiltered graywater, three (3) water samples using weaved form, (3) water

samples using fibered form, and three (3) samples using combined weaved and

fibered form. The actual photo of used media filter can be found in the appendix

5. Conducting of Laboratory testing

The gathered water samples were sent to Pharmavida Water Laboratory

Center. The researchers considered pH level, turbidity, and total dissolved solids

as the primary physical parameters of the samples.

6. Evaluating and comparing of result

After receiving the result of water samples from the laboratory center, the

researchers analyzed the mean values of the result in different parameters. To

know if the filtered graywater results a significant difference, the researchers

used the analysis of variance (ANOVA).

 24

Statistical Treatment

In all the given objectives, only the third were analyzed using analysis of

variance method.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used in the research to be able to get

any significant difference among all the four different samples. In all the

parameters that have been considered in the research ANOVA showed the

percentage on how the forms differ from each other. This helped the researchers

to make their judgments among the different types of filter.

To get the value of F, the researchers first computed the values of grand

mean and the mean for each group. Then the researchers used these formulas

to compute the following:

The sum-of-squares-total (SS total) based on the formula:

2
∑(𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛)

The sum-of-squares-within based on the formula:

2
∑(𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝)

The sum-of-squares-between based on the formula:

(SS-total – SS-within).
The Mean-square-between based on the formula:
(SS-between/Degree-of-freedom-between)
The Mean-square-within based on the formula:
(SS-within/degree-of-freedom-within)
The value of F using the formula:
(mean-square-between/mean-square-within)
 25

Chapter 3

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

This chapter presents the design result, presentation, analysis and

interpretation of results.

Design Result and Interpretation

Table 1 below answers the first objective and shows the laboratory results

of unfiltered household graywater in terms of the three parameterswhich are the

pH level, Turbidity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS).

Table 1

Laboratory Results of Unfiltered Household Graywater

In Terms of Turbidity, pH Level, And TDS

PARAMETERS UNFILTERED GRAYWATER AVERAGE

1ST SAMPLE 2ND SAMPLE 3RD SAMPLE
pH LEVEL 10.037 8.669 8.801 9.169
TURBIDITY
43.1 54 29.8 42.3
(NTU)
TDS (mg/L) >2000 189 201 796.67

Table 1 reveals that when the unfiltered graywater was tested, its pH level

has an average value of 9.169; turbidity, 42.3 NTU, and TDS, 796.67 mg/L.

According to Boeckmann (2019) 7 is the maximum safe pH value of water, the

 26

following average value did not meet the safe value of 7, and really had a bigger

value than expected so it is not safe to dispose.

Table 2 below shows the laboratory results of filtered household graywater

in terms of the three parameters which are the pH level, Turbidity, and Total

Dissolved Solids (TDS), using different forms of media filter which answers the

second objective stated above.

Table 2

Laboratory Results of Filtered Household Graywater

in terms of Turbidity, pH Level, And TDS
TURBIDITY TDS
WATER SAMPLES pH LEVEL (in NTU) (in mg/L)
1ST SAMPLE 7.674 38.8 997
2ND SAMPLE 8.71 31.7 206
FIBERED
3RD SAMPLE 8.685 29.4 195
AVERAGE 8.356 33. 3 466
1ST SAMPLE 7.453 35.8 756
2ND SAMPLE 8.672 31.5 199
WEAVED
3RD SAMPLE 8.725 27.8 201
AVERAGE 8.283 31.7 385.33
1ST SAMPLE 7.477 34.6 1193
2ND SAMPLE 8.65 23.2 191
COMBINED
3RD SAMPLE 8.801 29.8 201
AVERAGE 8.309 29.2 528.33

Based on Table 2, the laboratory results of filtered graywater in terms of

the three parameters (pH level, Turbidity, TDS). Compared to unfiltered

graywater result in Table 1, there is a decrease in the values of the three

 27

parameters. In terms of pH level from 10.037 to 7.674 in fibered, 7.543 in

weaved, and 7.447 in combined. In terms of turbidity, from 43.1 NTU to 38.8 NTU

in fibered, 35.8 NTU in weaved, and 34.6 NTU in combined. In terms of TDS,

from 2000mg/L to 997mg/L in fibered, 756mg/L in weaved, and 1193mg/L in

combined.

Table 3 below shows the Percentage difference of Filtered to Unfiltered

Graywater. These percentage are gathered from the values found in table 1 and

2 which were the laboratory result of filtered and unfiltered graywater.

According to Priya (2014), list of various plant species used for

phytoremediation attempts, water hyacinth was selected for the review because

of its high pollutant removal and heavy metal removal efficiency, higher

reproduction rate and tolerance of ecological factors. The use of water hyacinth

in wastewater treatment systems has been increasingly reported and treatment

regimens are developed as a result of successful project reports on its

phytoremediation approaches.

Table 3

Percentage Difference of Filtered to Unfiltered Graywater

FILTERED

IN PERCENT (%) FIBERED WEAVED COMBINED

pH LEVEL 8.87% 9.66% 9.38%
TURBIDITY 21.28% 25.06% 30.97%
TDS 41.51% 51.63% 33.68%
 28

Due to the water hyacinth’s characteristics and ability to remove pollutants

in water, the above table tells the big difference between the unfiltered samples

and the filtered samples in all forms in terms of their pH level, turbidity and TDS

which have values that are undeniably noticeable.

The above table was determined using the difference of the average

values that was gathered in table 1 and table 2, and using ratio of proportion, the

calculated value of difference per parameter was presented in a percentage

form. In pH level, the average of unfiltered graywater has a value of 9.169 (in

table 1), while in the filtered sample, more specifically in fibered form, it has an

average value of 8.356 (in table 2), by subtracting the two average values, the

calculated difference will be 0.813, and to transform this value into a percentage

value that compares it to the unfiltered average value, by using ratio and

proportion, the researchers can say that the filtered average values has a 8.87%

difference from the unfiltered average value. Using the same process, the other

percentage values was calculated and the researchers found out that in

considering pH level, weaved form has a percent difference of 9.66%, while

combined form has a 9.38%.

Same process goes for considering turbidity, fibered form has a percent

difference of 21.28%, weaved form has 25.06%, and combined form has 30.97%.

And lastly, in considering TDS, with the same process of calculating percent
 29

difference, the fibered form has 41.51% percent difference, weaved form has

51.63%, and combined form has 33.68%.

In pH scale, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a

pH greater than 7 are basic. For the first form (unfiltered graywater), the average

of pH level was 9.169 which was too alkaline. For the second form (filtered using

fibered form), the average of pH level was 8.356 which was an alkaline solution.

For the third and fourth form (filtered using weaved form, combined fibered and

weaved form), the average of pH levels respectively are 8.283 and 8.309 which

were both the range of slightly alkaline.

According to Boeckmann (2019), a pH level of 6.5 is just about right for

most home gardens, since most plants thrive in the 6.0 to 7.0 range, but some

plants tend to do best in neutral to slightly alkaline like basswood, beautybush,

boxwood, lemon, lilac, maple, orange, pear, pecan, walnut etc. With this being

said, the 3rd (filtered using weaved form) and fourth water sample (filtered using

combined fibered and weaved form) both fall under the range of slightly alkaline

or had their pH level ranges from neutral to slightly alkaline can be used to water

on some plants.

According to USCD Faculty and Staff (2019), the only substances that are

allowed to dispose in drains are those that meet these three criteria.

 Nonhazardous

 No sludge, solids, or viscous substance

 30

 Not interfering with sewage treatment operations- especially in terms of

corrosive pH levels.

 The allowed pH levels must range from 5.0 to 11.0 to dispose the liquid

properly and safely.

The three filtered samples (weaved, fibered and combined) can be

disposed to drainages without altering or changing the pH level of water, since

they met the criteria above. On the other hand, the unfiltered gray water sample

with a pH level of 10.037 is a solution that almost surpassed the given limit, it is

advised to adjust the value until it reaches the safe range of pH level.

According to Gillespie (2018), it is important to keep pH levels steady in

the water because even minor changes to pH can have severe health effects on

fishes and other aquatic lives. A high (alkaline) pH can affect a fish's gills and can

be fatal. A low (acidic) pH can increase toxic elements in the aquarium, lead to

eye damage and hyperplasia (thickening of skin and gills) and can also be fatal.

Adding 1 teaspoon of baking soda per 5 gallons of water is a safe amount for tiny

increases if the pH is too low. Put peat moss into a mesh bag and add it to the

filter to gradually lower a dangerously high pH.

Nephelometry was used in the samples and it was measured in NTU or

Nephelometric Turbidity Unit. It is a method for determining the amount of

turbidity in a solution.
 31

Turbidity can also be used to measure the performance of some treatment

processes in the performance of barriers designed to remove pathogens and

microbial indicators (Elliott, 2008). High levels of turbidity in source water may

limit the effectiveness of household treatment methods; for example, by

overloading and reducing the effectiveness of chlorination or solar disinfection

(WHO, 2011).

As shown on table 1 and 2 filtered water using the combined fibered and

weaved form had an average turbidity of 29.2 NTU. Thus, the combined form has

the least value of hence with this basis, it is the most effective and prescribed

result to be used in water treatment since it requires the lowest chlorine due to its

lowest turbidity value.

Under the Pennsylvania Safe Drinking Water Act and associated

regulations, TDS is not expected to harm human health; it may damage water

treatment equipment or reduce the effectiveness of treatment for other

contaminants. TDS can be toxic to aquatic life through changes in the

composition of the water,

With this result, weaved form has the least measured TDS with a value of

385.33mg/L. Hence, it is the safest among the three forms. Furthermore, weaved

form does not make any hindrance to aquatic life and water treatment.
 32

Table 4 below shows the laboratory results of four water samples

(graywater, fibered, weaved and combined) with their corresponding pH level,

Turbidity, and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as parameters. In which shows the

interpretation for objectives 1 and 2.

Table 4

pH level, Turbidity, and TDS Results of Four Water Samples

(graywater, fibered, weaved and combined)

pH TURBIDITY TDS
WATER SAMPLES ALKALINITY
LEVEL (in NTU) (in mg/L)

1ST SAMPLE 10.037 43.1 >2000

UNFILTERED 2ND SAMPLE 8.669 54 189 Too

GRAY WATER 8.801 29.8 201 Alkaline
3RD SAMPLE
AVERAGE 9.169 42.3 796.67mg/L

1ST SAMPLE 7.674 38.8 997

2ND SAMPLE 8.71 31.7 206

FIBERED Alkaline
3RD SAMPLE 8.685 29.4 195

AVERAGE 8.356 33. 3 466

1ST SAMPLE 7.453 35.8 756

2ND SAMPLE 8.672 31.5 199 Slightly

WEAVED
8.725 27.8 201 Alkaline
3RD SAMPLE
AVERAGE 8.283 31.7 385.33

1ST SAMPLE 7.477 34.6 1193

2ND SAMPLE 8.65 23.2 191 Slightly

COMBINED
8.801 29.8 201 Alkaline
3RD SAMPLE
AVERAGE 8.309 29.2 528.33
 33

Table 5 below shows analysis of variance on pH level of filtered and

unfiltered graywater. In which answers the last objective stated.

Table 5

Analysis of Variance of Filtered and Unfiltered Graywater

in terms of pH Level

SUM OF Ho VI
df MEAN SQUARE F F CRITICAL
SQUARES

Between 1.644 3 0.548

Within 3.924 8 0.490 1.117 4.07 FR NS

Total 5.568 11 1.083

Null Hypothesis
(Ho) REMARKS (if Fc>F, failed to reject)
same value of
mean 4.07>.1.117, therefore failed to reject

The researchers used ANOVA to determine if there is a significant

difference in the four samples by comparing the F critical to the computed F

values. By using the stated formulas in statistical treatment, the researchers

concluded that the value of F critical is equal to 4.07.The researchers also

considered the null hypothesis (Ho) and concluded that there is no significant

change in the four samples in terms of their pH level.

 34

Table 6 below shows the interpretation of data considering the parameter

turbidity from the laboratory result using ANOVA.

Table 6

Analysis of Variance of Filtered and Unfiltered Graywater

in terms of Turbidity

SUM OF F Ho VI
df MEAN SQUARE F
SQUARES CRITICAL

Between 292.942 3 97.647

1.778 4.07 FR NS
Within 439.38 8 54.922

Total 732.322 11 152.569

Null Hypothesis (Ho) REMARKS (if Fc>F, failed to reject)

same value of mean 4.07>1.178, therefore failed to reject

To calculate the value of F, the researchers used the same method in

Table 5. Therefore, with F critical value of 4.07 and F value of 1.778. The

researchers concluded that there is no significant change in the four samples in

terms of their turbidity.

One-way ANOVA can be used to understand whether filter performance

differed. Also, it is important to realize that the one-way ANOVA is an omnibus

test statistic and cannot tell you which specific groups were statistically

significantly different from each other; it only tells you that at least two groups

were different (Laerd Statistics, 2018).

 35

Table 7 below shows the interpretation of data considering the parameter

total dissolved solids from the laboratory result using ANOVA.

Table 7

Analysis of Variance of Filtered and Unfiltered Graywater

in terms of Total Dissolved Solids

SUM OF F Ho VI
df MEAN SQUARE F
SQUARES CRITICAL

Between 286,034.92 4 95,344.97

0.002 4.07 FR NS
Within 3,463,906 8 432,988.25

Total 3,749,940.92 12 528,333.22

Null Hypothesis (Ho) REMARKS (if Fc>F, failed to reject)

same value of mean 4.07>.002 therefore failed to reject

Therefore, with an F critical value of 4.07 and a computed F of 0.220. The

researchers concluded that there is no significant change in the four samples in

terms of their total dissolved solids.

The reason that it is failed to reject was because the values have minimal

differences only. In this case there of using ANOVA there is no significant

difference but in some case with huge difference in values, you can see

significant difference.

Failing to reject the null indicates that our sample did not provide sufficient

evidence to conclude that the effect exists. However, at the same time, that lack
 36

of evidence doesn’t prove that the effect does not exist. Capturing all that

information leads to the convoluted wording (Frost, 2020).

Table 8 shows the cost estimation of making the different media filter used

in the study in terms of the material used.

Table 8
Cost Estimation between Different Forms of Media Filter from Dried
Water Hyacinth

Required Total Total

Form Materials Amount(Per Unit Price Amount cost (3 Cost(per
Form) Forms) Form)

Dried Water Php.30/stalk Php31.5

35
Hyacinth 0
Weaved
Glass Php117.5
Water 1 Php 80 Php 80 Php95.45
Cylinder 0
Hyacinth
Plain Woven
1 ---- ----
CottonFabric
Level Tube .5 yard Php 12/yard Php 6
Dried Water
Php .30/stalk
Hyacinth 30 Php 27

Fibered Glass
1 Php 80 Php 80 Php113.0
Water Cylinder Php94.1
0
Hyacinth
Plain Woven
1 ---- ----
Cotton Fabric
Level Tube .5 yard Php12/yard Php 6
Dried Water
Hyacinth
Php .30/stalk
Weaved 10 Php 9
Combined Fibred 15 Php13.5 Php108.5
Php92.75
forms Glass 0
1 Php 80 Php 80
Cylinder
Cotton Fabric 1 ---- ----
Level Tube .5 yard Php12/yard Php 6
 37

It can be depicted from the table that in terms of cost, the fibered form is

the most expensive than the two other forms. The combined form has the lowest

amount among other forms; a difference of Php 9 to weaved form because it

uses less amount of dried water hyacinth. The cost of fibered form is the second

least with a difference of Php 4.50 compared to weaved form.

Table 9
Cost Analysis between Three (3) Forms

Total Cost(Test
Unit Price(per
Form Test Parameter and Form in 3
sample)
Forms)

pH Php 100
Unfiltered Turbidity Php 170 Php 1710
Total Dissolved Solids Php 300
pH Php 100
Weaved Turbidity Php 170 Php 1827.5
Total Dissolved Solids Php 300
pH Php 100
Turbidity Php 170 Php 1823
Fibered
Total Dissolved Solids Php 300
pH Php 100
Combined Turbidity Php 170 Php 1818.5
Total Dissolved Solids Php 300

The table shows the cost analysis of the media filters together with the

amount of the laboratory testing cost. This concludes that the combined form has

the least amount, with a difference of Php 9 to weaved and Php 4.5 to fibered.
 38

Chapter 4

SUMMARY OF RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of results, conclusions, and

recommendations.

Summary of Results

Based on the result of the study, the following are hereby summarized.

1. This study is environment-friendly since it uses water hyacinth which is

very abundant in the Philippines and it is considered as an invasive

species in bodies of water.

2. Out of the 4 samples, the combined form sample had the least measured

pH level with an average value of 8.309.

3. In terms of trubidity among all the samples, the combined form has the

least measured value with an average value of 29.2 NTU.

4. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), which measures the dissolved

combined content of all inorganic and organic substances present in a

liquid. Based on the result, the weaved form sample has the least

measured amount of TDS with an average value of 528.33 mg/L.

 39

5. In terms of cost analysis (combined media filter and laboratory testing

cost), the combined form has the lowest cost among other forms.

Conclusions

From the summary of findings, the following conclusions are hereby

discussed:

1. The weaved form is the most effective among the three forms in terms of

pH level’s average values. While in terms of turbidity, the combined formis

the most effective one based on the samples’ average values.

2. It has the least measured average value of TDS and it will not make any

hindrance to the aquatic life and water treatment.

3. The weaved form and combined form both can be used to filter graywater

to be used on some plants because it falls under the slightly alkaline range

of pH level.

4. The combined form is the most effective and most prescribed to use in

water treatment because it requires the lowest chlorine for treatment and

has the least turbidity value.

 40

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusions, the researchers offer the following

recommendations.

1. Future researchers must improve the water hyacinth media filter to expand

its the usefulness, not only on households but for other businesses like

car wash, laundry shops and so on to conserve and reuse water.

2. The study about the media filter must be introduced in market industry for

new innovation.

3. For forthcoming studies, improve the filtration system to accumulate large

volume of dried water hyacinth filter.

 41

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. Unpublished Materials

Celestial. (2013) Development of Eichhornia Crassipes (Water Hyacinth) Net As

Prevention For Soil Erosion. Retrieved from University of Rizal System,
Morong Campus
B. Journals and Articles

Anudekachul, C. (2015). Removal of Chlorpyrifos by Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia

crassipes) and The Role of a Plant-Associated Bacterium. Retrieved from
Interdepartment of Environmental Science University, Chulanglongkora
Bangkok, Thailand
Bhattacharya, A. (2015) International Journal of ChemTech Research

Jayaweera, M. (2007).Removal of Aluminum by Constructed Wetlands with

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) Grow Under Different Nutritional
Conditions. Retrieved from Department pf Engineering, University of
Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

C. Web Articles and Web Pages

Bhat, (2013). Experimental Research – Definition, Types of Designs and

Advantages” Retrieved from
https://www.questionpro.com/blog/experimental-research/
(Conserve Energy Future, 2020). What is Graywater?. Retrieved from
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/ways-and-benefits-of-using-
greywater.php
Evans, (2019). How We Use Water and Why We Should Conserve More.
Retrieved from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/how-do-we-use-water-
and-whyconserve-3157863

Frost, (2020). Failing to Reject The Null Hypothesis. Retrieved from

https://statisticsbyjim.com/hypothesis-testing/failing-reject-null-hypothesis/
Gillespie, (2018). How to Adjust pH Levels. Retrieved from
https://sciencing.com/adjust-ph-levels-5144744.html
 42

Kenton, (2019). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Retrieved from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/anova.asp
Laerd Statistics, (2018). One-way ANOVA in SPSS Statistics. Retrieved from
https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/one-way-anova-using-spss-
statistics.php
Munavalli, (2009). Treatment of Dairy Waste Over by Water Hyacinth. Retrieved
from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/19237765/?i=1&from=treatment%
20of%20dairy%20wastewater%20by%20water%20hyacinth
National Small Flows Clearinghouse, (2005). On-Site Wastewater Disposal and
Public Health. Retrieved from
https://engineering.purdue.edu/~frankenb/NU-prowd/disease.htm
Priya, (2014). Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) – An efficient and economic
adsorbent for textile effluent treatment – A review. Retrieved from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878535214000562#!
Rezania, (2016). The efficient role of aquatic plant (water hyacinth) in treating
domestic wastewater in continuous system. Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/15226514.2015.1130018?sr
c=recsys&journalCode=bijp20
Salar, (2013). Biotechnology: Prospects and Applications. Retrieved from
https://books.google.com.ph/booksfalse

Tacio, (2009). Water Hyacinth Ecological Value, Environmental Impacts. Retrived

from https://www.gaiadiscovery.com/nature-biodiversity/water-hyacinth-
ecological-value-environmental-impacts.html

Thairu, (2017). The Importance of Water: #WaterIsLife. Retrieved from

https://africa.com/importance-water-waterislife/
Thanappan, (2016). Study on the benefits and impacts of Water Hyacinth at
Pazhayar River Basin in Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India -a Case
Review. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338542927_Study_on_the_bene
fits_and_impacts_of_Water_Hyacinth_at_Pazhayar_River_Basin_in_Kany
akumari_District_Tamilnadu_India_-a_Case_Review
Vigneswaran, (2004). Recycle and Reuse of Domestic Wastewater. Retrieved
from http://www.eolss.net/ebooks/sample%20chapters/c07/e2-14-01.pdf
 43

APPENDICES
 44

Appendix A
45
46
 47

Appendix B

Proposed Model, Actual Model, and Actual Media Filter

 48

WEAVED FORM FIBERED FORM

COMBINED FORM
 49

Appendix C

Letter of Request for the Panel Chairperson

Republic of the Philippines
University of Rizal System
Antipolo City

ENGR. JANE FRANCES S.M. MARANION

College of Engineering
Dear Ma’am,
In consideration of your expertise and qualification in the mathematics specially in the
area of engineering as well as experience in handling under graduate research group,
the College Research Committee represented by the undersigned upon
recommendation of research professor has approved your appointment as Panel
Chairman.
The following are the responsibilities of Panel Chairman:
1. Act as presiding officer;
2. Decides on the procedures of the defense;
3. Settles disagreement among panel member and/or comment or suggestion;
4. Solicits who shall be under your scrutiny includes.
The student researchers who shall be under your scrutiny include:
Name: CZELSI C. NAVARRO
JAMES BRYAN G. SOLIMAN
JANE VIVIEN R. TURLA
Course: BACHELOR OF SCIECE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Their proposal is titled MEDIA FILTER FROM DRIED WATER HYACINTH (Eichhornia
Crassipes).

Thank you for the usual support to the research program/s of the college.

Truly yours, Conform:

EVA B. MARANAN, REE Ph. D. JANE FRANCES S.M. MARANION, RCE

Research Professor (Signature over printed name)
 50

Appendix D

GANTT CHART (CHART OF ACTIVITIES)

ACTIVITIES AY 2028-2019 AY 2019-2020

DEC JAN FEB MAR APR AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

Formulation of
Preliminary
Titles
Title Defense
Review of
Related
Literature
Collection of
Data
Writing of
Chapter 1
Writing of
Chapter 2
Defense of
Chapter 1 & 2
Revisions
Collection of
Water
Samples
Laboartory
Testing
Analysis of
Data
Writing of
Chapter 3
Writing of
Chapte 4
Defense of
Chapter 3 & 4
Final
Revisions
 51

CURRICULUM VITAE
 52

CZELSI CARLOS NAVARRO

Email Address: czelsi23@gmail.com

Address: #57 2nd St. Esguerra Compound

Brgy. San Juan Taytay, Rizal

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: July 23, 1996

Place of Birth: Taytay Rizal

Age: 22 years old

Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-Present University of Rizal System Antipolo Campus

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

2008-2012 Angono Regional Pilot School for the Arts

Brgy. San Isidro Angono, Rizal

2002-2008 Muzon Elementary School

Brgy. Muzon Taytay, Rizal

 53

JAMES BRYAN GARCIA SOLIMAN

Email Address:jamessoliman3053@gmail.com

Address: Blk 8 Lt 8, Jackpine St., Forest Ridge Subd.,

Brgy. San Isidro, Antipolo, Rizal

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: June 30, 1999

Place of Birth: Antipolo City

Age: 19 years old

Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-Present University of Rizal System Antipolo Campus

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

2011-2015 San Isidro National High School

Brgy. San Isidro, Antipolo City

2005-2011 San Isidro Elementary School

Brgy San Isidro, Antipolo City

 54

JANE VIVIEN RAMOS TURLA

Email Address:jane.ramos.turla@gmail.com

Address: Jose Ramos St., Italia Ext., Brgy. Muzon,

Taytay, Rizal

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Date of Birth: March 8, 1999

Place of Birth: Taytay, Rizal

Age: 19 years old

Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

2015-Present University of Rizal System Antipolo Campus

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

2011-2015 Juan Sumulong Memorial Junior College

D. Espiritu St. Brgy San Isidro Taytay, Rizal

2005-2011 Taytay Elementary School Unit I

L. Wood St. Taytay, Rizal