Mamac Proposal Quali Latest July 12

ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MARITIME STUDIES
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies

Pasay City
THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF THE SEAFARERS

TO THEIR OVERALL PERFORMANCE ON BOARD
A Thesis Presented to the Department of School of Maritime Affairs,

Asian Institute of Maritime Studies - Marine Transportation
Pasay City
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course

Research and Report Writing (ENG 323)
By:
Mamac, Joshua Jeff, Y.
October 2018
APPROVAL SHEET
This Thesis entitled “THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF

THE SEAFARERS TO THEIR OVERALL PERFORMANCE ON BOARD” prepared
and submitted by Mamac, Joshua Jeff, Y. in partial fulfilment of requirements for the
course, research, and Report Writing (ENG323), has been examined and is
recommended for acceptance and approval of ORAL EXAMINATION.
MS. CHARITY T. MANUEL
Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of .
________________ _______________
2/O Alvin Erik C. Barbato Sir Jose Rafael Y. Benito
Panelist Panelist
________________
Ma. Jeane Marie H. Galero
Chairman
Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the course
Research and Report Writing (ENG323)
Date: __________
Academic Director
Dr. Viktor M. Cajala
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, the researcher would like to thank the Almighty God for granting
him the grace of wisdom and determination to pursue this course Bachelor of
Science Marine Transportation as well as the blessings he receives since birth up to
this present time.
He would also like to thank the following person for their support and
assistance in completing this research.
To his thesis adviser, Professor Charity T. Manuel, for her guidance, advice,
and suggestions that helped the researcher finish this study;
To his beloved parents. Jeffrey Mamac and Jasmin Mamac, for their love,
untiring support, and for being always around that inspired the researcher to
accomplish this work;
To the members of the panel who unselfishly shared their expertise to
improve the quality of this thesis;
To the respondents, who shared their valuable experiences and be a part of
this research; and to everyone who became a part of the researcher’s journey in
writing this thesis.
Thank you very much.
The researcher
ABSTRACT
The study identified the effects of motivations and interests of seafarers to their
overall performance on board. The specific questions asked in the study were as
followed (1) What is the profile of the respondents in terms of: a. gender; b. age’ and
c. years of working on board? (2) What are the motivations and interests of the
respondents on their work on board? (3) How does the respondents’ motivations and
interests onboard affect their relationships with; a. Co-worker, and b. Supervisors?
4.) What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the respondents on board to
their over-all performance on board?
The research design utilized in the study is the Qualitative methods. Qualitative
methods are applicable to studies that involve relationships between individuals,
individual and their environments, and motives that drive individual behavior and
action. The purpose of this study is to help future seafarers to be prepared about
motivation and interest on board. The Respondents of the study will be selected
seafarers and still working on board ship. Target number of respondents will be 5
seafarers who will be interviewed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title ……………………………….…………………………………… i
Approval Sheet …………………………………………………………. ii
Acknowledgement ………………………………………….……….. iii
Abstract .................................................................................. iv
Table of Contents ………………………………………………..... v
List of Tables ...................................................................... vi
Chapter 1. The Problem and Its Background

Introduction ……………………………………………... 1
Background of the Study ………………………………...
Statement of the Problem …………………………....... 2
Significance of the Study …………………………....... 3
Conceptual Framework …………………………....... 3
Scope and the Limitation of the Study ....……...... 4
Definition of Terms ……………………………………... 4
Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Studies ……………………………….......... 5
Related Literature ………………………………........... 6
Chapter 3. Methodology
Research Design ……………………………….......... 8
Locale of the Study ……………………………………. 9
Research Subject …………………………………...… 9
Research Instrument ……………………….......... 9
Validation of Instrument …………………………….... 11
Data Gathering Procedure ………………........... 11
Data Processing ……………………………... 11
References ……………….…………………………………..… 12
Appendices
Certificate of Validation ……………………………... 13
Letter for Request for Interview ………………….... 14
Sample Questionnaire………………………………...… 15
Researcher’s Curriculum Vitae …………………...… 16
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Demographic profile of the respondents
Table 1.1 Age
Table 1.2 Sex
Table 1.3 Years On board
FIGURES
Figure 1 Conceptual Framework
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, statement of
the problem, significance of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework,
scope and limitation of the study, and definition of terms.
Introduction
Traditional notions of work motivation do not explicitly consider the
importance and impact of professional/industry contexts and extant processes in
them on work motivation. Effect of Motivation and Interest of seafarers is important
to their mental health to overcome any hardships on board. The deterioration of
seafarers is high, by virtue of reasons such as boredom at sea, single-task work
environment, emotional and work related stresses and lack of family time (Singh,
2017; Thai and Latta 2010). Distinctive elements of shipboard life include isolation
from friends and family, intermittent danger, boredom, forced contact with others,
and inescapability of the environment Helmreich (1981). Stated by Murugan M. and
Rengamani (2012) conducted survey, approximately 55% of young seafarers do not
intend to pursue a career at sea for more than 10 years, which further emphasises
the importance of retaining in-service seafarers.
The aim of this study is to dispense knowledge for those seafarers that lacks
of interest and motivation to persuade on board and how much the majority of
seafarers suffer as a result of poor living and working conditions on board.

Background of the Study
Seafarers are one of those neglected professionals, who have often been
overlooked not only by international organizations but also by their own countries. If
you make an effort to go beyond their smart uniforms and fancy travel schedules,
you will be able to see the tough lifestyle they live and the hardships they endure at
sea to make sure the world and its people continue to enjoy their life on shore.
Most seafarers will, at some point of time in their tenure, feel that they’ve
made the biggest mistake of their lives by choosing a career at sea. It could be
multiple machinery breakdowns that lead to negative thoughts or it could be due to
the demanding schedule of the vessel that leaves no time for anything other than
work. Even missing family members and feeling homesick can bring out such
feelings that’s why motivation and interest on board is very important for a seafarer.
The respondents of my research would be 5 seafarers. They will serve as the
researchers respondents to solve the following problems and objectives in
conducting this research.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to know the effect of motivation and interest of the seafarer
to their overall performance on board. Specially, it sought to answer the following
sub-problems:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. gender;
b. age’ and
c. years of working onboard?
2. What are the motivations and interests of the respondents on their work
on board?
3. How does the respondents’ motivations and interests onboard affect their
relationships with;
a. Co-worker, and
b. Supervisors?
4. What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the respondents on
board to their over-all performance onboard?
Significance of the study
The findings of this study would surely benefit the following sectors:
Maritime companies- The results of this study would provide them the important
things that could foster interest and motivation to the seafarers. Hence, good
performance would be a good possible result. This would benefit not just the
seafarer but the company they work for and even the people around them.
Respondents-The important findings from the data gathered would help them
understand the positive things that motivates seafarers to do good in their work on
board. They would also be given a real-life detail of the importance of interest on
their future career.
Maritime Schools – This study would serve as reference for the maritime schools to
develop programs that would enhance the interests and provide futuristic benefits
that would motivate future seafarers towards their career.
Future Researchers – The results of this study would serve as a valuable reference
or any study related to this topic.

Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
Motivations The effect of

o Personal
and Interests of motivation and
interview
Seafarers on interest to the
their work area o Interview Performance
onboard questions of the
seafarers on
board
Positive and
negative effect
Figure 1.
Figure 1 Shows the diagram representation of the study. The Input includes
the motivation and interest of seafarer on the work are on board. Process explains
the method or tool used by the researcher in gathering data. The Output denotes the
effect of the motivation and interest to the performance of the seafarers on board.
Scope and Limitation of the study
This study focuses on the motivation and interest of seafarer on board and its
effect to their overall performance that includes dealing with their co-workers and
superiors. There were five (5) respondents involved in this study, they are all
seafarers who already have experience on board.
Definition of terms
The following terms were defined the way they were used in this study.
Interest- This refers to the respondents’ personal choices and likes.
Motivation- The driving factors that made the respondents choose his career.
Overall performance. This refers to the respondents’ carrying out of their duties
which includes their relationship with their co-workers and supervisors.
Seafarer. Respondents of the study who are already have an experience working
onboard.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents relevant literature and studies to the studies.
Local Studies
According to Simpson (1983) points to a number of signs of motivation, such
as high energy and performance and willingness to cooperate, accept change and
assume responsibility. Lack of motivation can result in apathetic work attitude, poor
time-keeping and high absenteeism, poor industrial relations, and obstinacy to
change. Reward systems consistent with motivational concepts have a positive
impact on recruitment and retention, corporate culture, and even labor costs (Lawler
2000) while they have also been connected with higher levels of perceived
organizational performance (Allen and Helms 2002). A variety of factors explain
variations to the degree of employees’ motivation, ranging from innate needs and
cognitive processes to external/environmental influences (Hume 1995), such as the
attempt to meet unfulfilled, innate needs.

In the book of ICSW (2009), The demands of the job; the level of control
seafarers have over their work; the support received from management and
colleagues; relationships at work; the seafarers’ role in the organization; change and
how it is managed are the six key areas of risk factors that can cause work related
stress to seafarers. Under severe stress, a seafarer fails to take clear-cut decisions,
reevaluate and reassesses priorities and lifestyles, and ultimately tends to fall into
unproductive distractions.
Furthermore, the other factors that add to psychological or mental illnesses of
seafarers include loneliness, short ship turnaround times, lack of shore leave,
separation from spouses and families, job retention, and long working hours
(Iversen, 2006).
Foreign Studies
Seafarers, also referred to as seamen, are mostly male workers who work
from six to ten months onboard commercial or non-commercial vessels. The
Philippines remains to be the top source country for seafarers supplying more than
20 percent of the world’s maritime workforce. Seafarers constitute more than a
quarter of the 1.5 million overseas workers who work for a minimum of six months
aboard shipping vessels that travel in the high seas (Gregorio, 2012).
Motivation is the psychological force that generates complex processes of
goal-directed thoughts and behaviors. These processes revolve around an
individual’s internal psychological forces alongside external

environmental/contextual forces and determine the direction, intensity, and
persistence of personal behavior aimed at a specific goals (Kanfer, 2017)
According to Akindehin (2015) A wider variety of experiences are presented
to the life of a seafarer. All the features of the seafarer’s life include travelling
abroad, adventure and seeing different ports. But a seafarer would have to be strong
to work solid hours, for their family to have better living, and as a result, seafarers
would have only a little time to take enjoyment in the profession.
Corrales Herrero and Rodriguez Prado (2018) In this rapidly changing world,
organizations and individuals need to engage in continuous learning. To achieve a
competitive advantage, organizations need to develop organizational learning, which
can be achieved by acquiring learning individuals. From the latter’s viewpoint, it is
getting more necessary for workers to learn continuously to enhance and maintain
their employability. As shown in previous research, the number of people engaging
in lifelong learning has significantly increased.
As Stipek (1996) explains, the limitations of extrinsic reinforcement led to the
development of new approaches to motivate people, including cognitive behavior
modification (CBM). This approach recognizes that the effects of reward
contingencies are mediated by cognitive variables, such as verbal ability. Under this
approach, students take more responsibility for their own learning by monitoring their
behavior, setting goals, deploying metacognitive strategies, and administering their
own rewards. Giving students such control over their own learning is believed to
result in maintenance of learning behaviors over time, the transfer of learning
behaviors to new contexts, and more independence in the exercise of such

behaviors. Salary, company policies, interpersonal relations, and supervision to
avoid seafarer dissatisfaction, seafarer motivation is effected with challenging jobs
and opportunities for advancement and recognition.
Early approaches to the study of motivation were rooted in the literature on
extrinsic reinforcement. Within this literature, all behavior, including achievement,
was believed to be governed by reinforcement contingencies. Proponents of this
approach included B.F. Skinner, who identified different types of reinforcers. Positive
reinforcers, or rewards, are consequences that increase the probability of a given
behavior they were made contingent on, whereas negative reinforcers are
consequences that increase the probability of a given behavior by removing or
reducing some negative external stimulus. Punishment, on the other hand, refers to
unpleasant consequences that decrease the probability of a given behavior. Under
this framework, the teacher’s job is clear: to use good grades and praise to reward
desired behavior and bad grades or loss of privileges as punishment. As Stipek
notes, this approach is limited to the extent that rewards and punishments are not
equally effective for all students, and desired behaviors (such as paying attention)
are difficult to reinforce. Moreover, the benefits of extrinsic rewards tend to decay
over time.
Local Literature
Stress is a process by which individuals perceive and respond to certain
events appraised as threatening or challenging. Stress can affect a broad spectrum
of behavior, ranging from simple reflexes cognitive and integrative functions.

Smith, McEvoy, & Gevins (2002) Studies of natural disasters and combat
have allowed scientific evaluation of the effects 4 Forum on Public Policy 5 of
naturalistic stressors. Sleep disruption and sustained work has been consistently
shown to degrade performance. Stress and fatigue on performance have been
studied primarily in monolingual, or unspecified populations.
As Deci and Ryan (2000) Work motivation as an umbrella term under the self-
determination theory (SDT), is usually broken down into two main constructs intrinsic
versus extrinsic motivation. On the one hand, intrinsic motivation is an internal
driver. Employees work out of the excitement, feeling of accomplishment, joy, and
personal satisfaction they derive both from the processes of work-related activities
and from their results. Bauer and Legault (2016) on the other hand, extrinsic
motivation maintains that the individual’s drive to work is influenced by the
organization, the work itself, and the employee’s environment. These can range from
social norms, peer influence, financial needs, promises of reward, and more. As
such, being extrinsically motivated is being focused on the utility of the activity rather
than the activity itself. However, this does not, by any means, point that extrinsic
motivation is less effective than intrinsic motivation.
Barranta (2012) states that seafarers have generally high and positive attitude
towards work environment. Their emotional attitude is generally highly positive
compared to other nationalities because they have the feeling of self-confidence,
calmness and clear thinking moments. However, every day, seafarers have to deal
with a unique physical work setting. They work aboard a ship amidst a deep surface
of the ocean that is so very far away from the land. The ship stays at sea for many
days and all the seafarer could see is the deep body of water and the sky above.
A seafarer’s attitude represents how their state of mind about something.
Many features of working in an organization can cause a person to have a poor
attitude about their jobs and organizations. A person may encounter stress due to
conflicting role in a given assignment, ambiguity or instructions, overloading, work
environment, changes, and relationship with others. It means that some stressors
may bring serious implications to one person but not necessarily to others.
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter comprises the researchers research design, population
and sampling technique applied, data gathering procedure, and research
instrument.
Research Design
The researchers used the descriptive- phenomenology research design to
gather data and answer the specific problems of this study. Since this study involved
in depth inquiry on the motivation and interest of the respondents and its effect on
their overall performance, the researcher deemed that the best tool to gather data is
through interview.
Descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically describe a
situation or phenomenon (Mcombes, 2020).

Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data to
understand concepts, opinion and experiences (Bhandari, 2020).
Population, Sample and Sampling Technique
This study was limited to five (5) seafarers who already experienced working
onboard.
The researcher utilized the purposive sampling method in choosing the
respondents for this study. Aside from the fact that they were the specific target of
the study who could provide reliable input, the data gathering was done during
pandemic, limited access to look for respondents to be a part of this study. Also, the
respondents were not limited to one company. This gave the researcher to have the
chance to include different seafarers from different companies to be a part of this
research.
Research Instrument
The researcher designed a set of questions for interview in order to answer
the specific objectives of the study. There were two parts of the questionnaire. First
part inquired about the respondents’ profile and the second part has three main
questions for interview and each of the question was intended to gather data for
specific objectives.
Validation of Instrument
Upon drafting the interview questions, the researcher sought for the advice
and approval of the research authorities as part of the validation process.

Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher followed these following steps in gathering the needed data.
First, the researcher secured a letter asking permission to the respondents to
be included in the study. The letter includes the title, purpose, and the assurance of
the confidentiality of the study.
Second, the interview time and date were set, for the convenience of both
parties. The interview was done through FB messenger backed up with audio and
video recorder.
Last, the data gathered or the answers of the respondents to the interview
were categorized based on the questions in statement of the problem and
transcriptions were done in verbatim manner for reference purposes in writing and
presenting the results or findings.
Data Analysis
The researcher utilized thematic analysis to identify the patterns of concepts,
ideas, and answers of the respondents based from the interview questions.
Thematic analysis is a method of analyzing qualitative data. It is usually to a
set of texts, such as interview and transcripts. The researcher closely examine the
data to identify common themes – topics, ideas, and patterns of meanings, that
come up repeatedly (Caulfield, 20201).

Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the tabulated data and narratives to answer the
statement of the problems, its analysis and interpretation as well.
Profile of the participants
Problem no. 1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
Table 1.1 presents the profile of the participants in terms of age, sex, position,
and number of years on board.
Table 1.1 Demographic profile of the respondents according to age.
Age f %
21-30 1 20%
30 - above 4 80%
Total 5 100%
Table 1.1 shows the demographic profile of the respondents according to age.
In terms of age, 1 or 20% belong to the bracket 21-30 years old while 4 or 80%
belong to the bracket 30 years old and above.
Table 1.2 Demographic profile of the respondents according to sex.

Sex f %
Female 1 20%
Male 4 80%
Total 5 100%
Table 1.2 shows the demographic profile of the respondents according to sex.
Data reveals that 80% were male and 20% were females.
Table 1.3 Demographic profile of the respondents according to years of
working on board
Years working f %
on board
2-10 years 2 40%

11-19 years 2 40%
20 years and 1 20%
above
Total 5 100%
Table 1.3 show the demographic profile of the respondents according to years
of working on board.
In terms of number of years working on board, 2 or 40% belong to the bracket of
2-10 years, 2 or 40% belong to the bracket of 11-19 years and the 1 or 20% belong
to the bracket of 20 years and above.

Problem no. 2 What are the motivation and interests of the respondents on
their work on board?
Table 1.4 Shows the motivation and interest of a seafarer on their work on board.
Money, Travel around the world
Respondent A
Financial support to his family, Dreams
Respondent B becomes reality

Education to his family and build a new
Respondent C house
To have working experience on board
Respondent D and make himself motivated by his
family
Respondent E Dreams, Financial support

Table 1.4 Based on the response given by the respondents, their motivation and
interest on board. Its show that there is some similarities and differences in each
individual’s interest and motivation to pursue maritime career. However, one answer
that stands out is the financial aspect. On the part of the motivation, it is evident that
seafarers have the concept of acknowledging seafaring as a promising job that will
help them fulfill their dreams which is not just for them, but for family as well. For the
interest, the perks of the work such as travelling, and working abroad seems to be a
dream job for them to have these chances and at the same time the upliftment if
their family’s financial status.
Being a seafarer having a tax-free competitive salary with free accommodations
and food, and learning different languages are the perks when onshore. In fact,
according to Salary explorer, “the minimum monthly wage of a Filipino worker in
2020 is USD$ 136.26 (6,840 Philippine pesos), at a time when the ILO
recommended minimum wage for an AB seaman is USD$ 618 (applicable from 1
July 2019). For officers, the minimum wage exceeds the USD$ 1,000. This makes
seafaring an easier option for Filipinos, considering that conditions onshore push
them away from shore-based careers (safety4sea.com., 2021).
Problem no. 3 How does the respondent’s motivation and interest on board
affect their relationships with co- workers and supervisors?
Table 1.5 Shows the respondents’ effect of motivation and interest towards Co-
workers and Supervisors.
Respondent A Discipline, flexible and respect
Respondent B Excited to learn more knowledge when
there is respect to others
Respondent C Discipline and good attitude to others
Respondent D Patient and more understanding
Respondent E Flexible
Table 1.5 According to the response of the respondents based on their motivation
and interest keeps them flexible, patient and giving respect to their co-workers and
supervisors to prevent any misunderstanding and argument on board. This only
proves the reflection of good motivation and interest that somehow manifest to their
relationship with their co-workers onboard, be it with their own level employees or
their superiors. Good motivations and interest towards work foster respect,
willingness to learn, and good adjustments.
Problem no. 4 What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the
respondents to their over-all performance onboard?
Table 1.6 Shows the effect of motivation and interest of the respondents to their
over-all performance onboard.
Respondent A Always excellence with the job

Performance result is always
Respondent B excellence
Respondent C Quality of work is always at peak

It is easy to do the best of ability when
Respondent D motivated
Good work service
Respondent E
Table 1.6 Based on the response of the respondents, seafarer’ interest and
motivation have a positive effect on their performance onboard. The common
perspective of the respondents in having a good and quality work performance,

particularly reveal the constructive effect of a good motivation and interest to the
seafarers’ working performance in general. Their work seemed to be easier to
handle, and it brings out the best in them, since their motivation is intrinsic, it comes
form within, while interest is also a huge factor, since it matches their career choice.
According to Souders, (2021) motivation in the workplace has been traditionally
understood in terms of extrinsic rewards, be in the form of compensation, benefits,
perks, awards, or career progression.
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter contains the summary of findings, conclusions and
recommendations of the study based on the results obtained and analyzed data
collected from the respondents of the study.
Summary of Findings
1. Demographic Profile of Respondents
a. Age
There are 5 respondents, where in 20% belong to the bracket 21-30 years
old, while, 80% belong to the bracket 30 years old, and above with the total of
100%
b. Gender
There are 5 respondents 20%or 1 is female and 80% or 4 are male.
c. Years working on board

There are 5 respondents 2 or 40% of them belong to the bracket between 2-
10 years, while 2 or 40% belong to the bracket of 11-19 years, and the remaining
1 or 20% belongs to 20 years and above.
2. The motivations and interest working on your site on board:
Based on the gathered data, their motivation and interest of the seafarers
most of the respondents answered salary is essential that keeps seafarers
motivated, second pertains to the seafarer as their ‘dream job’, with all the perks that
that comes with it, like free travel and the experience working abroad.
3. The motivation and interest on board effect on the respondents’
relationship with your co-workers and supervisors.
The response of the respondents to the motivation and interest affects their
relationship towards their co-workers, and supervisors keeps them more
understanding, respectful, and flexible in dealing with them.
4. The effect of the respondents’’ motivation and interests on their overall
performance as a seafarer.
The answer given by the respondents with regard to the effect of interest and
motivation to their overall performance onboard reveals the positive effect which
pertains to good service and excellent output.
Conclusion
This study has a total respondent of (5) seafarers. Their experiences
disclosed the real world of the seafarers’ motivation and interest that affect their
performance on board. Their experiences provided information based on the specific
questions in expressed in the study.
Based on the findings of this research, the following conclusions were drawn.
1. Majority of the respondents were male. Their age bracket was from 20 to
___years old. Their years and working experiences vary from 2-3 years, 9-
11, and one 20 years. This only shows that despite of the different number of
years working onboard, the motivation and interest of the respondents fall
mostly from the same reasons.
2. The results from the interview explains how the stories of the participating
seafarers, point several similarities, such as the reason and motives why they
work on board. Their focus of financial success is one of the main reasons in
pursuing this job, and of course their financial stability. All of the respondents
wanted to achieve their dream for their family as well for themselves. Majority
of them answered money that motives them to work harder on board to
provide a better life for their families, while free travel and working experience
were the bases of their interests.
3. The respondents have a good relationship with their co-workers and
supervisors onboard. Their positive outlook and interest on their job paved
way to have a good rapport with other employees.
4. It can also be concluded that their motivation and interest strive them to work
harder. Their dealing with work became easier because it was in intrinsic
motivation on their part. To be able to do something that interest and motivate
them turns out to have a good effect on their performance, based on their
perspective of their own experiences, it was easier to deal with the challenges
of their work and excel in their performance.
Recommendations
Based on conclusion of this study, the researcher hereby recommends the
following:
1. On the basis of the motivations and interest, it is hereby recommended that
choosing to become a seafarer should have a deep sense of motivation and
interest that will become a good foundation in terms of becoming successful
in maritime industry. This is not only limited to material success, but also a
personal satisfaction that will propel the seafarers to do more and achieve
more, since their and interest and motivation will be their guiding light.
Parents and school should support intrinsic motivation because working
onboard is something that a seafarer should really like in order to be
motivated despite challenges. Families whoa re the main reasons of their
motivations should also be supportive in them in any possible way.
2. On the basis of dealing with co-workers onboard, the researcher recommends
that the positive results if this study may serve as an inspiration for others,
especially to the future seafarers, that respect, working hard, and doing your
best to deal with people from different culture will give you a good and
harmonious relationship in your workplace, which is also a huge factor in your
career.
3. Being optimistic in work is also important to achieve good performance. When
a seafarer has interest and motivation in doing what he loves most, difficulty
becomes challenges rather than destructions, therefore it is recommended to
always have a positive disposition at work because this will always result to
good performance onboard.

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15, 2021 from https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2017-04564-001
Lawler (2000) Compensation and Work Motivation Retrieved July 16, 2021
from https://bit.ly/3eyGQhI
McCombes (2020) Descriptive Research Retrieved May 16, 2021 from
https://bit.ly/3aJOiET
Murugan,M., Rengamani, J. (2012). A Study on the Factors Influencing the
Seafarer‟s Stress. Retrieved May 16, 2021 from
http://www.ametjournal.com/attachment/ametjournal-4/Dev-Article-6-Rengamani.pdf
Singh (2017) Occupational stressors, risks and health in the seafaring
population Retrieved May 17, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3f2C3Wo
Smith McEvoy and Geins (2002) Organizational Behavior Retrieved May 15,
2021 from https://bit.ly/3gYBcr9
Souders (2021) The Science of Improving Motivation at Work Retrieved July
15, 2021 from https://positivepsychology.com/improving-motivation-at-work/

Stipek (1996) Study of motivation Retrieved May 16, 2021 from
https://bit.ly/2SembHu
Thai and Latta (2010) Determinants of job satisfaction and performance of
seafarers Retrieved May 15, 2021 from https://bit.ly/3v8fuWg
APPENDICES
Roxas Boulevard, Pasay City
Dear Prof. Galero:
I would like to seek your help for the validation of my questionnaire. There were
some changes on my study; hence, I need to prepare a new questionnaire that will
fit my research design.
Thesis Title: “THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF THE
SEAFARERS TO THEIR OVERALL PERFORMANCE ON BOARD”
This study aims to know the effect of motivations and interests of the
seafarers to their overall performance on board. Specially, it seeks to answer the
following sub-problems:
a. gender;
b. age; and
2. What are the motivations and interests of the respondents on their work site on
board?
relationships with:
a. Co-workers, and
b. Supervisors?
4. What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the respondents o board to
their over-all performance as a seafarer?

Part 1 - Profile

Name: ___________________________________ (OPTIONAL)

Gender: ___________________

Age: _______________________

Years of working onboard: _____________

Part 2 - Interview Questions

Interviewees are encouraged to explain their answers thoroughly.

1. What are your motivations and interest working on your site onboard?

2. How does your motivations and interests on board affect your relationships
with your co-workers and supervisors?

3. What do you think is the effect of your motivations and interests onboard on
your overall performance as a seafarer?

Validated by:

Jeane Marie H. Galero

Dear Sir Viktor Cajala ,

Good evening Sir, I would like to seek your help once again for the validation of my
questionnaire. There were some changes on my study; hence, I need to prepare a
new questionnaire that will fit my research design.
Thesis Title: “THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF THE
SEAFARERS TO THEIR OVERALL PERFORMANCE ON BOARD”
This study aims to know the effect of motivations and interests of the
seafarers to their overall performance on board. Specially, it seeks to answer the
following sub-problems:
a. gender;
b. age; and
2. What are the motivations and interests of the respondents on their work on
board?
relationships with:
a. Co-workers, and
b. Supervisors?
4. What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the respondents to their over-
all performance onboard?

Part 1 - Profile

Name: ___________________________________ (OPTIONAL)

Gender: ___________________

Age: _______________________

Years of working onboard: _____________

Part 2 - Interview Questions

Interviewees are encouraged to explain their answers thoroughly.

1. What are your motivations and interest working on your site onboard?

2. How does your motivations and interests on board affect your relationships
with your co-workers and supervisors?

3. What do you think is the effect of your motivations and interests onboard on
your overall performance as a seafarer?

Research Interview questionnaire
TRANSCRIBED DATA
Respondent A
Company: Magsaysay Maritime Corporation
Position: Quarter Master on Cruise Line
Years Onboard: 27 years
Interviewer: Good Evening Sir. I’m Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac 4th year student of Asian
Institute of Maritime Studies I am currently working on a research entitled “The
effects of Motivation and interest of a seafarer on their overall performance on
board”. I would like to inform you that this interview will be recorded and will thesis
purposes only. I have some questions about my topic.

First question, what are your motivations and interest working on your site on board?
Interviewee: Well my first motivation is you know.. as a seaman.. as being a
seaman is normally.. we have to earn such money like a dollars to go somewhere
around the world you know and if you have a motivation to yourself to do that so you
have to be more focus on what you are doing and do the right thing. That’s one of
the main reason for the main topic you have to do something good to yourself, good
to others and you you.. you can do what you want, you can fulfill your dreams, you
can go somewhere, you can do anything you know.. and the most important is being
a seaman is discipline not to other but to your self.. of course the others is the
second part you know. So that’s the main thing. Discipline, how to handle yourself,
of course if you are away from your family.. so its another problem you know. So you
have to be more focus on your job that’s.. that’s the main reason of being a sail.. as
a being a seafarer some people said ugh okay. A life of a seaman is good because
they earn dollar, they earn money but they don’t know how hard the job on board
ship. The half of our body is down on the water you know. Half of our body is like in
heaven but mostly… really hard but if you have the motivation to motivate yourself to
be focus on what you are doing, being a good sailor, discipline to yourself then you
can be a successful seaman or a sailor in another people you know. That’s my
motivation in life so you have to be discipline you know, to be focus that’s uh uh
another important one, that’s why I reached 27 years as a sailor because you know I
can be myself you know.
Interviewer: Second Question po, How does your motivations and interest on board
affect your relationships with your co-workers and supervisors?

Interviewee: Uh yeah yeah. That’s another uh problem on board you know
especially if you meet another nationality, hundreds of nationalities. so you have to
be equal I mean on the level side, nobody high nobody low, if you are on high
position, you have to be in lower position but you have to respect them. And to do
that you have to respect others idea and you have to be more patience that’s
another thing and in terms of work you have to more patience on what you are doing
on what you are uh.. even you feel something bad to your supervisor or to your co-
workers you have to be more patience as long as you can. Control yourself that
another thing to reach your goal. Because you are only one alone.. alone remember
alone. When you sign your contract the first thing you comes to your mind is to think
that you are alone nobody from your family, your wife, your kids or your friends
nobody can help you there but only yourself.. But there are some reasons that in
terms if you have a problem you have to be focus on yourself that another thing..
Respect to others, discipline to others and be that to yourself.. and don’t over
confidence think first before to do something. That’s main thing. Always use your
head yeah… and control to yourself
Interviewer: Question number 3, What do you think is the effect of your motivations
and interest on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: Well, Base on my experience, I never encounter anybody bad
performance on board because.. I always think that need to be hundred percent uh..
always excellence on my performance you know and I’m always think that my
superior or whoever or the captain I’m always see to it that they were happy or they
are satisfied on my performance.. so give your hundred percent not 99.95 percent,
hundred percent always give hundred percent even if its really hard for you to do
that but you have to think first yourself and you can do it you know. Hundred percent
always hundred percent that uh performance then you can reach to your goal then
everything will be fine and everybody can remember you.. even when you retire
already… Oh this guy always active. Everybody will remember you always give your
hundred percent.
Interviewer: That’s it po sir, That’s my only question. Thank you for your time for
having this interview. Thank you po.
Respondent B
Company: Teekay Shipping Philippines, Inc.
Position: Oiler
Interviewer: Good Evening Sir, I am Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac 4 th year student of Asian
Institute of Maritime Studies and I am currently working on a research entitled “The
effects of motivations and interest of a seafarer on their overall performance on
board”. I would like to inform you that this interview will be recorded and will be
thesis purposes only. I have only three question about my study and thank you for
this opportunity for having this interview.
Question number 1, What are your motivation and interest working on your site on
board?
Interviewee: My family because to support them on financial and our dreams come
true.
Interviewer: Question number 2, How does your motivations and interests on board
effect your relationship with your co-workers and supervisors?
Interviewee: Uh Well uh.. its easy to work with co-workers, ratings and superiors
because our relationship is intact we are excited to learn more knowledge to them
and eager to learn more like that.
Interviewer: Ok sir, Question number 3, What do you think is the effect of your
motivation and interests on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: I think uh.. the result is effect of our motivation and interest on board
my performance.. I think the result is excellent because I’m very confident and my
superior support me to our work.
Interviewer: Ok sir That’s it sir, those are only my question and once again thank
you for having this interview and take care.
Respondent C
Position: Butcher 2nd Commis
Interviewer: Good Evening Sir, I am Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac 4th year student of Asian

board”. And I would like to inform you that this interview will be recorded and will be
having this interview.
board?
Interviewee: Uhm.. Education to my family and build a new house.
Interviewer: Ok sir, Question number 2 po, How does your motivations and
interests on board effect your relationship with your co-workers and supervisors?
Interviewee: Get to work better and always be out my best and good attitude and
discipline.
Interviewer: Last question sir, What do you think is the effect of your motivation and
interests on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: The quality of work done is always at peak.
Interviewer: That’s it sir. Those are only my question and once again thank you for
Respondent D
Position: Chef de partie Butcher in cruise line

Interviewer: Good Evening Sir, I am Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac 4th year student of Asian
board?
Interviewee: As a seafarer my motivation is to have a experience working on board
and because of that interest make me motivated by my family.
Interviewer: Ok sir, Question number 2 po, How does your motivations and
interests on board effect your relationship with your co-workers and supervisors?
Interviewee: My motivation and interest affects to my co-workers and supervisors
be patient and be more understanding so that the work will be easier.
Interviewer: Question number 3, What do you think is the effect of your motivation
and interests on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: Makes me to do the best of my ability of my work and be proud as a
seafarer.
Interviewer: Ok po, That’s it, yun lang po ung mga tanong ko po. And once again
thank you for having this interview.

Respondent E
Position: Assistant Pantryman in cruise line
Interviewer: Good Evening Ma’am, I am Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac 4 th year student of
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies and I am currently working on a research entitled
“The effects of motivations and interest of a seafarer on their overall performance on
board?
Interviewee: Naririnig mo ko? Naririnig mo ko? Ok Game uhm. I’m Rhaily Olivas
from Marikina city, 30 years old. Start ako nag ka interest sa babarko.. Na late narin
ako nag barko 2019 lang kaka start ko lang pangatlong kontrata ko palang ngayon
tapos assistant pantry ako dito pero since minimum manning kami pang tatlong tao
ung trabaho namin ang masasabi ko lang kasi pag magbabarko ka kasi dapat ang
pinaka goal mo ung sa experience mo 2 years dapat meron kang experience na
position ang ina-applyan mo dapat yun na ung experience mo. Dun ako nag start
kasi NB ako, yun din ang experience ko satin sa manila kaya dito inuna kong
department yun ah.. napunta ako. Good para sakin kasi syempre.. in-demand yun.
Kung talagang may interest ka.. may interest ka sa pag sea seafarer, syempre.
Uunahin mo yung mga basic training, like BT, passport, seamans book, yung mga
trainings dyan sa may maynila, before ka mag apply, kailangan mo muna makuha
lahat yun,
Interviewer: Ano po ma’am ang nag gaganyak sa inyo magbarko?
Interviewee: Yung?
Interviewer: Ano po maam ang nagaganyak sa inyo mag barko na mag-patuloy mag
barko po? Ano po ung dahilan?
Interviewee: Kasi diyan satin, realtalk. Alam mo naman and minimum wage dyan
satin kahit mag trabaho ka kasi diyan satin hindi namn sa dina-down ko yung bansa
natin kahit minimum wage ikot lang ang pera dipende sayo yon kung pano ka
hahawak ng pera, ‘di ko namn sinasabi na sakto lang palagi yung naiuuwi ko sakto
lang palagi yung natitira sa wallet ko, ibig ko lang sabihin daming bills pataas ng
pataas ung bills natin sa tubig kuryente kahit sabihin mong minimum wage the end
of the day hihintayin mo parin yung sa sahod mo, wala ng tira kasi naka budget lang,
dito sa barko lahat libre, wala kang gagastusin kahit piso dito kung talagang matipid
ka. Nood lang kung namimiss mo yung pamilya mo pero siyempre may ano yun 60
dollars 1 month yun lang. Yun lang yung gagastusin mo dito pero pagkain,
accommodation lahat lahat na libre dito sa barko kahit minsan nagbibigay pa sila
privilege sayo kasi nandito ka.. yun ang kaibahan nun.
Interviewer: Second question po. Question number 2 po, How does your motivations
and interests on board effect your relationship with your co-workers and
supervisors?
Interviewee: Ako yung motivation ko, syempre maiahon sa hirap and pamilya, gaya
ng sinabi ko kanina, balikan lang ang pera diyan sa’tin di katulad dito libre lahat
tapos. Nagkaroon ako ng interest kasi akala ko dati nung medyo bata bata pa ko
kala ko yung mga seafarer graduate lang ng college, mga nakapag marine
engineering, basta related in marine related dito sa barko kala ko ganun yung
nalaman ko experience lang pala ang batayan hindi ko sinasabi hindi mo pag-
patuloy pag-aaral mow ala may experience lang kasi talaga ako since 18 years old
ako nasa FND nako nasa Food industry na’ko.. naging ano ko yun naging lakas ng
loob sakin yun kasi yun nga may experience ako tapos umh nag take lang ako ng
culinary training 1 year, yun nga graduate ako ng high school tapos uhm basta lahat
ng mga trainings hindi ako agad agad nag apply nag ano muna ako nag ni ready ko
muna yung sarili ko nag trainings ako, nag-aral ako para gusto ko kasi pag nag
apply ako ng barko gusto ko tuloy tuloy na kinuha ko muna lahat ng mga kailangan
sumali ako ng mga group, buhay sa cruise ship, working pinay cruise ship, lahat ng
may cruise ship na group sinalihan ko na.. Naging silent reader ako nag ano-ano
ako syempre pag gusto mo yung gusto mong marating, ikaw ang gagawa ng paraan
hindi yan kusang dadating sa’yo, ikaw ang gagawa ng paraan. Hindi yan yung
pinagdasal mo ibibigay sa’yo syempre pagtatrabahuhan mo, so habang nag-
tatrabaho ako nag-aral ako mag working student ako culinary san juan, yung day-off
ko makapag-aral ako ng isang taon ng para magkaroon ako ng NC2 yun ang
importante, NC2 isa pa yun tapos, yung pamilya ko maiahon ko sa hirap, gusto ko
may mapatunayan ako sa kanila, may mapatunayan din ako sa sarili ko hindi lang
sa ganito ako magtatapos kasi yoko yung yoko yung umaasa sa iba.
Interviewer: Paano po nakakaapekto ang iyong mga motivation and interest sa
pakikisalamuha nyo po katrabaho nyo po and supervisors?
Interviewee: Tumaas yung self-confidence sa sarili ko kasi diyan satin hindi
importante kung magaling ka mag English dito sa barko kahit English carabao ka as
long as naiintindihan mo sila as long as na nasasabi mo yung mga dapat mong
sabihin hindi mo kailangan maging fluent sa English tapos yun self-confidence ko.
Marami skills and knowledge ko sa pinas na sa experience ko kala ko ok na’ko akala
ko “uy magaling na’ko kasi ganito ganito” nung since naka pag apply dun ko
nalaman na meron pa pala akong ibubuga pa may ilalabas pa pala ako na ano kasi
iba yung sinu-serve natin naming sa pinas kasi Asian lang tayo diyan sa pinas
filipino for more on dito international na so matututo ka na ng iba’t ibang dish
European, Italian halo halo na kaya in return yung na capo sakin na approve ko
yung mga di ko alam dati mga British na simpleng sauce, kasi satin di naman uso
yun. Basta tinuro sayo yan na yun susundin mong luto may proper sauces may
susundin kang tao. May mga boss kang ganito ganyan simpleng sauces kailangan
alam mo yung mga simpleng hiwa hindi yung basta ka nalang nag hiwa in return
natutunan ko lahat.
Interviewer: Paano nakaka-apekto yung motivation relationship nyo po sa co-
workers and supervisors?
Interviewee: Since naka pag-apply ako dito para na naman akong ibang tao dito.
Kasi yung boss ko dito hindi na pinoy so nahihirapan ako kasi meron ditong sariling
language.. meron dito sariling language na kailangan mong ma-absorb na minsan
hindi ko sila maintindihan kasi may sariling salitang pang barko kasi pang Italian ‘di
ko una maintindihan tapos inaaral ko lang yung anong ibig sabihin ng ganito kung
ano ibig sabihin ng ginagawa nila umh masasabi ko sa tanong mo araw-araw
nagtatrabaho ako hindi ako basta basta nag-dedesisyon kasi may capo supervisors
kung ano yung sinabi nila yun lang yung susundin ko ngayon kung hindi ako
sigurado sa mga gagawin ko lagi akong nag-tatanong sa kanila lagi akong
nagtatanong sa kanila. Maraming magmementor sa’yo dito kapag bago ka. Meron
ditong nag boss bossan meron talagang boss talaga kapag unang kontrata mo
malalaman mo yun kung sino talaga yung magiging boss mo.
Interviewer: Question number 3, What do you think is the effect of your motivation
and interests on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: Mahina ata ang signal diyan
Interviewer: Uulitin ko po What do you think is the effect of your motivation and
interests on board on your overall performance as a seafarer?
Interviewee: Well uhm Nakaka-apekto ang motivation and interest sa pag-tatrabaho
ko dito sa barko uhm nagiging maayos ang pagtatrabaho ko dahil sa aking mga
pangarap at para maiahon ko ang pamilya ko sa hirap. Yung lang.
Interviewer: Ok ma’am that’s it, those are only my question and thank you for your
time to having this interview.

RESUME
JOSHUA JEFF Y. MAMAC

P1 B66 L12 Marycris Complex, Pasong Camachille II, General Trias, Cavite
mamacjoshua0975@gmail.com
09369482429
JOB OBJECTIVES: Seeking to succeed in an environment of growth and

excellence to meet personal goals where I can utilize my skills and the knowledge I
have learned.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Tertiary: Asian Institute in Maritime Studies 2016 – 2018

(C.A.R.) BS Marine Transportation
 Highschool: Maranatha Christian Academy 2009 – 2015
 Elementary: Maranatha Christian Academy 2005 – 2009
JOB EXPERIENCE
October 01, 2019- October 04, 2020 Santa Clara Shipping Corporation
No. 1002, Pan-Philippine Hwy, Pili,

Camarines Sur
Contact Number: (054) 477-7499 & (054)
871-6287
Position: Deck Cadet

GRT: 694
Horse Power: 1200/ 895.2 KW
Vessel Type: Ro-ro (Cargo/ Passenger)
Job Description:
 Able to perform lashing on a cargo.

 Responsible for look out, checking position using chart, calculation of ETA
and able to create and edit a route using GPS.
 Responsible for listing activities in a deck log book.
 Able to understand how to maneuver a ship.
 Able to understand flags and symbols.
 Able to assist for mooring stations and throwing heaving line ashore.
 Able to understand with various types of mooring ropes.
 Able to identify the draft of the ship.
 Responsible for the safety of the passenger.
 Responsible of the cleanliness of the ship.
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: September 14, 1998
Skills: Good critical thinking and analytical skills/ Hard Worker/
Knowledgeable in computer application like MS Word,
Excel
Place of Birth: Dasmariñas, Cavite
Nationality: Filipino
Height : 168cm
Weight: 74kg
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Male
Religion: Roman Catholic
SIGNIFICANT TRAINING CERTIFICATE
 Deck Watchkeeping, Date Issued 4th Feb 2021, Altitude Maritime Training
Center, Inc.
 Basic Training (BT), Date Issued 16th June 2017, Philippine Seafarers
Training Center
 Ship Security Awareness Training and Seafarers with Designated Security

Duties (SDSD), Date Issued 7th February 2018, Philippine Seafarers Training
Center
 Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boats (PSCRB). Date Issued 16 th
April 2018, Philippine Seafarers Training Center
 Operational Use of Electronic Chart and Information System (ECDIS), Date
Issued 15th December 2018, Philippine Seafarers Training Center
 Consolidated MARPOL I-VI, Date Issued, 5th December 2020, Altitude
Maritime Training Center, Inc.
 Ratings Forming Part of a Navigational Watch (II/4), Date Issued 11 th
December 2020, Mariana Academy of Maritime Studies Inc.
CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY
 COP Basic Training (BT), Date Issued 7th August 2017, Date of Expiry 7th
August 2022
 Ships Security Awareness Training and Seafarers with Designated Security
Duties (SDSD), Date Issued 25th November 2020, Date of Expiry Unlimited
 Proficiency in Survival Craft and Rescue Boat (PSCRB), Date Issued 19 th
February 2021, Date of Expiry 16th April 2023
 Ratings Forming Part of a Navigational Watch (II/4), Date Issued 22 nd
December 2020, Date of Expiry Unlimited
“I hereby certify that the above information is true based on my

knowledge and belief.”
Joshua Jeff Y. Mamac

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ASIAN INSTITUTE OF MARITIME STUDIES

Asian Institute of Maritime Studies

THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF THE SEAFARERS

A Thesis Presented to the Department of School of Maritime Affairs,

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Course

Mamac, Joshua Jeff, Y.

This Thesis entitled “THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATIONS AND INTERESTS OF

MS. CHARITY T. MANUEL

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of .

Science Marine Transportation as well as the blessings he receives since birth up to

this present time.

assistance in completing this research.

and suggestions that helped the researcher finish this study;

accomplish this work;

To the members of the panel who unselfishly shared their expertise to

improve the quality of this thesis;

To the respondents, who shared their valuable experiences and be a part of

writing this thesis.

Thank you very much.

Chapter 1. The Problem and Its Background

Chapter 2. Review of Related Literature and Studies

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter presents the introduction, background of the study, statement of

the problem, significance of the study, theoretical framework, conceptual framework,

scope and limitation of the study, and definition of terms.

Traditional notions of work motivation do not explicitly consider the

importance and impact of professional/industry contexts and extant processes in

them on work motivation. Effect of Motivation and Interest of seafarers is important

to their mental health to overcome any hardships on board. The deterioration of

seafarers is high, by virtue of reasons such as boredom at sea, single-task work

and inescapability of the environment Helmreich (1981). Stated by Murugan M. and

Rengamani (2012) conducted survey, approximately 55% of young seafarers do not

the importance of retaining in-service seafarers.

seafarers suffer as a result of poor living and working conditions on board.

Background of the Study

multiple machinery breakdowns that lead to negative thoughts or it could be due to

The respondents of my research would be 5 seafarers. They will serve as the

researchers respondents to solve the following problems and objectives in

conducting this research.

Statement of the Problem

to their overall performance on board. Specially, it sought to answer the following

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:

c. years of working onboard?

4. What is the effect of the motivations and interests of the respondents on

board to their over-all performance onboard?

Significance of the study

their future career.

that would motivate future seafarers towards their career.

or any study related to this topic.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Motivations The effect of

Scope and Limitation of the study

seafarers who already have experience on board.

Interest- This refers to the respondents’ personal choices and likes.

which includes their relationship with their co-workers and supervisors.

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents relevant literature and studies to the studies.

According to Simpson (1983) points to a number of signs of motivation, such

time-keeping and high absenteeism, poor industrial relations, and obstinacy to

change. Reward systems consistent with motivational concepts have a positive

organizational performance (Allen and Helms 2002). A variety of factors explain

cognitive processes to external/environmental influences (Hume 1995), such as the

attempt to meet unfulfilled, innate needs.

Furthermore, the other factors that add to psychological or mental illnesses of