PERMEABLE BRICKS Final

PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER AND COCO DIETHANOLAMIDE
IN PERVIOUS CONCRETE
A Thesis Presented to
the Faculty of the
College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Notre Dame of Dadiangas University
General Santos City
In Partial Ful fillment

of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
By
KENT VERGEL C. ALVAREZ

JESSY LOVE S. DABUCOL
MA. ANTONETTE D. DEL SOL
MARIA THERESE C. ENAD
February 2019
iii
ABSTRACT
Pervious concrete is a combination of coarse aggregates, cement, water and
sometimes with little (or no) fine aggregates. It contains the formation of interconnected
voids, which allowing water and air flow through it easily; others would say it looks a bit
like a rice cake. This allows rainwater to percolate through the surface and into the
ground before it runs off. This approach reduces storm water runoff volumes and
minimizes the pollutants introduced into storm water runoff areas due to the construction
of impervious areas that were originally permeable.
This research studied the effects of the Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco
Diethanolamide in the permeable bricks. Three different weight ratios were used; (1)
25:75 ratio of pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide, (1) 50:50 ratio of pineapple
leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide, (1) 75:25 ratio of pineapple leaf fiber and coco
diethanolamide. Furthermore, a series of tests were conducted such as density, water
absorption, porosity, and compressive strength test to determine the physical and
mechanical properties of the bricks. It was found that with 50% Pineapple Leaf Fiber and
50% Coco Diethanolamide mixture produced lower density with higher porosity and
water absorption capacity. The results also show that the permeable bricks with Pineapple
Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide exceeded the compressive strength of concrete
bricks as a control. The admixtures can enhance the performance and compressive
strength of permeable bricks. This shows that the blocks are suitable for use in various
applications that helps in reducing runoff caused by urbanization.

iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMNT
We are certain we would not be able to finish this research study if not for the
many people who guide us throughout the journey, who inspired us to do better, and who
always believed in us that we can make it.
To our parents, for always being supportive of our endeavors, for teaching us the
value of hard work, and for molding our character. Thank you Mom and Dad, not just for
providing us what we need, but also for being the loving and caring parents we love the
most.
To our Thesis adviser, Dr. Gina Andas-De Guzman, for handling our thesis
subject, for guiding us whenever we encounter problems with the study, and for
monitoring our performance in the entire duration of our subject.
To our professors, for allowing us to gain knowledge through their lessons, and
for sharing us their expertise which will give a big impact to our future career.
To our classmates, for the good memories that we all share and for staying on our
side whenever we need help. Good luck to us in our future endeavors.
Above all, Thank you to our Almighty God for being our source of strength and
for giving us all the blessings in life.

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE PAGE……………….………………………………………….…..…………..i
APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………………ii
ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………….iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……………………………………………………………iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………..v
LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………….....vi
LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………….vii
CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction ……………………..……………….…..1
Statement of the Problem ……………………….........4
Significance of the Study .………………….…….......5
Scope and Delimitation …………….…….……..........5
Definition of Terms ………………………………......6
CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF

LITERATURE AND STUDIES………….………..………....9
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

Research Design...……………………….…………...24
Research Locale …….………………………….……26
Materials and Equipment ……………………….....27
Data Gathering Procedure. ………………………......28
Data Analysis ………………………………….…….31
CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

AND RESULTS ……………………………………………32
CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS ……………………………………38
REFERENCES ………………………………………..…………………………… 41
APPENDICES ………………………………………………………………………44
CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………………53

Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide vi
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
1 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………...10
2 Research Design ……………………………………………………………..25
3 Universal Testing Machine ………………………………………………….27
4 Customized molder ………………………………………………………….28
5 Coco Diethanolamide ………………………………………………………..28
6 Pineapple Leaf Fiber ………………………………………………………...29
7 Specimen samples …………………………………………………………...36

vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1 Specifications of Coco Diethanolamide ……………………….……………….17
2 Mixture Proportions ……………………………………………………………31
3 Number of Specimens ………………………………………………………….31
4 Density and Water Absorption Requirements …………………………………32
5 Density of Specimens ………………………………………………………….33
6 Water Absorption of Specimens …………………………………………….....33
7 Porosity of Specimens ………………………………………………………....34
8 Compressive Strength of Specimens …………………………………………..35

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
People change the natural environment when they build buildings and roads. One
of the most notable changes is connected with the construction of impervious areas in
places that were originally permeable. Land development impact natural systems in many
ways. One of the extreme effect of land development is on hydrology. Natural land cover
generally acts as a sponge, with well-vegetated soils and wetlands absorbing majority of
rainfall and slowly releasing the small amount of water that is not absorbed. As that
natural land cover is paved over with impermeable surfaces, rain can no longer soak into
the ground and instead accumulates as runoff. Urbanization increases the risk of flooding
due to increased peak discharge and volume than it had pre-development. It also severely
impacts runoff quality, the water picks up pollutants as it flows across the urban
environment. The three main aspects of this runoff are decrease in groundwater recharge
due to lack of infiltration, alteration in the natural flow patterns of a drainage basin, and
transportation of contaminants being deposited on impervious surfaces to receiving water
bodies. This is the way how the interruption of both surface and subsurface water
quantity and quality is affected (Kováˇc & Siˇcáková, 2018).
The assessment of the impact of urbanization on different aspects of broadly
defined environmental engineering is an important problem. Such an assessment may

Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide 2
include both the reconstruction of former changes in an urban environment and the
forecasting of future threats and needs. It is particularly useful as a decision-supporting
tool in community development. It may help not only to design and control drainage
systems, or to assess the flood risk and provide necessary protection, but also to analyze
potential sensitivity of outflow to alternative ways of rainfall water collection and
management, such as porous pavements in parking lots, communication routes, retention
ponds, infiltration basin, etc. (Borys Olechnowicz & Katarzyna Weinerowska-Bords,
2014).
Pervious concrete is a combination of coarse aggregates, cement, water and
sometimes with little (or no) fine aggregates. It is a special type of concrete used
primarily for road pavement applications. Addition of fine aggregates enhances the
strength but decreases infiltration rate of concrete. Since pervious concrete has many
voids, its compressive strength is lower than conventional concrete. It is different from
conventional concrete because it contains no fines in the initial mixture, recognizing
however, that fines are introduced during the compaction process. The uniformly sized
aggregates are bonded together at its points of contact by a paste formed by the cement
and water. The result is a concrete with a high percentage of interconnected voids that,
when functioning correctly, permit the rapid percolation of water through the concrete.
Unlike conventional concrete, which has a void ratio anywhere from 3-5%, pervious
concrete can have void ratios from 15-40% depending on its application. Pervious
concrete characteristics differ from conventional concrete in several other ways.
Compared to conventional concrete, pervious concrete has a lower compressive strength,

higher permeability, and a lower unit weight, approximately 70% of conventional
concrete (Chopra, Wanielista & Mulligan, 2007).
According to Orozco, the use of pervious concrete is limited in the Philippines.
There is an environmental non-government organization (NGO) in Davao named
Interface Development Interventions (IDIS), continues to push for an ordinance requiring
both public and private establishments to use permeable pavements as part of urban
sustainable initiatives. Lemuel Manalo, environmental research specialist of IDIS, said
they were advocating and promoting the permeable pavement designs because they
believe that this design would absorb flood waters as well as filter and trap pollutants.
The minimal amount of fine aggregates in pervious concrete makes it highly porous,
which causes precipitation to directly pass through it. The use of pervious concrete has
been recognized by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a rating
system developed by the US Green Building Council (US GBC) to evaluate the
environmental performance of a building, as it has been found to mitigate runoff in urban
areas. As given by a lot of reviews in journals, this type of concrete is considered an
environmental friendly paving material. Thus, since its first introduction in the United
States in the mid of 1970s, pervious concrete has been applied in different countries in
the world according to Shu et al. Pervious concrete is importantly applied for sustainable
construction. According to Obla (2007), it is recognized by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) for pollution control and storm water management. Hence, the use of
pervious concrete enables more efficient land use through the elimination of the need for
retention ponds and similar structures according to Tennis (Orozco, 2016).

Since pervious concrete provides a low compressive strength than that of
conventional concrete, the researchers intend to use it with pineapple leaf fiber (PALF)
properties for it to have unique properties of strength and serviceability. Pineapple leaf
fiber is more compatible natural fiber resource and constitutes a good chemical
composition. It is vital natural fiber, which have high specific strength, rigidity, flexural
and torsional rigidity than other fibers. Also, the researchers intend to incorporate Coco
Diethanolamide (CDEA) as an additive to concrete. This will yield a favorable dosage
response an excellent air void system stable in the plastic cementitious system and having
a desirable improved size distribution after hardening, while yielding increased
compressive strength.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to assess the workability and acceptability of pervious concrete with
pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and coco diethanolamide (CDEA). In particular, this study
aimed to:
1. determine the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete with
Pineapple Leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide.
1.1 density
1.2 water absorption
1.3 porosity
2. determine the compressive strength of the fabricated pervious concrete solid
blocks and compare data with the concrete bricks based on the specifications.
3. determine the acceptability of pervious concrete with pineapple leaf fiber and
coco diethanolamide.
Significance of the Study
This study was conducted to determine if pervious concrete is feasible in flood
control along the roads especially on pavements that are prone to surface run-off.
Specifically, it will be significant to the following:
To the Community, this study will help not only the individuals with vehicles but
also the local commuters by providing them comfort and safety during rainy season.
To the Civil Engineers, this will provide new concepts and ideas in developing
and using permeable concrete pavement.
To the Construction Industry, this will serve as alternative option in the
application of permeable concrete pavement.
To the Future Researchers, this will serve as a reference for future studies related
to the development of new construction materials with agricultural wastes.
To the Researchers, this will boost and improve their skills in doing research and
will help put meaning in their role in the community as future civil engineers.
Scope and Delimitation
The researchers conducted a study on the acceptability of a pervious concrete with
the use of pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide. This study is delimited to the
materials that can be acquired within the locality. Fibers were taken from the pineapple
leaves that can be found in the Soccsksargen area and a commercial coco diethanolamide
was used. The effects of varying the components of pervious concrete on its compressive
strength were investigated. The specimens with 2 ×4 ×8 dimension are limited to nine (9)
solid bricks specimen, three (3) for each weight ratio were fabricated, (1) 25:75 ratio of
pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide, (1) 50:50 ratio of pineapple leaf fiber and
coco diethanolamide, (1) 75:25 ratio of pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide. The
fabricated permeable bricks were used to get the unit weight, water absorption, porosity
and in determining the compressive strength. The data results were analyzed to determine
the optimum ratio. The test for permeability of the fabricated bricks were not performed
since the apparatus and materials needed are not available in the laboratory and also the
statistical analysis of the results. The experiment was conducted at Notre Dame of
Dadiangas University Engineering Laboratory in General Santos City.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined conceptually and operationally for better
understanding.
Acceptability. is to be something that is considered to be approved or within the
realm of what is appropriate, or something that is tolerable but not necessarily desired
ACI Method. American Concrete Institute Standard for Selecting proportions for
normal, heavyweight, and mass concrete.
Admixture. A thing or ingredient added in mixing.
ASTM. This stands for American Society for Testing Materials. Organized in
1898 and formally incorporated in 1902. Their specifications will serve as a guide in
fabricating the pervious concrete.

Bricks. A small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay used in
building.
Cement. A building material made by grinding calcined limestone and clay to a
fine powder, which can be mixed with water and poured to set as a solid mass or used as
an ingredient in making mortar or concrete.
Coarse Aggregate. is the material combined with cement and water to make
concrete. It makes up 60 to 80 percent of concrete volume.
Coco Diethanolamide. It has perfect thickening, foam stabilizing and derusting
abilities.
Compressive Strength. This refers to the strength of block specimens to resist the
applied axial loads without crushing.
Concrete. A construction material composed of cement (commonly Portland
cement) as well as other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement,
aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate such as gravel, limestone, or granite, fine
aggregate such as sand),water, and chemical admixtures.
Pervious Concrete. It is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used
for concrete flatwork applications that allows water from precipitation and other sources
to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff from a site and allowing
groundwater recharge. This is the output of our study.
Pineapple Leaf fiber. It is vital natural fiber, which have high specific strength,
rigidity, flexural and torsional rigidity than other fibers. This is one of the variables in
this study.
Universal Testing Machine. Also known as a universal tester, materials testing
machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and compressive
strength of materials. This is the Universal Testing Machine of Notre Dame of Dadiangas
University Engineering Laboratory that will be used in testing the solid blocks in this
study.
Workability. capable of being put into effective operation; practicable or feasible.
The study aims to assess the workability of the pervious concrete with PALF and CDEA.
Water Absorption. refers to the amount of water absorbed by a composite material
when immersed in water for a stipulated period of time. This will be one of the
parameters to be checked in the experiment

CHAPTER II
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Pervious concrete as described by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a
“near-zero slump, open-graded material consisting of Portland cement, coarse aggregate,
little or no fine aggregates, admixtures, and water with void contents ranging from 15%to
35% and compressive strengths of 400 to 4000psi (2.8 to 28 MPa)” (ACI 2006). The
primary benefit offered by pervious concrete is its ability to transport water through its
structure, thus reducing storm water runoff and recharging groundwater.
Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework shows the presentation of variables that were
considered in the study. It involves the necessary inputs, the working processes, and the
preferred output.
The relevant variables that were used in this study are the Pineapple leaf fiber
which is recycled from a waste material and Coco Diethanolamide which is used as a
foaming agent.
This study involved compression testing of the pervious concrete. The researchers
prepared the pineapple leaf fiber by scraping the pineapple leaf to obtain the fiber. The
fiber was immersed in the Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution for alkali in order to observe
the effectivity of the fiber that was added to the concrete mixture.
The researchers used experimental process. This includes sieving and determination of
the aggregates to be used. Three (3) permeable bricks in every ratio were fabricated and
tested. After the compressive strength test, the data results collected were analyzed. The
permeable bricks that were fabricated are interpreted as whether acceptable to be used
compared to the commercially available concrete bricks.
INPUT
Solid bricks pervious concrete specimen
PALF: CDEA (25:75, 50:50, and 75:25 weight ratios)
PROCESS
Preliminary Experimental Work
Sieving and Aggregate Property Determination (ASTM C136)
Fabrication of Pervious Concrete (28 days curing)
Actual Experimental Work
Compression Test of Pervious Concrete
Determination of Failure Modes
Visual Inspection
OUTPUT
Compressive strength of pervious concrete
Acceptability of the Pervious concrete with Pineapple Leaf fiber and Coco
Diethanolamide
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Review of Literature
Storm water flooding and runoff at homes, businesses and our communities is
having a growing impact on our day-to-day lives. However, several permeable pavement
systems are available to the homeowner, business owner and municipality that can
significantly improve the sustainability of properties. Wherever conventional asphalt or
concrete pavement can be used permeable pavement systems are an option. The three
most popular types of permeable pavement systems are pervious concrete, pervious
asphalt and permeable interlocking concrete pavers (PICP). Each system has its own
installation requirements, features and aesthetic value. The common feature all three
share is the below-the-surface use of open-graded washed stone or concrete aggregates
that vary in size and depth. The depth of this cross section depends on local storm water
requirements. These open-graded aggregates allow storm water to infiltrate into a
property's subgrade soil or be detained and moved into a rain garden, bio-swale, bio-
retention pond or even back into the storm water system (www.proquest.com).
Pervious Concrete Mix
Material design for pervious concrete differs from that of conventional concrete in
that a certain void content needs to be obtained in the material structure to provide
adequate water flow performance and, at the same time, the necessary compressive
strength. A description of pervious concrete mix design can be found in the ACI 522R
report (ACI 2010). Because the void content (i.e., porosity) is one of the prominent
characteristics of pervious concrete, the mix of cementitious materials, the aggregate

used, the water-to-binder (w/b) ratio, and the binder-to-aggregate (b/a) ratio affect the
final porosity of the prepared pervious concrete.
Water
Water and its application in pervious concrete are extremely critical. Since fines
are eliminated from pervious concrete, strength relies on the bond of the cement paste
and its interface with the aggregate. As with conventional concrete, too little water
results in no bonding and too much water will settle the paste at the base of the pavement
and clog the pores. The correct amount of water will maximize the strength without
compromising the permeability characteristics of the pervious concrete.
The concepts of hydration and workability will be considered when creating
mixtures of pervious concrete with varying ratios of cement, aggregate, and water. Water
will be added to various mixtures of aggregate and cement in experiments designed to
maximize hydration and optimize compressive strength. The goal is to determine an
appropriate range of W/C ratios that will yield high compressive strengths in the pervious
concrete (Chopra, Wanielista & Mulligan, 2006).
Aggregates
The recommended aggregate size number for pervious concrete ranges from #67
(3/4 in. to No. 4) to #89 (3/8 in. to No. 50). To obtain a specified porosity, fine aggregates
are avoided or kept to a very small amount. For example, a study by Schaefer et al.
(2006) showed that when 7% of the coarse aggregate was replaced by fine aggregate for a
pervious concrete mixture, the permeability coefficient of the mixture decreased but the
freeze thaw durability, compressive strength, and flexural strength improved. Logically,
increasing the pore sizes through the use of larger sized aggregate is a means to increase
the permeability of the pervious concrete.
Consolidation of Pervious Concrete
The degree of compaction and the compaction procedures/methods are two of the
most important factors influencing the mechanical properties of pervious concrete. It has
been found that increasing the fresh concrete unit weight, increasing the amount of fine
aggregates in the mixture, and applying a high compaction effort can improve such
mechanical properties as compressive strength but decrease the hydraulic performance
(permeability) and void ratio (Bean et al. 2007, Schaefer et al. 2006). To get the best
surface finish, required strength, and permeability, proper compaction is important. Too
little compaction may not provide the required strength or a smooth surface, and it may
also cause potential raveling of the finished pavement. Too much compaction may cause
a decrease in permeability by closing the voids. For a given mixture, the permeability can
vary by as much as 25% for different compaction levels. As such, it is important to
control the compaction energy accurately and quantitatively to obtain batches of pervious
concrete with similar properties. In addition, a maximum thickness of 6 in. of pervious
concrete is recommended because studies have shown that the concrete at the bottom
quarter of a pervious concrete pavement often has a lower strength and/or lower porosity
than the concrete at the top layer of the pavement (MCIA, 2002).
Physical Characterization
The physical properties typically used to characterize pervious concrete are unit
weight, compressive strength, permeability, air voids, and porosity.
Unit Weight
Unit weight, which describes the density of fresh pervious concrete, is a good
indicator of its mechanical and hydrological properties and offers the best routine test for
monitoring the quality of pervious concrete. The unit weight of concrete is determined
based on ASTM C1688 (2008). Depending on the mixture, the materials used, and the
compaction levels and procedures, the unit weight of fresh pervious concrete is
commonly between 105 lb/ft3 and 120 lb/ft3 (1680 to 1920 kg/m3). The porosity of
pervious concrete can be determined from the unit weight, and therefore the compressive
strength can be predicted based on the relationship between void ratio and compressive
strength (Kevern et al. 2008, Tennis et al. 2004).
Compressive Strength
Compressive strength is used in the structural design of pervious concrete
pavement and is determined based on ASTM C39 (2003). Pervious concrete mixtures can
have compressive strengths ranging from 500 psi to 4000 psi (3.5 MPa to 28 MPa). The
typical pervious concrete compressive strength is approximately 2500 psi (17 MPa) (Tan
et al. 2003). Zouaghi et al. (2000) showed that the compressive strength of a mix is
linearly proportional to unit weight but inversely proportional to void ratio.

Air Voids
The average pore sizes of pervious concrete typically range from 2 mm to 8 mm.
The void ratio ranges from 15% to 35% by volume. The air void content of pervious
concrete can be determined using either an automatic image analysis device. Another
method is the standard linear-traverse test method (ASTM C1754 2012). In contrast to
ASTM C457, in ASTM C1754 the measured points are counted manually.
Pore Structure
The pore structure of permeable concrete consists of large interconnected voids
with sizes ranging from 2 to 8 mm depending on mix proportion, aggregate used and
degree of compaction (Tennis et al., 2004; Neithalath et al., 2008). These are the pores of
interest because they control the performance of permeable concrete (Meininger, 1988;
Ghafoori and Dutta, 1995). The volume fraction, size distribution and topological
structure of the pores are the critical parameters controlling permeable concrete
behaviour (Sansalone et al., 2008). Permeable concrete also contains very fine capillary
and gel pores that are inherent features of the cement paste, with characteristic size
ranging from several microns to nanometres. However, these pores make insignificant
contribution to water percolation and so are of less interest. As noted earlier, the void
content of permeable concrete is typically 15-35%, depending on a host of variables such
as cement paste fraction, aggregate content, gradation and particle shape, water/cement
ratio and compaction effort (ACI, 2010).

Aggregate-Cement Ratio
The amount of aggregate relative to the amount of cement is another important
feature. The more cement paste available for compaction the higher the compressive
strength. Again, this will clog the pores and is detrimental to the function of the pervious
concrete. Utilizing data obtained from prior research, a suitable range of A/C ratios will
be used to create various mixtures of pervious concrete to be tested for compressive
strength. The typical c/a ratio used is between 0.22 and 0.25.
Water-Cement Ratio
Permeable bricks mixtures with a high w/c ratio (0.4 above) and mixture with a
w/c ratio under 0.32 were not recommended for surfaces intended to support wheeled
traffic. This is because too much water will cause the paste drain down, while too little
water can hinder strength development and lead to premature surface raveling. Thus, the
mixed with a w/c ratio of 0.38 or less are recommended to be used to make porous
pavement.
Coco Diethanolamide (CDEA)
(Also known as Coco Amide DEA, coconut oil diethanolamide, or Cocamide
diethanolamide) is a diethanolamine made by reacting mixture of fatty acids from
coconut oils with diethanolamine. It is a viscous liquid and is used as a foaming agent in
bath products like shampoos and hand soaps, and in cosmetics as an emulsifying agent.
Its ionic in nature because of high percentage of amide (90%) and low percentage of free
dieth. (www.unicorn.com).
Table 1
Specifications of Coco Diethanolamide
Item Index
1:1 1:1.5 1:2
Appearance Straw to brown dopy liquid
Amine value, ≤40 mgKOH/g ≤100mgKOH/g ≤140mgKOH/g
pH value (10g/L,10% ethanol ≤10.5 ≤10.5 ≤10.7
water solution)
Color ≤300hazen ≤300hazen ≤300hazen
The CDEA when employed by itself in effective amounts in hydraulic cement
mixes, produce stable volumes of air having desirable size and distribution, such as are
employed to increase freeze-thaw durability of hydraulic cement mixes or to produce air-
entrained hydraulic cement mixes for other reasons. Additionally, it was discovered that
higher compressive strengths were beneficially achieved using the additive of the
invention.
CDEA is used as a foaming agent in our study. This is the first time that it is
applied as a chemical mixture for the formation of foam that is mixed to cement, sand,
gravel, and PALF to produce pervious concrete.
Pineapple Leaf Fiber
Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) which is rich in cellulose, abundantly available,
relatively inexpensive, low density, nonabrasive nature, high filling level possible, low
energy consumption, high specific properties, biodegradability and has the potential for
polymer reinforcement. The utilization of pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) as reinforcements
in thermoplastic and thermosetting resins in micro and Nano form for developing low
cost and lightweight composites is an emerging field of research in polymer science and
technology (Leao, 2010).
Reinforced natural fibres composite plays a huge share in biocomposite and
material science. PALF has been proved as a good substitute of synthetic fibres, because
of its economical and renewable nature. Specific strength of natural fibres supports in
enhancing the physical and mechanical strength of polymer matrix without using any
additional processing. The superiority of PALFs mechanical properties is related with the
high content of alpha-cellulose content and low microfibrillar angle (14°). Due to
extraordinary qualities of PALF, it can be used as reinforcing composite matrix. The
physicomechanical properties of any natural fibres depend on fibre-matrix adhesion,
volume fraction of fibre, aspect ratio, orientation, and stress transfer efficiency at
interface. The result of PALF based polymer composites shows excellent stiffness and
strength compared to other cellulose based composite materials. Strange characteristics of
PALF are noticed; that is, a wet PALF bundle exhibits lower strength by 50%, but when
it converts into yarn, its strength increases up to 13%. Datta et al. studied many different
types of properties and behaviour like morphology of surface structure, tensile behaviour,
and dielectric property. PALF shows good elastic property in cellulose type I structure. In
comparison to other natural fibres PALF has high strength. The electrical properties show
high anisotropy (www.hindawi.com).
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to both plastic
shrinkage and drying shrinkage, reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce
bleeding of water. Some types of fibers produce greater impact, abrasion and shatter
resistance in concrete. Fiber volume fraction typically ranges from 0.1 to 3%. Fibers
primarily control the propagation of cracks and limit the crack widths. High elastic
modulus fibers also enhance the flexural toughness and ductility of concrete. The
contribution of fibers can be observed mainly after matrix cracking in concrete, when
they help in bridging the propagating cracks (shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in).
Application of Pervious concrete
The most typical applications for pervious concrete are for the construction of
pavements, parking lots, light traffic roads, river banks, and tollgates. Although pervious
concretes have been used in many areas, applications are limited because of its relatively
low strength. Pervious concrete can absorb runoff water, and can percolate pollutants.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Pervious concrete shows several advantages and disadvantages over conventional
concrete. The following advantages benefiting the environment are decreasing flooding
possibilities, especially in urban areas, recharging the groundwater level, reducing
puddles on the road, improving water quality through percolation, sound absorption, heat
absorption, and supporting vegetation growth. On the other hand, some disadvantages are
low strength due to high porosity, high maintenance requirement, and limited use as a
load bearing unit due to its low strength.
Pervious concrete cannot be used for the construction of roads that experience
heavy traffic. The most significant problem for pervious concrete is clogging, so frequent
maintenance is required. Clogging leads to a decrease in water permeability, and also
causes a decrease in the advantages of using pervious concrete (Aoki, 2009).

ASTM C136 / C136M - 14
Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates. This
test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of fine and coarse
aggregates by sieving. This test method is used primarily to determine the grading of
materials proposed for use as aggregates or being used as aggregates. The results are used
to determine compliance of the particle size distribution with applicable specification
requirements and to provide necessary data for control of the production of various
aggregate products and mixtures containing aggregates. The data may also be useful in
developing relationships concerning porosity and packing. Accurate determination of
material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve cannot be achieved by use of this test
method alone. Test Method C117 for material finer than 75-μm sieve by washing should
be employed.
ASTM C192 / C192M - 18
Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the
Laboratory. This practice provides standardized requirements for preparation of
materials, mixing concrete, and making and curing concrete test specimens under
laboratory conditions.The concrete test results for concrete specimens made and cured
using this practice are widely used. They may be the basis for acceptance testing for
project concrete, research evaluations, and other studies. Careful and knowledgeable
handling of materials, mixing concrete, molding test specimens, and curing test
specimens is necessary.
ASTM C1754 / C1754M - 12
Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of Hardened Pervious
Concrete. This test method provides a procedure for determining the density and void
content of hardened pervious concrete specimens. This test method is applicable to
pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum size of
25 mm [1 in.] or smaller. This test method applies to either core specimens or molded
cylinders.
Density and void content determined by other test methods may produce different
numerical results, which may not be comparable. This test method allows one to choose
one of two different drying methods. The following should be considered in selecting
Drying Method A or B.
ASTM C67 / C67M - 18
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile.
These test methods cover procedures for the sampling and testing of brick and structural
clay tile. The tests include modulus of rupture, compressive strength, absorption,
saturation coefficient, effect of freezing and thawing, efflorescence, initial rate or
absorption, and determination of weight, size, warpage, length change, and void areas.
For purposes of these tests, full-size bricks, tiles, or solid masonry units shall be used as
test specimens.
Related Studies
To create a pervious concrete structure with optimum permeability and
compressive strength, the amount of water, amount of cement, type and size of aggregate,
and compaction must all be considered. A multitude of experiments have been previously
conducted throughout the past few decades by a variety of researchers comparing some
or all of these elements.
Ajamu et al.(2012), evaluated the performance of pervious concrete in
construction industry. They concluded that the compressive strength with smaller
aggregate size gives high compressive strength and also the permeability was high. The
mix with high aggregate to cement ratio was considered efficient to use for construction
of pavement which requires low compressive strength and high porosity.
Sharma S et al. (2012) have studied the mechanical properties of pervious
concrete. The objective of the work are effects of cement to coarse aggregate ratio and
percentage of fine aggregates on the properties of pervious concrete. It was found that the
maximum strength is obtained by 20 mm size aggregate with water to cement ratio 1:4.
The compressive of the materials found to be 17.91 N/mm2 in 7 days and 27.1 N/mm2 at
28days. The water permeability of order 3.39 X10-4 cm/sec was achieved which is about
3.4 times more permeable than high permeability concrete. It was observed that
compressive strength of the material increased by addition of 5% fine. As the increase in
cement: total aggregate ratio, the compressive strength of the material decreased .Hence
1:4 mix proportions gave good strength properties as compared to 1:5 mix proportions .
Split tensile strength for 1:5 cement: total aggregate mix increased by about 220% with
increasing aggregate size. In the mechanical strength test, the compressive, splitting
tensile and flexural strengths increased as the amount of binder used increased and
decreased with the increase of aggregate size.
Shah D.S et al.(2013) have studied the application of Pervious concrete: New Era
for Rural Road Pavement. This paper gives a preliminary about that pervious concrete is
a relatively new concept for rural road pavement, with increase into the problems in rural
area relates to low ground water level and agricultural problem. Pervious Concrete
material is more favorable due to its ability to allow water to flow through itself to
recharge ground water level and minimize storm water runoff. In rural area, cost effecting
is an important factor. So that in this area costly storm water management is not
applicable, pervious concrete is unique and effective means to meet growing
environmental demands. This technology creates more efficient land use by eliminating
the need for retention ponds. It comes to know that, pervious concrete pavement in rural
oceans becomes more suitable to meet the rural area requirement such as reduce storm
water runoff and ground water recharging. Research conducted in the past 30 years has
drawn similar conclusions. The compressive strength of pervious concrete is strongly
dependent on the water cement ratio, the aggregate cement ratio, aggregate size,
compaction, and curing. Experiments also indicate that pervious concrete is most
beneficial and should be restricted to areas subjected to low traffic volumes. Researchers
disagree as to whether pervious concrete can consistently attain compressive strengths
equal to conventional concrete (Chopra, Wanielista &Mulligan, 2006).

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter will present the research design and methodology that will discuss
the sequence of the experiment, the essential materials and the necessary equipment used
in conducting this study. These will help the researchers in formulating conclusions and
recommendations.
Research Design
In this study, the researchers adopted an experimental method. There were two
phases of the experimental work that were carried out in the study – the preliminary
experimental phase and the actual experimental phase. The initial phase served as basis
for the components of the permeable bricks and the fabrication of the specimens. The
actual experimental phase involved testing of solid blocks pervious concrete specimen to
determine the optimum compressive strength under axial compressive loads. The
specimens were tested using the Universal Testing Machine.
The aim of this study is to develop and to determine the acceptability of Pervious
Concrete solid bricks with Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide. Figure 2
presents the organized structure of the research flow of the study. In order to determine
the acceptability, nine (9) specimens were tested and data results were thoroughly
analyzed. The experiment was conducted at the Engineering Laboratory of Notre Dame
of Dadiangas University.
PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER AND COCO DIETHANOLAMIDE IN PERVIOUS

CONCRETE
RESEARCH LOCALE
Figure 2. Research Design
DATA GATHERING
Sieving and Aggregate Property Determination
Determination of the density, water absorption, and porosity of permeable
bricks with PALF and CDEA
DATA ANALYSIS
Density, Water absorption, Porosity, and Compressive strength of
permeable bricks
Research Locale
The study was conducted at the Notre Dame of Dadiangas University (NDDU)
Engineering Laboratory located in Marist Avenue, General Santos City, Philippines. The
fabrication of specimen, curing and testing were conducted within the premises of the
laboratory.
NDDU is a Catholic Institution run by the Marist Brothers (FMS, Fratres Maristae
Scholis). A Marist institution that is well known for its exciting approach to quality
education, its high standards in teaching and research, and its vibrant community life. The
institution has been granted autonomous status and has maintained its level 3 in
PAASCU. The Institution has also awarded recognition as a Center of Development for
Civil Engineering by CHED Memorandum Order No. 4, series of 2012, Resolution
Number 488-2009 of the Commission on En Banc dated December 23, 2009. NDDU has
renewed in its autonomous status for three years by the Commission of Higher Education.
Also, the university is certified to Management System ISO 900:2015. It offers
undergraduate and graduate courses as well as elementary and basic education. Further, it
offers a broad spectrum of academic programs through its colleges. It consists of three
campuses in General Santos the main campus along Marist Avenue, the Notre Dame of
Dadiangas University-Integrated Basic Education Department or NDDU-IBED Lagao
Campus and the Espina Campus. Today, NDDU is the only private university in the city
of General Santos. Under the CHED Memorandum order No. 48, the school has granted
university status on June 26, 2006.

Data Gathering
The following are the essential materials and equipment that were used in the
production of pervious concrete. The needed materials are as follows: ordinary portland
cement, coarse aggregates, pineapple leaf fiber, coco diethanolamide, customized molds,
and universal testing machine.
Materials and Equipment
The following are the essential materials and equipment that were used in the
production of pervious concrete. The needed materials are as follows:
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). A universal testing machine is used to test the tensile
stress and compressive strength of materials.
Figure 3. Universal Testing Machine

Customized Mold. This is used as forms to fabricate pervious concrete for strength
testing with inside dimensions of 2 ×4 ×8 .
Figure 4. Customized molder
Coco Diethanolamide (CDEA) – This is a chemical product that was used as a foaming
agent to Pervious Concrete.
Figure 5. Coco Diethanolamide

Pineapple Leaf Fiber (PALF) – It is one of the waste materials in agricultural sector. It is
rich in cellulose, relatively inexpensive, high specific properties, and has the potential for
polymer reinforcement.
Figure 6. Pineapple Leaf Fiber
This study is an experimental research. Various steps were done and testing was
conducted in order to determine the mean result. The acceptability and workability of
pervious concrete with pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide were determined in
the following procedures: (1) Sieving and Aggregate Property Determination; (2)
Fabrication of pervious concrete solid blocks specimen; (3) Testing of the pervious
concrete solid blocks specimen for compressive strength. The results of the test were used
in determining the acceptability of pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide in
pervious concrete and in formulating the conclusions and recommendations about the
study.
Preparation of Aggregates
In this study, coarse aggregates with no fines were used. The aggregates that were
used in this study are endemic in such a way that it could be obtained within the locality.
The researchers used the manual sieve to obtain the aggregate size number for permeable
bricks ranges from 2.36mm to 4.75mm. Particle sizes that pass through the sieve were
used as coarse aggregates. The aggregates were thoroughly clean and free from
unnecessary materials before it were used in the mortar mix.
Fabrication of Pervious Concrete Solid Blocks Specimen
In casting the concrete specimen, customized molders with the dimension
of 8in. in length, 4in. in width and 2in. in thickness were used in accordance with the
brick size available in the market. The concrete mix proportions used for water-cement
ratio and cement-aggregate ratio were 0.34 and 0.25, respectively. Based from previous
studies, a w/c ratio of 0.34 is commonly used to produce a porous concrete. A high w/c
ratio (0.4 and above) and mixture with a w/c ratio under 0.32 were not recommended for
surfaces to support wheeled traffic. For c/a ratio, the researchers used 0.25 since it is also
the typical ratio used that will eliminate the clogging of pores and also, the suitable range
for c/a ratio is between 0.22-0.25. Table 2 shows the mixture proportions used in this
study. The pineapple leaf fiber were added to the dry mix and CDEA were added to the
mortar mix. To get the best surface finish, required strength, and proper compaction is
important. A total of nine concrete specimens were fabricated. The solid bricks pervious
concrete specimens were allowed to set for 24 hours before it were removed from the
molds and moist-cured for 28 days at room temperature.

Table 2
Mixture Proportions (in grams)
RATIO CEMENT GRAVEL WATER PALF CDEA

1 375 1500 375 1.4 4.2
2 375 1500 375 2.8 2.8
3 375 1500 375 4.2 1.4
Testing of Pervious Concrete Solid Blocks Specimen
In this study, nine (9) specimens for compressive strength tests were prepared. In
conducting the compressive test, the specimens were placed in the testing machine and
were tested flatwise. Applied loads for each specimen slowly and continuously until the
maximum load failure was reached. Then, the maximum load was recorded.
Data Analysis
After testing all the specimens, the researchers analyzed the results by comparing
compressive strength of fabricated permeable bricks with the standard specifications of
concrete bricks . From there, conclusions and recommendations about the acceptability of
the pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide in pervious concrete were made. Table
3 shows the summary of the number of specimens that were fabricated.
Table 3
Number of Specimens
Weight Ratios (PALF:CDEA) SPECIMENS

25:75 3
50:50 3
75:25 3
Total 9
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA AND RESULTS
This chapter contains the presentation, interpretation, and analysis of data which
serve as bases in attaining the objectives of the study.
Density, Water Absorption, and Porosity of Fabricated Specimens
To determine the density and porosity in hardened concrete, the researchers
followed ASTM C1754. The blocks were weighed before immersed in water for 24
hours. Then removed the blocks from the water, allow it to surface-dry by removing
surface moisture with a cloth to determine the mass. The same procedure were made to
determine the water absorption.
The standard specifications for concrete bricks (ASTM C55) shown in Table 4
below are the requirements for weight classification and water absorption.
Table 4
Density and Water Absorption Requirements
kg
Weight Classification, ( )
m3
Lightweight Medium Weight Normal
Less than 1680 Less than 2000 to Weight
1680 2000 or more
Water Absorption 18 15 13
(%)
Tables 5, 6, and 7 shows the result of the density, water absorption, and porosity
of the nine specimens that were fabricated.
Table 5
Density of Specimens
RATIO kg AVERAGE DENSITY (

DENSITY ( ) kg
m3 )
m3
A B C
1 1806.006 1838.894 1841.277 1828.726
2 1813.155 1793.613 1837.941 1814.903
3 1841.277 1833.651 1837.941 1837.628
The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of the
materials used, and on the compaction procedures used in fabrication. A deduction that
can be made from the density correlation relates to the percent of air voids lost to the
addition of the other ingredients to the concrete mix. Comparing the results to the
standards, the fabricated specimens were considered as medium weight, it ranges from
kg kg kg
1680 3 to 2000 3 . The density of pervious concrete is commonly between 1680 to
m m m3
kg
1920 .
m3
Table 6
RATIO WATER ABSORPTION (%) AVERAGE

WATER
ABSORPTION (%)
A B C
1 8.392 7.802 7.455 7.883

2 10.016 7.361 7.858 8.412
3 8.103 8.578 9.155 8.612
Water Absorption of Specimens
Water absorption is one of the most significant parameters in developing good
bond strength between bricks Based on the results, the fabricated specimens does not
exceed the standard water absorption of 15% for the medium weight due to higher void
content compared to concrete brick that has no void area. The results showed that the
water absorption capacity is suitable for pervious concrete because little water absorption
capacity makes the rain water that caters the pores run off very quickly towards the base.
Table 7
Porosity of Specimens
RATIO VOID CONTENT (%) AVERAGE

VOID
CONTENT
(%)
A B C
1 14.918 9.675 9.055 11.216
2 12.916 15.013 9.770 12.566
3 9.866 9.484 10.056 9.802
Porosity and water absorption are indicator of pores or voids in concrete through
which water permeates. The permeable bricks should have higher porosity than concrete
bricks since it is porous concrete and it allows water to penetrate into the ground through
the concrete surface. Comparing the results above for the density and porosity, it shows
that increase in air void content reduces the density of the blocks. The ratio 2 has the
kg
lowest average density with a value of 1814.903 and it has the highest average
m3
porosity with a value of 12.566%.
Compressive Strength of Fabricated Specimens
The determination of compressive strength test of brick is carried out
under the specification of ASTM C67-03. The data results were analyzed and compared
based from the standard specifications of concrete bricks. Concrete bricks are made from
portland cement, water, and suitable aggregates with or without the inclusion of other
materials. According to American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard
C55 (Table 9) for concrete building bricks, the required compressive strength is 2,000 psi
(individual unit). Table 8 shows the data for compressive strength of nine specimens
tested using the universal testing machine.
Table 8
Compressive strength of specimens
RATIO COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (psi) AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH (psi)
A B C
1 1043.463 1267.85 1933.985 1491.628
2 0* 2039.364 2435.519 2237.442
3 2022.223 1783.926 2489.122 2098.424
*erroneous result (not included in the computation)
As shown in Table 8, there was one erroneous result found in specimen A that
may be caused by the equipment used for testing, fabrication of specimen, and poor
bonding of the aggregates. The specimens B and C of ratio 2 and the specimens A and C
of ratio 3 have exceeded the control value of 2000 psi based from the specifications. This
implies that more percentage of Pineapple Leaf Fiber and less percentage of Coco
Diethanolamide in the mixture is effective in the enhancement of the compressive
strength of permeable bricks. The ratio 1 has the lowest average compressive strength
due to the bonding between aggregate itself is weak and amount of voids higher
compared to the standard. Ratio 2 has the highest average compressive strength due to the
good bonding between PALF and the mortar mix. Proper compaction is also one of the
important factors to be considered. Too little compaction may not provide the required
strength and too much compaction may cause a decrease in permeability by closing the
voids. Figure 7 shows the result of the specimen after the compressive strength test that
resulted to fractures mostly at the side of the blocks. As expected, fibers control the
propagation of cracks and limit the crack widths.

Figure 7. Specimen samples
Acceptability of Fabricated Specimens
According to Nur Hidayah, Hasanan & Ramahansyah (2015), the main problem
of porous concrete is the strength. Previous study reported between 60 to 65 percent
reduction in compressive strength of conventional concrete blocks when the fine
aggregate has eliminated 100 percent from the mixed. The researchers tend not to use
fine aggregates in order to produce permeable bricks that have higher void content, less
water absorption capacity, and lightweight concrete. They have incorporated admixtures
such as Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide to improve the compressive
strength of the specimens.
Based on the experimental results, it clearly shows that with more percentage of
PALF and little percentage CDEA can contribute to the enhancement of the compressive
strength of permeable bricks. The Pineapple Leaf fiber had an important impact on the
durability of pervious concrete and the Coco Diethanolamide contributed to create air
voids system that helps produce a porous concrete. It can be concluded, that with the
right ratio of PALF and CDEA to permeable bricks, it contributes to produce a pervious
concrete that strength is not a problem anymore since it can carry loads and can be used
as suitable and sustainable in various storm water management applications.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The research is conducted to determine the compressive strength, physical and
mechanical properties and acceptability of pervious concrete with pineapple leaf fiber
and coco diethanolamide to be used in storm water management applications. This
chapter presents the summary of the test results, states the conclusion based from it, and
enumerate the recommendations of the researchers.
After performing the tests needed, the researchers were able to identify that the
ratio of pineapple leaf fiber and coco diethanolamide that was added on the pervious
concrete bricks exceeded the compressive strength of the standard concrete bricks, which
makes it acceptable for use as environmental-friendly construction material.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, the following conclusions are drawn:
1. Ratio 2 with 50% PALF and 5% CDEA mixture produced permeable bricks that
have lower density, higher void content and greater water absorption capacity.
The researchers concluded that the fabricated specimens were considered as
medium weight. Moreover, the water absorption capacity is suitable for pervious
concrete because little water absorption capacity makes the rain water caters the
pores run off very quickly towards the base. Lastly, it shows that increase in air
void content reduces the density of the blocks.

2. Based from the compressive strength test results, fabricated permeable bricks
exceeded the compressive strength of concrete bricks wherein the PALF
contributes in reducing the propagation of cracks and had an impact on the
durability of the specimen. On the other hand, the CDEA contributes in giving an
excellent air void system. The admixtures contributed to the increase in
compressive strength even in the absence of fine aggregates in the mixtures.
3. The fabricated specimens are acceptable when compared to the standard
compressive strength of concrete bricks since it exceeded the control value,
therefore, the fabricated specimens are better than the commercially available
concrete bricks that has less water absorption and porosity. The use of permeable
bricks with Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide in various storm
water management applications is suitable and sustainable to resolve the impacts
of urbanization.
Recommendations
Based on the results of the experiment performed, the following recommendations
are made:
1. Conduct the same study with a wide range of ratio in determining the physical and
mechanical properties of the pervious concrete with pineapple leaf fiber and coco
diethanolamide. To produce a pervious concrete, the water absorption capacity of
the specimen should be high, automatically the level of porosity is high and the
density of the specimen is low.

2. Compressive strength of pervious concrete should be a great concern, therefore, in
conducting the same study consider the standards for compaction, size of
aggregates, amount of cementitious materials in order to produce a pervious
concrete with optimum compressive strength and permeability that is considered
efficient to use in construction industry.
3. Conduct the same study and evaluate the performance of pervious concrete with
Pineapple Leaf Fiber and Coco Diethanolamide, and also indicate where it is most
beneficial and should be restricted.

REFERENCES
Kova’c & Si’cakova, (2018). Pervious Concrete as an Environmental Solution for
Pavements: Focus on Key Properties. Slovakia: Faculty of Civil Engineering,
Technical University of Kosice.
Borys Olechnowicz & Katarzyna Weinerowska-Bords, (2014). Impact of Urbanization
on Stormwater Runoff from Small Urban Catchment: Gdansk Malomiejska Basin
Case Study. Poland: Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering.
Chopra, Wanielista & Mulligan, (2007). Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete
Pavements. Orlando: Stormwater Management Academy University of Central
Florida.
Obla, (2007). Pervious Concrete for Sustainable Development. Maryland: Research and
Material Engineering Silver Spring.
Orozco, (2016). Evaluation of Strength Performance and Environmental Benefits of
Using Pervious Concrete in the Philippines. Philippines: Institute of Civil
Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.
www.unicorn.com . Cocodiethanolamide. factory@unicornpetro.co.in
www.irosurfactant.com . Coconut Diethanolamide (CDEA). inquiry@irosurfactant.com
Leao, (2010). Pineapple Leaf Fibers for Composites and Cellulose. Brazil: Taylor &
Francis
Aoki, (2009). Development of Pervious Concrete. Sydney: University of Technology,
Sydney Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology.
Ajamu et al. (2012). Evaluation of Structural Performance of Pervious Concrete in

Construction. Nigeria: International Journal of Engineering and Technology.
Jain A.K and Chouhan J.S et al. (2012). Effect of Shape and Size of Aggregate on
Permeability of Pervious Concrete. India: Technical Journal Online.
M. Uma Maguesvari et al. (2013). Studies on Characterization of Pervious Concrete for
Pavement Applications. Puducherry: Department of Civil Engineering,
Pondicherry Engineering College.
Fu T C et al. (2014). The Influence of Aggregate size and Binder Material on the
Properties of Pervious Concrete. Taiwan: Department of Harber and River
Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University.
Shah D.S. et al. (2013). Environmental Friendly Pervious Concrete for Sustainable
Construction. India: Department of Chemistry, Kalinga Institute of Industrial
Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.
Chopra, Wanielista & Mulligan, (2006). Compressive Strength of Pervious Concrete
Pavements. Orlando: Stormwater Management Academy University of Central
Florida.
APPENDIX A
PREPARATION OF MATERIALS
APPENDIX B
FABRICATION OF PERMEABLE BRICKS

SPECIMENS FOR COMPRESSIVE TESTING

DETERMINATION OF DENSITY, POROSITY, WATER ABSORPTION AND
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
APPENDIX C
SPECIMENS AFTER TESTING

APPENDIX D
FAILURE LOADS OF PERVIOUS CONCRETE SPECIMEN FOR COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
50% OF PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER AND 50% OF COCO DIETHANOLAMIDE
ADDITIVE
APPENDIX E
ADDITIVE
APPENDIX F
ADDITIVE
APPENDIX G
COMPUTATION
TABULATION OF DENSITY
RATIO kg AVERAGE DENSITY (

DENSITY ( ) kg
m3 )
m3
A B C
1 1806.006 1838.894 1841.277 1828.726
2 1813.155 1793.613 1837.941 1814.903
3 1841.277 1833.651 1837.941 1837.628
MASS
DENSITY =
VOLUME
SPECIMEN A +SPECIMEN B+ SPECIMEN C

AVERAGE DENSITY =
3
RATIO WATER ABSORPTION (%) AVERAGE

WATER
ABSORPTION (%)
A B C
1 8.392 7.802 7.455 7.883
2 10.016 7.361 7.858 8.412
3 8.103 8.578 9.155 8.612
TABULATION OF WATER ABSORPTION
Mw−Md
WATER ABSORPTION = x 100 %
Md

AVERAGE WATER ABSORPTION =
3
TABULATION OF POROSITY
RATIO VOID CONTENT (%) AVERAGE VOID

CONTENT (%)
A B C
1 14.918 9.675 9.055 11.216
2 12.916 15.013 9.770 12.566
3 9.866 9.484 10.056 9.802
( Md −Mw )
POROSITY = 1− x 100 %
ρwater ( Volume )

AVERAGE POROSITY =
3
TABULATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
RATIO COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (psi) AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH (psi)
A B C
1 1043.463 1267.85 1933.985 1491.628
2 0* 2039.364 2435.519 2237.442
3 2022.223 1783.926 2489.122 2098.424
*erroneous result (not included in the computation)
FAILURE LOAD
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH =
GROSS AREA
AVERAGE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH =

3
CURRICULUM VITAE
KENT VERGEL C. ALVAREZ
Pluto St., Sanchez Subdivision,
Barangay Poblacion,Polomolok, South Cotabato
Contact #: 09206472840
E-mail Address: kentvergelalvarez@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Gender : Male
Age : 20
Date of Birth : May 12, 1997
Place of Birth : Polomolok, South Cotabato
Civil Status : Single
Citizenship : Filipino
Height : 5’9”
Weight : 147 lbs
Religion : Roman Catholic
Languages : Cebuano, Tagalog & English
Mother’s Name : Daisy C. Alvarez
Father’s Name : Danny C. Alvarez

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT:
Tertiary Education Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

Marist Avenue, General Santos City
School Year 2014 – Present
Secondary Education Poblacion Polomolok National High School

Poblacion Polomolok South Cotabato
School Year 2010 - 2014
Primary Education Polomolok Central Elementary School

Poblacion Polomolok South Cotabato
School Year 2004 – 2010
TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED:
3D Structural and Analysis Software (STAAD Pro)

General Santos City
February 2019
CONSTRUCTION OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH

SEMINAR
General Santos City
August 2018
ON-THE-JOB TRAINEE
Dole Philippines Inc.
General Santos City
May 2018
NDDU CET PRE-IMMERSION SEMINAR
General Santos City
March 2018
PICE-GENSAN STUDENT CHAPTER CONVENTION

General Santos City
October 2017
CURRICULUM VITAE
JESSY LOVE S. DABUCOL
6TH Road Sta. Cruz, Cannery Site, Polomolok
South Cotabato, Philippines, 9504
Mobile No.: 09301427940
Email: Jldabucol@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Birthdate : February 18, 1995
Place of Birth : Polomolok, South Cotabato
Age : 23 years old
Height : 5’6”
Religion : Seventh Day Adventist
Dialects/Language Spoken : Visayan, Tagalog, English
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Marist Street, General Santos City
2013-Present
Secondary Education Matutum View Academy

Acmonan, Tupi South Cotabato
2009-2011
BEST School
Valencia Site, Pol. So. Cot.
2007-2009
Primary Education Dolefil SDA Elementary School

Valencia Site, Polomolok South Cotabato
2001-2007
SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED
3D Structural and Analysis Software (STAAD Pro)

General Santos City
February 2019
ON-THE-JOB TRAINEE
Hanna Via Construction, Inc.
General Santos City
May 2018

General Santos City
March 2018

General Santos City
October 2017
CURRICULUM VITAE
MA. ANTONETTE D. DEL SOL
Purok 13-B, Suiza Brgy. Fatima
General Santos City, South Cotabato 9500
Contact number: 09772122704
Email address: antonette.delsol97@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Gender : Female
Age : 21
Date of Birth : July 23, 1997
Place of Birth : General Santos City, South Cotabato
Height : 5’2”
Weight : 123 lbs
Languages : Cebuano, Tagalog, Bicolano & English
Mother’s Name : Marilou D. Del Sol
Father’s Name : Anthony C. Del Sol


School Year: June 2014 – Present
Secondary Education Passionist Sister’s School

Upper Cahilsot, Calumpang, General Santos City
School Year: June 2010 – March 2014
Batch 2014 Class Salutatorian
Primary Education Passionist Sister’s School

Upper Cahilsot, Calumpang, General Santos City
Batch 2010 Class Valedictorian
Notre Dame of Calumpang Inc.

Calumpang, General Santos City
TRAININGS/SEMINAR ATTENDED
3D STRUCTURAL AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (STAAD PRO)

General Santos City
February 2019
DOLE CAREER SUMMIT 2019

Dole Philippines Inc.
South Cotabato
January 2019
YOUNG CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONALS LEADERSHIP

SUMMIT 2018
Makati Development Corporation
Taguig City
December 2018
ON-THE-JOB TRAINEE
Department of Public Works and Highways
General Santos City
May 2018

SEMINAR
General Santos City
August 2018
SANDUGO 2018
General Santos City
August 2018

General Santos City
March 2018
JPICE REGIONAL SUMMIT 2018

KCC Mall Convention
General Santos City
January 2018

General Santos City
September 2017
JPICE REGIONAL SUMMIT 2017

Tupi Gymnasium
Tupi, South Cotabato
January 2017

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
General Santos City
November 2016
CURRICULUM VITAE
MARIA THERESE C. ENAD
#301 Devega Subdivision
Purok 1,Buayan, General Santos City
Contact number: 09505927331
Email address: ms.mariadane@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of birth : May 18, 1996
Place of birth : General Santos City
Age : 21 years old
Height : 5’3’’
Weight : 130 lbs
Gender : Female
Mother : Mrs. Virginia C. Enad
Father : Mr. Reynaldo Enad

Tertiary Education BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY
School Year 2013 - Present
Secondary Education NOTRE DAME – SIENA COLLEGE OF GENERAL

SANTOS CITY
NLSA Road Extension, Purok Masagana, GSC
School Year 2009– 2013
Primary Education NOTRE DAME OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY

Beatiles Street, General Santos City
School Year 2003 – 2009
SEMINARS/TRAINING ATTENDED
3D STRUCTURAL AND ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (STAAD PRO)

TRAINING
General Santos City
February 2019

SEMINAR
General Santos City
August 2018

General Santos City
March 2018

General Santos City
September 2017

Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Colleges
General Santos City
November 2016

Mindanao State University
General Santos City
November 2015
PICE STUDENT CHAPTER REGIONAL CONVENTION

KCC Mall Convention Center
General Santos City
January 2015

PERMEABLE BRICKS Final

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PERMEABLE BRICKS Final

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PINEAPPLE LEAF FIBER AND COCO DIETHANOLAMIDE

In Partial Ful fillment

KENT VERGEL C. ALVAREZ

Pervious concrete is a combination of coarse aggregates, cement, water and

of impervious areas that were originally permeable.

diethanolamide. Furthermore, a series of tests were conducted such as density, water

applications that helps in reducing runoff caused by urbanization.

always believed in us that we can make it.

monitoring our performance in the entire duration of our subject.

side whenever we need help. Good luck to us in our future endeavors.

for giving us all the blessings in life.

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

CHAPTER II CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW OF

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER IV PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

CHAPTER V SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND

CURRICULUM VITAE ……………………………………………………………53

1 Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………...10

2 Research Design ……………………………………………………………..25

3 Universal Testing Machine ………………………………………………….27

4 Customized molder ………………………………………………………….28

5 Coco Diethanolamide ………………………………………………………..28

6 Pineapple Leaf Fiber ………………………………………………………...29

7 Specimen samples …………………………………………………………...36

1 Specifications of Coco Diethanolamide ……………………….……………….17

2 Mixture Proportions ……………………………………………………………31

3 Number of Specimens ………………………………………………………….31

4 Density and Water Absorption Requirements …………………………………32

5 Density of Specimens ………………………………………………………….33

6 Water Absorption of Specimens …………………………………………….....33

7 Porosity of Specimens ………………………………………………………....34

8 Compressive Strength of Specimens …………………………………………..35

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

transportation of contaminants being deposited on impervious surfaces to receiving water

quantity and quality is affected (Kováˇc & Siˇcáková, 2018).

The assessment of the impact of urbanization on different aspects of broadly

defined environmental engineering is an important problem. Such an assessment may

forecasting of future threats and needs. It is particularly useful as a decision-supporting

potential sensitivity of outflow to alternative ways of rainfall water collection and

management, such as porous pavements in parking lots, communication routes, retention

ponds, infiltration basin, etc. (Borys Olechnowicz & Katarzyna Weinerowska-Bords,

Pervious concrete is a combination of coarse aggregates, cement, water and

conventional concrete because it contains no fines in the initial mixture, recognizing

concrete characteristics differ from conventional concrete in several other ways.

Compared to conventional concrete, pervious concrete has a lower compressive strength,

higher permeability, and a lower unit weight, approximately 70% of conventional

concrete (Chopra, Wanielista & Mulligan, 2007).

According to Orozco, the use of pervious concrete is limited in the Philippines.

There is an environmental non-government organization (NGO) in Davao named

Interface Development Interventions (IDIS), continues to push for an ordinance requiring

sustainable initiatives. Lemuel Manalo, environmental research specialist of IDIS, said

which causes precipitation to directly pass through it. The use of pervious concrete has

been recognized by Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a rating

environmental performance of a building, as it has been found to mitigate runoff in urban

areas. As given by a lot of reviews in journals, this type of concrete is considered an

construction. According to Obla (2007), it is recognized by the Environmental Protection

retention ponds and similar structures according to Tennis (Orozco, 2016).

Since pervious concrete provides a low compressive strength than that of

Diethanolamide (CDEA) as an additive to concrete. This will yield a favorable dosage

a desirable improved size distribution after hardening, while yielding increased

Statement of the Problem

1. determine the physical and mechanical properties of pervious concrete with