S

UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

College of Business Administration
Manila

PERSPECTIVE OF CONTACT TRACERS ON DATA

WAREHOUSING IN CONTAINING THE PANDEMIC
IN METRO MANILA

A STUDY SUBMITTED TO THE

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION
AS A FINAL REQUIREMENT IN THESIS WRITING

DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE, ECONOMICS AND

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

by

Mark C. Borbe
Eric R. De Jesus
Nicole G. Espinar
Armand S. Narvaja
Daniel C. Rañola
Michel Yu

RECTO AVENUE, MANILA

May 2022

i
 UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST
College of Business Administration
Manila

APPROVAL SHEET

This research study has been examined and recommended for

acceptance and approval by:

Prof. Marlyn Buendia

Research Adviser
______________________________________________________________________________

Approved by the panel on oral defense:

Mr. John David Encluna Prof. Ofelia R. Nilo Dr. Rebecca V. Pineda
Chair Member Member
_____________________________________________________________________________

Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirement in Thesis

Writing under the Department of Finance, Economics, and Business
Mathematics of the College of Business Administration.

Prof. Carloyn DG. Castillo

Chair-FECOMATH Department

Dean Veronica N. Elizalde

ii
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY AND EDITING

PERSPECTIVE OF CONTACT TRACERS ON DATA WAREHOUSING

IN CONTAINING THE PANDEMIC
IN METRO MANILA

This is to certify that the above manuscript is free from any plagiarism
articles. Every article is an outcome of independent and authentic work; hence,
duly acknowledge all from which ideas and extracts have been taken in
pursuant to the law of anti-plagiarism.

This is also to certify that the same manuscript has been edited and
proofread by an expert editor for grammar, spelling, punctuation, overall style,
and logical flow. The edits were carried out using manual checking and
“Grammarly Premium” a paid feature in MS Word. It assures that the authors’
intended meaning was not altered during the review.

Certified by:

Name and Signature

iii
 Date

iii
 Acknowledgement

The researchers would like to dedicate this research and everything they
do to Almighty God for constantly giving them strength, wisdom, guidance, and
blessings. Indeed, into Him, all things are possible. The researchers would also
like to give their warmest appreciation to the following people who gave their
significant help in the realization of this thesis:
To the researchers’ family for their continued support and
encouragement to finish our journey in researching and achieving our goals.
To research adviser, Professor Marilyn Buendia, for her critiques that
challenge us to improve and strive for excellence, support, and inspirational
encouragement that enlightened us to create an excellent work not just for
ourselves but also for other people's betterment.
To thesis coordinator, Professor Cynthia Abella, for her constant
guidance and wisdom. Lastly, to our Beloved UE CBA Dean, Ms. Veronica
Elizalde, for her unwavering support for all the projects and activities of the
College of Business Administration.
To all of you, thank you very much.

M.C.B
E.R.D
N.G.E
A.G.S.N
D.C.R
M.Y

iv
 Abstract
Epidemics are becoming more frequent. Cities throughout the
world have prioritized infrastructure innovation to protect their
physical systems from natural disasters like earthquakes,
tsunamis, and hurricanes. However, pandemics have shown
that these technologies are insufficient for assuring
connectedness and access to our society in the event of
biological disasters. Technology and data warehousing are
two of the top aids in slowing down the COVID-19 cases, but
the Philippines lacks both. The researchers determined the
characteristics of data warehousing that help contain the
pandemic, the significant relationship between using data
warehousing and containing the pandemic, the effect that
data warehousing has on helping Metro Manila contain the
pandemic, and the benefit to contact tracers of using data
warehousing. This study is a descriptive-correlational
research design type. An Exponential Snowball Sampling
Technique was used to determine the respondents. The
surveys are collected through Google forms and sent digitally
to contact tracers who are utilizing data warehousing.

IV
According to the 367 responses, the data
warehouse is consistent within the period;
data collected in contact

Keywords: Contact Tracers, Data

Warehousing, COVID-19

vi
 Table of Contents

Title Page………………………………………………………….. i
Approval Page……………………………………………………. ii
Certificate of Originality and Editing……………………….. iii
Acknowledgements …………………………………………….. iv
Abstract …………………………………………………………… v
Table of Contents……………………………………………….. vii
List of Tables …………………………………….................... ix
List of Figures ………………………….……………………….. xi

Chapter 1: Introduction
Introduction………………………………………………………. 1
Background of the Study……………………………………… 2
Theoretical Framework……………….……………………….. 3
Conceptual Framework………………………………………… 6
Statement of the Problem……………………………………… 8
Hypothesis……….……………………………………………….. 8
Significance of the Study ……………………………………... 9
Scope and Delimitation ………………………….……………. 10
Operational Definition of Terms ……………….……………. 11

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature

Related Literature and Studies ……..………………………. 14

vii
Chapter 3 : Methodology with Ethical Consideration
Research Design ………………………….………………….…. 28
Data Collection ……………………………………….………… 28
Ethical Considerations ……………….……………………….. 29
Respondents of the Study ……….…………………………… 30
Sampling Design ……………………………………………….. 33
Research Instrument ……….…………………………………. 34
Data Gathering Procedure ………………………………....... 34
Statistical Treatment…………………………………………... 36

CHAPTER 4: Presentation, Analysis, and

Interpretation of Data

Results and Discussions….…………….………………….…. 39

Data Collection.……………………………………….………… 39
Ethical Considerations.……………….……………………….. 40

CHAPTER 5: Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and

Recommendations
Summary of Findings…………..……….………………….…. 54
Conclusions ……………………………………….…………….. 57
Recommendations…....………………. 58
………………………..

Appendix
Bibliography……………………………………………………… 60
Survey Questionnaire ………………………….…………….. 68
Frequency of the Respondents Tabulated…..…………….. 75
Profile of Proponents……………………………………………. 88

vii
List of Tables

Page

ix
Table 1: Respondent Location Frequency …. 32
……………..
Table 2: Pearson R Correlation Coefficients 37
Interpretation Scale……………………………………………..
Table
Table 10: Perspective
3: 4-point of Contact
Likert Tracers…….……………..
Scales and the Corresponding 75
39
Table
Verbal11: Characteristics of Data Warehousing…………..
Interpretation 76
Table 11.1: Time-Variant……………………………………….
………………………………………….. 76
Table
Table 11.2: Subject-Oriented………….………………………
4: Weighted Mean Distribution of the 77
39
Table 11.3: Non-Volatile….……………………….……………
Characteristics of Data Warehousing 78
Table 11.4: Integrated …………………..
……………………… 79
………………………
Table 4.1: Weighted Mean Distribution of Time-Variant. 39
Table 12:
4.2:Effects
Weightedof Contact Tracing that
Mean Distribution ofHelps Contain
Subject- 41
COVID-19………………………………………………………..…
Oriented…………………………………………………………… 81
Table 13:
4.3:Benefits
Weighted ofMean
Data Warehousing
Distribution oftoNon-Volatile…
Contact 42
Tracers ……………………………………………………………..
Table 4.4: Weighted Mean Distribution of Integrated…… 82
43
Table 14: RelationshipofofUsing
5: Relationship UsingData
DataWarehousing
Warehousingand
and
the Pandemic Containment…………………………………….
Containment…………………………………… 83
44
Table 14.1: UseofofData
5.1: Use DataWarehousing………………………..
Warehousing………………………. 84
44
Table 14.2: DataWarehousing
5.2: Data WarehousingininContaining
Containingthe
the
Pandemic………………………………………………………….
Pandemic………………………………………………………….. 85
45
.

Table 6: Significant Relationship Between the

Respondents’ Use of Data Warehousing and Data
Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic 46
…………………

47
Table 7: Weighted Mean Distribution of the Perspective
of Contact Tracers………………………………………………..

Table 8: Weighted Mean Distribution of Benefits of Data

49
Warehousing to Contact Tracers……………………………..

Table 9: Weighted Mean Distribution of Effects of

Contact tracing that helps contain
ix 51
COVID19………………………………………………………....
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The Theoretical Framework of the Study ……… 3

Figure 2: COVID-WAREHOUSE-Pipeline Model …………. 5
Figure 3: Conceptual Framework for the Perspective of
the Contact Tracers on the Impact of Data Warehousing
in Containing the Pandemic………………………………….. 6
Figure 4: Data Warehouse Architecture …………………… 15

xi
 Chapter 1

The Problem and Its Background

This chapter presents the introduction and the background of the study,
including to whom and what it is significant, the statement of the problem, the
conceptual and theoretical framework, and the definitions of terms that provide
the foundation of the study.

Introduction

The COVID-19 Pandemic has resulted in a significant loss of jobs,

education, and most importantly, it took countless lives, which continue to pile
up until this day. The pandemic also brought challenges to public health, food
systems, and immediate transmission in the workplace. There is no
development of a proper strategy to contain or slow down this pandemic; it can
affect people every second. According to the Department of Health, Republic of
the Philippines as of March 2022, fifty-nine thousand eight hundred ninety-one
(59,891) COVID19 died here in the country. If they cannot find any solution to
this problem, there would be more lives to be taken.

The recent pandemic showed how these technologies are insufficient for
ensuring connectedness and access to our society in the event of biological
calamities. In order to stop the pandemic, countries have to adapt to changes
and act quickly; According to Caraballo, M. U. (2021), Philippines has been one
of the worst countries to live in during this pandemic because of the lack of
urgency to soften the impact of this pandemic. One of the most convenient and

1
effective ways to stop this infection is tracing the primary and secondary
contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases.

Due to the urgent need to expand COVID-19 infection tracing to

developing countries, there is an eagerness to implement smartphones and
other devices to help stop the spread of the virus. Data Warehousing is the
secure electronic storage of information by a business. Data Warehousing aims
to store historical data that can be assessed and analyzed to provide better
insight. Due to the significant rise of the COVID-19 cases, it must depend on
the data warehousing. Everyone has been reliant on the digital platform since
the start of the COVID-19, which has given nations more opportunities to show
their collective efforts. Whereas medical institutions may use it as a window to
stop the transmission by creating a system that encodes the person who
entered and exited a facility and makes it easy to track down who came into
contact with a person who tested positive.

Background of the Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a cycle in the Philippines. The cases
drop, which loses the restrictions, and then the cases rise because of how
undisciplined Filipinos have been in this crisis; the country cannot stay forever
in this loop while other countries have taken another step into going back to
the way it was. The Philippines has to adapt to changes and try things that
work in other nations, such as improving the technology or adapting to data
warehousing that the country lacks.

According to Giordano (2020), the ability to act on data-based insights in

real-time has never been more critical than it is now. Their study also shows
that almost 59% have boosted their transformation to the digital platform. It

2
also stated that this ongoing change is not for a short period because
companies can fully adapt to the data-driven business environment. With the
rapid increase of cases that no one can handle, developing or adapting to well-
known systems is the key to slowing down this spread of the virus.

Technology and data warehousing are one of the two top aids in slowing
down the COVID-19 cases, but unfortunately the Philippines lack these two
main systems. The basic goal of data warehousing is to better evaluate and
process what is being stored to provide what we call historical data. The lack of
technology has been a problem in the medical field for a long time, but this is
the perfect timing for the Government of the Philippines to go all-in into digital
technology because it can be the answer to overcome the current pandemic.

Theoretical Framework

The research study is based on these models that are relevant to the
topic namely: Primary Data Collection Model, Inmon Theory, Contact Tracing
Model, and COVID Warehouse Pipeline Model

Figure 1: The Theoretical Framework of the Study

3
 The primary data collection model gathers raw data from the sources in
the data collection. Collected quantitative data from paper contact tracing
forms and digitized surveys through QR codes, epidemiological surveillance
applications, and digital contact tracing forms are processed. The next step is
the initial coding, wherein the raw data is digitized and categorized according
to whether they are positive or negative for COVID-19.

The data is compiled into a data warehouse wherein the Inmon model is
used for the data warehouse design. Bill Inmon (2005) "Building Data
Warehouse" stated that a data warehouse is "a subject-oriented, integrated,
time-variant and non-volatile collection of data in support of management's
decision-making process." The data collected through the epidemiological
surveillance forms and applications go through the Online transaction
processing data (OLTP) data sources which enables real-time processing of
large amounts of database transactions by large amounts of people and then
stored in a data warehouse. It is segmented through data marts according to
its category allowing access to information in the data warehouse, which would
be timesaving than browsing through the entire data warehouse. This stored
data is viewable in an Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) Cube. This data
structure allows users to quickly analyze data according to the multiple
categories of OLTP in data marts. After the data analysis, queries and problems
are presented in the reporting layer.

The data gathered is utilized and demonstrates the effect of the data
warehouse to contact tracing models in containing the pandemic. Given the
nature of COVID-19, which is highly contagious in both asymptomatic and
symptomatic persons, manual contact tracing is impractical in the application-
focused framework. If enough people utilize a contact-tracing program that
builds a recollection of close contacts and instantly notifies positive cases
around the area, which can mitigate the epidemic, especially when combined

4
with other measures like physical distance
In the Contact Tracing Model by Keeling et al. (2020), a cartoon depicts
an infectious index case's daily encounter with contacts positioned according to
their total contact time. A contact is defined as someone with whom the index
case interacted for fifteen (15) minutes or more. Some contacts can be
recognized (green), while others are going to be unidentifiable (orange). An
excessively tight and unsuitable definition of contact means that some
encounters may fail to match the criterion while still being at risk of infection;
these excluded contacts may be identifiable (light gray) or unidentifiable
(orange). The heterogeneity of social contacts is used to determine
transmission. The stochastic rate is dependent on accurate data, which is
frequently limited. Big data helps to assure the availability of the necessary
information for determining the rate of transmission on a big scale. However,
data architecture is vital to achieving data merging, sharing, and analysis
within the context of big data.

Figure 2: COVID-WAREHOUSE-Pipeline Model

The Data Collection allows you to save the collected raw data locally.
Data cleaning provides:

● ETL (Extract, Transform, and Load) methods based on Regular

Expressions for cleaning,
● replacing, and deleting special characters that may cause

5
complications in raw data.

6
 Data Merging is for all of the critical properties in the same format
and encoding. The cleaned data is the foundation for the reconciled
table, allowing for a more efficient representation of multidimensional
ideas. Data aggregation produces a more simplified form of data
warehousing and data mart obtained from the reconciled table to
conclude a wide range of information or multidimensional cubes. Data
analysis and visualization allow the statistical analysis of the interpreted
data from the presented cubes in the pipeline model to present a
summarized outcome.

The stated theoretical models help the researchers identify the

areas needed to be considered in measuring the impact of data
warehousing in containing the pandemic.

Conceptual Framework

Figure 3: Conceptual Framework for the Perspective of the Contact Tracers

on the Impact of Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

The conceptual paradigm shows the flow of the study. The figure above

7
shows the relationship between the variables.

It comprises two key variables: the impact of data warehousing on

pandemic containment as the independent variable and the perspective of
contact tracers as the dependent variable. The moderator is the data
warehousing characteristics, while the mediator variables are the transmission
rate and the number of cases.

In Figure 3, the Impact of Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

refers to the effect of using data warehousing, which includes mitigating the
effects of the virus on the infected person and tracing the contact of those
individuals who have close contact with them, who can then be quarantined,
isolated, or tested for the virus. The impact also includes the prediction of
prospective contacts who are infected with the virus, the identification of close
contacts, and the identification of potentially infected people.

As the independent variable, the impact of data warehousing on

containing the pandemic influences the mediator variables—the rate of
transmission and the number of cases—and vice versa. The influence of data
warehousing as a tool for pandemic containment impacts the rate of
transmission, which might be slow or quick—the rate of transmission
influences the number of cases infected with the virus. Likewise, the number of
COVID-19 cases determines the
rate of transmission.

The mediating variables, the rate of transmission and the number of

cases, influence the perspective of contact tracers in containing the pandemic,
as does the impact of data warehousing. It decides whether the contact tracers'
perspective is positive or negative.

8
 The characteristics of data warehousing as a moderating variable
influence the impact of data warehousing on pandemic containment, which in
turn influences the perspective of contact tracers.

Statement of the Problem

For countries to utilize digital tools and create systems efficiently, they
have been building data warehouses and utilizing data warehousing processes.
With the recent pandemic, tracking and containing the contagious nature of
the virus has become difficult. Through contact tracing, epidemiological
investigation and active monitoring should utilize data warehouses, as it aims
to develop a system. In contrast, contact tracing and medical data are digitized
to be more accessible to its workers. The study seeks to answer the following
research questions:

1. How are the characteristics of the data warehousing helps contain the
pandemic?

2. What significant relationship exists between using data warehousing and

containing the pandemic based on the perspective of contact tracers?

3. How does the effect of data warehousing help Metro Manila in containing
the pandemic?

4. How does the use of data warehousing benefit contact tracers?

Hypothesis

9
 H0: There is no significant relationship between using data warehousing
and containing the pandemic
Ha: There is a significant relationship between using data warehousing
and containing the pandemic

Significance of the Study

The study aims to fill in the gaps and establish a more in-depth study on
the importance of having data warehousing to contain viruses. As a result, this
study is expected to be beneficial to the following:

Institutional Authorities - This study may reference government

policymakers and decision-makers who can create and formulate data
warehousing that can be implemented in the Philippine industries,
especially in the medical industry.

Local Government Unit (LGU) - This study can help the local
government understand the effectiveness of data warehousing in
facilitating a census of the demographics of the virus and for future
innovation. There would be an improvement in how healthcare facilities
within local government units share information.

Contact Tracers - This study can help the employees in providing a

better understanding and how meticulous the contact tracers jobs.

Digital Industry - This study increases the digital industry's

understanding of the effectiveness and impact of data warehousing in
controlling the spread of viruses.

10
 Medical Industry - This study provides society insights for them to
understand better how building and implementing data warehousing can
help for contact tracing and other medical-related processes.

Students - This study helps improve and inform the student's knowledge
on the importance of adopting data warehousing and systems in our
society to utilize modern techniques in tracking and controlling crises
like the COVID-19.

Future Researchers - This study will be useful as a reference for future

researchers collecting data on the same topic. Future researchers will
have a better grasp of the problems they are dealing with. This research
might potentially lead to additional studies regarding the importance of
data warehousing in containing pandemics.

Scope and Delimitation

This study aims to determine the impact of data warehousing in

containing the pandemic, how data warehousing impacts the works of contact
tracers, and the effects of digitizing medical data in containing the pandemic.
The study respondents are Contact Tracers, either local government employees
or medical workers located in Metro Manila that have worked from March 2020
to the Present-day. It did not include jobs such as other front liners. The
research is limited to three hundred sixty-seven (367) respondents.

This study would not extend to political topics such as policies made
during the pandemic, political actions, and issues. Each respondent has the
same questionnaires to answer. The result applies only to the respondents, and
the results cannot be used to measure the effects on a global scale. The study

11
results would not produce either a data warehouse prototype or a data
warehousing tool. The study would recommend existing data warehouse tools
used by different institutions.

12
Operational Definition of Terms

Big Data
● It is a field concerned with methods for analyzing, methodically
extracting information from, or generally dealing with data sets
that are too massive or complicated for typical data-processing
application software to handle.

Contact Tracer
● A person who identifies exposure, evaluates symptoms, refers them
for testing according to established protocols, and instructs them
on isolation or quarantine. They are typically front-line
occupations (medical workers who attend to COVID patients,
government volunteers/staff who treat COVID tracking and encode
data to the data warehouse and building administrators who
collect data from anybody who enters their institution).

Contact Tracing
● The process of identifying persons who may have contact with an
infected person and subsequent collection of further information
about these contacts.
COVID-19
● Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in
mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory
tract infections ranging from mild to lethal.
Data Mining
● A process of discovering patterns and or trends from generated
large sets of data into new sets of information

13
Data Warehousing
● The process of compiling information from various sources into a
single database that may be utilized to make decisions.
Data Mart
● It is a structure/access pattern used to get client-facing data in
data warehouse systems. A data mart is a subset of a data
warehouse typically focused on a single business line or team.
ETL (Extract, transform, Load)
● The method data engineers use to extract data from many sources,
transform the data into a usable and trustworthy resource, and
load that data into systems that end-users can access and utilize
downstream to address business problems is called ETL.
OLAP (Online Analytical Processing)
● OLAP (online analytical processing) is a computational approach
that allows users to extract and query data quickly and selectively
to examine it from many perspectives. Trend analysis, financial
reporting, sales forecasting, budgeting, and other planning tasks
are frequently aided by OLAP business intelligence queries.
OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)
● Online Transaction Processing is a type of data processing that
involves performing multiple operations simultaneously, such as
online banking, shopping, order input, or sending text messages.
Traditionally, these transactions have been referred to as economic
or financial transactions. They are documented and safeguarded so
that an organization can access the information at any time for
accounting or reporting purposes.
Epidemiological Surveillance Application

14
 ● as the "ongoing systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation
of health data necessary for the planning, implementation, and
assessment of public health practice"

Time-Variant
● It is a system whose output response is dependent on both the
time of observation and the time of application of the input signal.
To put it another way, a time delay or time advance of input affects
the output signal's timing and other characteristics and behavior.
Subject-Oriented
● A data warehouse is always subject-oriented because it distributes
information on a theme rather than the organization's actual
operations. It is possible to do so with a specific theme. That is to
say, the data warehousing procedure is intended to deal with a
more defined theme. These themes could include sales,
distribution, and marketing, for example.
Integrated
● It is similar to subject orientation, but created in a more
dependable format. Integration entails the creation of a single
entity to scale all related data from several databases. The data
must be stored in several data warehouses in a shared and widely
accessible manner.
Non-volatile
● The data in a data warehouse is permanent, as the name implies.
It also means that it is not erased or removed when new data is
stored. It incorporates a massive amount of data placed into logical
business alternations between the designated quantities. It
assesses the analysis in the context of warehousing technologies.

15
16
 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter presents the related literature and studies that discuss and
support the thesis of the paper as well as the underlying theories which form
the foundation of the study

Data Warehouse
A data warehouse is a type of data management system that is
structured to overview and support the daily operational activities of
entities in terms of analytics (Frankenfield, 2021). Its main objective is to
perform queries and analyses based on historical data. It is incorporated
and consolidated with large amounts of data from different sources for
the analytics department and organizations to better decision-making.
According to the Oracle India (2016), the comparison of data
consolidated from multiple sources can provide insight into the
performance of the objective information of the institution.

In the Netherlands, the European Society of Intensive Care

Medicine and the Society of Critical Care Medicine created a joint data-
sharing infrastructure, leading to a capability. To share high-frequency
data and clinical information to generate and gain insights into the
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients during a pandemic. Advanced
Statistics and Machine Learning can establish the best individual patient
management based on the information presented. (Elbers, 2021).

17
 Data Warehouse functions as a collection of data and organizes
various communities that endure the features to recover the data
functions. To describe the data warehousing strategies and essential
functions involved, it has stored data about the tables that have high
transaction volumes which are noticed as follows: Data consolidation,
Data Cleaning, and Data Integration Data (Sharma M. 2018).

A modern data warehouse provides a way to address all different

data types, workloads, and analyses (Oracle India, 2016). It can
efficiently streamline data workflows wherein personnel can perform
their practices and objectives more efficiently. Its goal is to eliminate
manual tasks and simplify setup, deployment, and data management by
relying on artificial intelligence and machine learning which removes
complexity, speeds deployment, and frees up resources that
organizations can focus on activities they aim to maximize. According to
the study by Brian Martin and Karen Davis(March 2021), physical data
warehouses complement data warehouses in which it transforms and
integrates data in a much more efficient manner.

Figure 4: Data Warehouse Architecture

The Healthcare data warehouse includes the following elements:

data source layer, staging area, data storage layer, and analytics and
Business Intelligence. The data source is the layer where healthcare data

18
is gathered from internal and external sources. The staging area is the
next step where it acts as temporary storage wherein the data gathered
are being processed, called Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL). The data
storage layer is now the storage wherein it is centralized, which includes
different marts objectively tackling specific departments (radiology,
intensive care, and other processes.) Ultimately analytics and Business
Intelligence is the part where the data gathered is used for analytics,
data mining, and data reporting.

The Data warehouse has critical features in terms of the

healthcare department. The key features of healthcare data warehousing
are data integration, data storage, data performance and reliability, and
security and compliance. With proper arrangement of the medical data
warehouse, the healthcare organizations are able to upload any type and
amount of healthcare-related data instantly. There would be encryptions
upon storing, and the manner of processing the data would need
multiple authentications for security and protection measures.

A Healthcare data warehouse has benefits in clinical use. With its

help, analyzing tons of healthcare data can be more efficient and
effective. With the essence of a healthcare data warehouse, any
healthcare specialist can look at the same data and information and
create collaborative solutions based on the expertise of each patient or
society as a whole. It could garner integration among specialists to
achieve solutions and better research using collaborated data.

19
Data Warehouse to COVID-19
The research of Hashim, H., Atlam, E (et al. 2021) came up with an
integration of a data warehouse with a deep learning approach
introduced to predict the spread of the COVID-19 in specific areas
locations. The framework can analyze a COVID19 time-series dataset
using machine learning models to estimate future trends based on
current values.

Agapito G., Zucco C., and Cannataro M. (2020) of COVID-

WAREHOUSE research created a program that models, integrates, and
stores COVID-19 data. The proposed tool can be used in the essence of
public health to underline how the pandemic is spreading to time and
geographical location. The program, COVID-WAREHOUSE, has five
functions.

The first level is the data source level. It oversees automatically

gathering information from various data sites. The second level is
integration, wherein data that has been imputed is cleaned to remove
inconsistencies and duplicated data fill up any gaps in the data. At the
warehouse level, it stores the data and summarizes it, where it acts as a
storage for all gathered data. The data would undergo analysis and
interpretation as it is stored at the warehouse level. After being analyzed,
it would go through data visualization at the final level of the program. It
would help the researcher see all the data in a graphical format to help
the researcher emphasize the researched data.

20
Contact Tracers and Contact Tracing
Contact tracing is an approach where anyone with close contact
with the person who is infected by an illness can be identified. This
process is done manually via paper or by talking to the person who got
infected and making them recall whom they got contact with, which
slows down the process of containing the virus (Gorbuz, 2021).

According to Amann J, Sleigh J, Vayena E. (2021), digital contact

tracing's usefulness as a containment measure has currently been
tested. It expands by utilizing mobile technologies such as GPS,
Bluetooth, QR codes, and other digital collecting devices or applications.
To digitally track and inform the users about potentially COVID-19
positive individuals. This automated and digital approach offers a cost-
effective approach that the government can take instead of the traditional
contact tracing.

Joel Hellewell, Sam Abbott, Amy Gimma, et al. developed a

stochastic model for quantifying the effectiveness of contact tracing in
controlling the spread of the 2019 nCoV(COVID-19). The outbreak can be
controlled for 12 weeks after the first transmission of the contact tracing
is conducted. The model of Jowell Howell measured the success rate of
contact tracing and isolation at an almost 50 % chance of controlling the
spread of the virus. This study does not claim any accuracy as it
assumes that after being identified by contact tracing, the patients
undergo complete isolation.

Medical Practitioners have been screaming for help since the

pandemic started. It spread so quickly that hospitals could not
accommodate all the COVID-19 patients. Contact Tracing has been one
of the main reasons the cases slowed down during the past year. It can

21
help medical professionals quickly locate and isolate infected persons
and high-risk individuals, preventing further spread and a large-scale
outbreak of infectious disease (Chen H, Yang B, Pei H, et al.,2019).
Governments, Academics, and industries have given extensive attention
to exploring and improving contact tracing to slow down, prevent or
control infectious diseases.

With the consistent decline of cases in the United Kingdom, it is

widely known that Contact Tracing has been one of the top solutions
worldwide, and we can expect that it can continue to help trim down
cases with this method. According to Davis E, Lucas T, Borlase A and et
al. (2020), though Contact Tracing has slowed down cases, we can still
improve by simply adding diagnostic testing and refining parameter
estimates. Due to false-negative results affecting quarantine, low test
sensitivity can reduce the efficiency of contact tracing.

Another effective way to minimize COVID-19 transmission is

through digital contact tracing platforms. It is a promising digital public
health intervention as it eliminates the traditional manual contact
tracing process and simultaneously identifies, and isolates affected
people. It is a complementary tool to support containment and mitigation
efforts, reducing the time to quarantine exposed individuals.

The findings of Marcel S. et al. (2021) demonstrated proof-of-

principle that digital contact tracing reaches exposed individuals who
turn out to be positive for COVID-19. It suggests that digital contact
tracing is a beneficial contributor to controlling the spread of COVID-19.
However, digital contact tracing faces data privacy and confidentiality
concerns. Users are reluctant to share their specific locations and
contact details to protect their personal information, affecting the full

22
potential and extensive adaptation of digital contact tracing. User trust
and reliability determine any digital contact tracing app's success, which
impacts performance and user adoption. Trust must be seen between the
citizens and the Government. Users' information is being broadcasted at
all times; thus, the users become anxious and suspicious about being
surveilled by the Government. Therefore, the information given by users
must be treated lawfully, with user consent, and by the DPA to protect
personal information and anonymize identities.

Data Analytics
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a high number of human
deaths and devastation in the world's economic, social, sociological, and
health sectors. Controlling a pandemic like this necessitates
understanding its features and behavior, which may be determined by
gathering and analyzing relevant big data. Big data analytics is vital in
building information necessary for making decisions and precautionary
measures (Alsunaidi et al., 2021). The use of big data technology to
mitigate the threats of the pandemic has been accelerated. Machine
learning, deep learning, statistical and mathematical approaches, and
their combinations have all been widely used to address pandemic
challenges. (Riswantini et al., 2021). Due to their capacity to provide
improved results with growing amounts and diverse data, machine
learning and deep learning are the most often employed approaches in
big data analytics.

According to Riswantini, D. (et al. 2021), A wide range of big data

technology provides opportunities to mitigate the threats of the pandemic
as technology and intelligent devices develop more streaming data
leading to an increase in the deployment of big data analytics on data
processing frameworks. Due to the pandemic, different institutions'

23
adaptability and assessment strategies must be met to survive the
present situation of the pandemic, from adjusting objectives to the
allocation of resources to what is necessary within the environment
(Devlin, 2020).

Impact of Digital Infrastructure

The study of Nature Medicine (2020), with the increase of reliance
on technology and the use of digital epidemiological surveillance, has
been a crucial public-health function in managing the outbreak of
COVID-19. Its purpose is to understand the infection transmission in its
demographic and identify the hazard factor for the disease for us to avoid
it. The public-health authorities collect large amounts of digital data
sources in response to the authorities' needs for digital epidemiological
surveillance, rapid case identification, interruption of community
transmission, public communication, and clinical care. The utilization of
digital tools like machine learning, diagnostic devices, smartphone
applications, search engines, and teleconferencing has addressed the
public-health needs and rapidly improved as more data is collected
through them.

According to the article by Boeing, P., & Wang, Y. (2021),

Community based digital contact tracing that incorporates enterprise
innovation, citizen participation, and government decision-making in the
open innovation ecosystem makes digital contact tracing a viable and
timely approach to containing the viral nature of the COVID-19 (Chun et
al., 2010, Greve, 2015, Kretzschmar et al., 2020). The digital contact
tracing system developed by ICT corporations delivers real-time public
health information by capturing the geolocation data of identified or
suspected diseases as part of digital solutions to prevent viral
transmission (Kamel Boulos & Geraghty, 2020). The effectiveness of a

24
digital solution needs the cooperation of governmental enforcement and
rules, active citizen participation, and the technical contributions of
firms. A broad bottom-up social involvement and timely top-down
intervention are required for digital contact tracing to be effective.
However, context-dependent social, technological, and political issues,
such as regulatory compliance, may influence the outcome (Braithwaite
et al., 2020). With the availability of human resources constraining
traditional manual contact tracing, scalable digital resources "might be
adequate to stop the pandemic if employed by enough people, especially
when combined with additional measures such as physical distance
(Ferretti et al., 2020).

Characteristics of Data Warehouse

The necessity to evaluate massive amounts of unstructured data
created every second from various data sources led to the development of
big data. (Agbehadji, I. E., Awuzie, B. O., Ngowi, A. B., & Millham, R. C.,
2020). A data warehouse is a system for storing and storing enormous
amounts of data from various sources. Its analytical skills enable
organizations to understand their data better and make better decisions
based on it.

The characteristics of the data warehouse are as follows: (Bhatia, 2019)

Subject-oriented
Data warehouses are subject-oriented – they are built around the
significant data subjects of an organization.

Integrated

25
 The term "integration" refers to a data warehouse that combines or
integrates data from several systems to comprehensively view a user's
data.

Time-Variant
"Time variant" means that the data warehouse is entirely contained
within a period. Another way of stating that the Data Warehouse is
consistent within a period is that the data warehouse is loaded daily,
hourly, or periodically and does not change.

Non-volatile
Because data is not updated in real-time but rather refreshed
regularly, a data warehouse is referred to as a long-term organization's
memory because it is non-volatile. As a result, the new data is added to
complement the existing data rather than replacing the existing data.
This new data is continually absorbed into the database, gradually
merging it with the old data.

The collection of other related literature and studies in this study

are highly supplemental for its objective. The past research and studies
provided vital information attributes that can influence this study. The
researchers were able to find related literature and studies that are
highly timely and relevant to the study. However, most of the gathered
data were from foreign locations, specifically European countries and
Asian countries like India. Most of the studies the researchers gathered
were mainly focused on one or two variables, which means there is an
insurmountable contrast between this study and the gathered literature.

Synthesis and Assessment of the RRL

26
 A Data warehouse is a form of a data management system built to
provide an overview and support the everyday operational activities of
different health care organizations. Its primary goal is to run queries and
analyses using historical data. It is combined with large amounts of data
from various sources for the analytics department and companies to
make better decisions. Data Warehouse is a data collection that
organizes different communities and allows them to recover data
functions. A modern data warehouse allows the user to deal with a wide
range of data, workload, and analysis. It can significantly streamline data
workflows, allowing workers to be more efficient in their activities and
goals. Its purpose is to minimize manual chores and simplify setup,
deployment, and data management by leaning on artificial intelligence
and machine learning, which reduces complexity, speeds up deployment
and frees up resources so that enterprises can focus on activities that
are most important to them.

Physical data warehouses are combined with data warehouses to

transform and integrate data more effectively. Healthcare Data
Warehouse has five elements: the data source layer, staging area, data
storage layer, analytics, and BI. The data source layer gathers healthcare
data from internal and external data sources. The staging area is the
next phase, and it functions as a temporary storage location for the data
collected during the Extract, Transforms, and Load process (ETL). The
data storage layer is now centralized, having multiple marts objectively
handling departments (radiology, intensive care, and other processes).
Lastly, analytics and BI are where the data obtained is used for
analytics, data mining, and data reporting. In terms of the healthcare
department, the data warehouse provides essential features. Data
integration, data storage, data performance and reliability, and security
and compliance are the primary components of healthcare data

27
warehousing. The healthcare organizations are able to upload any type
and volume of healthcare-related data immediately if the medical data
warehouse is appropriately configured. Once the data is stored, there
would be encryption, and how data was processed would require
multiple authentications for security and protection. Clinical applications
benefit from the implementation of a healthcare data warehouse. It can
enable the analysis of massive amounts of healthcare data more
efficiently and effectively. The essence of a healthcare data warehouse is
that it allows any healthcare practitioner to look at the same data and
information and agree on solutions for a patient or society based on their
skills.

The integration of a data warehouse in predicting and containing

the spread of the COVID-19 using machine learning models, which can
be analyzed using the COVID-19 time-series dataset wherein it can
estimate future trends based on the current values. Other researchers
also created data warehousing for COVID-19 data. It can model,
integrate and store COVID as it is proposed to be a tool for public health,
especially in tracking the spreading of the COVID-19 through
geographical tracking. According to Agapito G., Zucco C., and Cannataro
M. (2020), The program COVID-WAREHOUSE has five functions. The
first level is the data source level, wherein it automates gathering
information from different data sites. The second is integration, where
the inputted data is cleaned to remove duplicated data. In the data
warehouse, the program stores and summarizes the data, where it could
play the role of storage for the gathered data. After that process, it
undergoes analysis and interpretation. Finally, it is presented through
data visualization techniques. It would help the researcher to interpret
the data through graphical representations.

28
 Medical Practitioners are finding ways to minimize COVID-19
transmission since hospitals alone cannot accommodate all patients. An
effective way to mitigate the virus is through contact tracing. Contact
tracers can locate the persons diagnosed with COVID-19, notify people
who have come into close contact with them, and advise medical
professionals on what steps to take, including testing, quarantine, and
wearing face masks. It can help slow down the further spread of
infectious diseases. Contact tracing is one of the top solutions worldwide
that can help contain the pandemic. Although traditional contact tracing
helps contain the pandemic that involves manual process via paper or
talking to the person diagnosed positive for COVID-19, digital contact
tracing was invented to eliminate the close contact process. It is a
complementary tool that supports containment and mitigation efforts
that reduces the time to quarantine exposed individuals. However, digital
contact tracing encounters challenges such as data privacy and
confidentiality concerns, making users hesitant to provide their precise
locations and contact information to preserve their data. To maximize its
full potential, trust between the citizens and the Government must be
seen.

In Alsunaidi et al.'s (2021) Applications of Big Data Analytics to

Control COVID-19 Pandemic, it emphasized that big data plays an
essential role in controlling the pandemic. It includes the understanding
of its inner workings and its behavior. It is agreed upon by Riswantini et
al. (2021) that the use of big data analytics and big data technology
allows for mitigating the effects of the present challenges.

Different big data technologies such as machine learning, deep

learning, statistical and mathematical tools, models, etcetera, have been
utilized to address the pandemic. Since they can process and store vast

29
amounts of data, these technologies are being used to deploy big data in
the processing of data frameworks.

Humanity has been relying on technology even more, these days.

Morely to the healthcare industry during epidemics which needed and
relied upon technological advancements in terms of how different
healthcare organizations outsource and amassed comprehensive data to
achieve the linear goal of the whole pandemic. One study regarding the
use of epidemiological surveillance provided a crucial factor in the
management of the outbreak. It understood how transmission of Covid-
19 works and specific hazard factors necessary for the user to avoid.
With the growth of technology, different healthcare organizations and
authorities could help each other by sharing data and information about
the virus. Digital infrastructure during the pandemic fast-paced growth
in a way where machine learning and diagnostics devices were able to
address public health needs. By maximizing mobile technologies such as
GPS, QR codes, Bluetooth, and other data-collecting devices, the
authorities could digitally track, inform, and record probable COVID-19
positive individuals. The digital approach made contact tracing efficient.

Data warehouse has four distinct characteristics, namely: subject-

oriented, focuses on a specific theme, integrated, and time-variants. It
focuses on the subject matter and not on the organization, and it stores
data on a specific theme. It gathers themed data on different databases,
and as the data being stored, they are maintained from different time
variants. The data cannot be altered or updated as a critical data
warehouse feature as the data has been stored. It incorporates a vast
amount of data placed into the logical business to make a change
between the designated quantity. It assesses the analysis inside the
warehouse technology.

30
31
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology with Ethical Consideration

This chapter presents the research design, the locale of the study, the
population and sample, the research instrument, the data gathering procedure,
and the statistical treatment applied in the analysis of data.

Research Design

The researchers used a descriptive-correlation research method to

acquire contact tracers' perspectives on the influence of data
warehousing in pandemic containment and to evaluate the relationship
between them. The descriptive research approach describes the
characteristics of a specific condition. The researchers opted to use this
kind of research considering the desire to acquire first-hand data from
the respondents to formulate rational and sound conclusions and
recommendations for the study.

Data Collection

This study was conducted in Philippines, Metro Manila which are

broken down into seventeen (17) cities which are Caloocan, Las Piñas,
Makati, Malabon, Mandaluyong, Manila, Marikina, Muntinlupa,
Navotas, Parañaque, Pasay, Pasig, Pateros, Quezon City, San Juan,
Taguig, Valenzuela. Compared to other regions, Metro Manila is densely
populated compared to other regions and has the most active COVID-19
cases. As of April 13, 2022, Metro Manila has 1,162,837 total COVID-19
cases (Department of Health Website, 2019).

32
Ethical Considerations

The reader has access to all necessary information. The authors'

works are correctly referenced in APA format. The study's objective is
clear to the reader. The respondents would not be manipulated, as
guaranteed by the researchers.

As the research moves forward, the researchers must consider

whether the research procedures are likely to cause any harm to the
respondents as follows:

Voluntary participation and Withdrawal

Voluntary participation is highly accepted as long as the volunteer
achieves the respondents' standard that the researchers are looking for
in their careers. The respondent's withdrawal from answering the
questionnaire is respected highly with the provision that the respondent
informs the researchers ahead of time.

Potential risks and discomfort

The respondents may have to deal with information risk or
discomfort regarding privacy. Because some of the questions may be
overly pertinent and sensitive, respondents may opt to answer neutrally
on the survey if they are unsure and uncomfortable. However, the
confidentiality of identifying information and all data acquired in the
survey is presumed in all study elements. It is always preserved unless
the researchers receive the participant's specific agreement and
permission.

33
Confidentiality
In compliance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012, all responses are
kept private and anonymous. Only the researchers can have access to
the data from this study, which can be stored on GoogleDrive. The
researchers are the only people who know the respondents' survey
answers. The information gathered through Google Forms was destroyed
six months after it was obtained. Only the general summarized results
are going to be released publicly if needed, and the data created from
their response would be utilized purely for academic purposes, solely for
the research.

Respondents of the Study

The population of the study consisted of contact tracers in Metro

Manila. At present, Metro Manila has nine thousand three hundred
eighty-six (9,386) contact tracers (Hallare, 2021). To determine the
number of respondents, the researchers utilized the Slovin’s formula as
follows:

N
S= 2
1+ N e

where:

s = sample size

N = total population

e = margin of error

Thus, from a total population of nine thousand three hundred

34
eighty-six (9,386), and with a margin of error of 0.05, the sample size
becomes three hundred sixty-seven (367). The researchers used
Exponential Discriminative Snowball Sampling as a sampling technique.

In order to determine the ratio and proportion to be equally

distributed towards the whole Metro Manila. The researchers made use
of the number of contact tracers from each city all over the total
population multiplied to the sample size. The computed value is the
basis in determining the sample respondents necessary for each city.

35
36
 Table 1: Respondent Location Frequency

Cities Population of Contact Sample Respondents

Tracers Per City

Quezon City 1013 40(10.90%)

Manila 815 32 (8.72%)

Caloocan City 674 26 (7.08%)

Marikina City 612 24 (6.54%)

Pasay City 559 22 (5.99%)

Taguig City 545 21 (5.72%)

Parañaque City 536 21 (5.72%)

Valenzuela City 506 20 (5.45%)

Pasig City 492 19 (5.18%)

Malabon City 495 19 (5.18%)

Pateros 447 18 (4.90%)

Navotas City 471 18 (4.90%)

Muntinlupa City 452 18 (4.90%)

Makati City 469 18 (4.90%)

San Juan City 430 17 (4.63%)

Mandaluyong City 432 17 (4.63%)

Las Piñas City 438 17 (4.63%)

Total 9,386 367

Table 1 shows that Metro Manila has nine thousand three hundred
eighty-six (9,386) contact tracers (Hallare, 2021). By using the Slovin’s
formula, the number of respondents was computed. For the ratio and

37
proportion, 367 respondents were equally distributed by dividing the
number of contact tracers to the total population and then multiplying it
by the sample size. 40 (10.90%) of the respondents were from the city of
Quezon City, 32 (8.72%) of the respondents were from Manila and the
least number of respondents were from San Juan, Mandaluyong and Las
Pinas which all had 17 (4.63%) respondents.

Sampling Design

The respondents of this research were the Contact Tracers of Metro

Manila, who are:
● Medical workers who attend to COVID patients.
● Government volunteers/staff attend to COVID tracking and encode
data to the data warehouse.
● Building admins who gather data from anyone who enters their
establishment.
In particular, they determine exposure, assess symptoms, refer
them for testing according to established protocols, and provide them
with instructions for isolation or quarantine.

The researchers employed the Exponential Discriminative Snowball

sampling technique to obtain the target respondents. According to
Sharma, S. (2018), it can gain the input of the target respondents, who
are the best representative of the population. With the exponential
discriminative snowball sampling technique, the researchers screened
potential variables before accepting the sample population. When the
screening criteria have been met and the respondent has a job as a
contact tracer, they are allowed to participate in the survey.

38
Research Instrument

The main data-gathering instrument for the researchers was a

structured survey. It was limited to the respondents' choice of a
particular option offered by the researchers. The data collection tool was
a 4-point Likert scale constructed as a level of agreement (strongly
disagree to strongly agree).

The Likert Scale was used to assess the respondents' attitudes and
determine how successful data warehousing was in containing the
COVID-19 epidemic.

The questionnaire consisted of thirty-seven (37) questions aimed at

answering the statement of the problem. The questionnaires are
distributed to the respondents via Google Forms and social media
platforms (Facebook, Messenger, and Google Mail).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers provided a letter of request asking permission to

conduct the study in the cities in Metro Manila to the Local Government
Unit, City Health Office, and the City Epidemiological Surveillance Unit
in order for the researchers to distribute the questionnaire to the contact
tracers. Included in the letter was the purpose of the study and the
assurance that all the information gathered would be dealt with strict
confidentiality according to the ethics of research.

The researchers have decided to have a division of labor in the data

gathering process to finish surveying three hundred sixty-seven (367)
respondents. The researchers collected the data with the use of a survey
questionnaire, which is divided into five sections: the Perspective;

39
Characteristics of Data Warehousing; Effects of Contact Tracing that
helps contain COVID-19; Benefits of Data Warehousing to Contact
Tracers; and the Relationship of Using Data Warehousing and Pandemic
Containment.

The survey questionnaires were disseminated using Google Forms,

emails, and social media platforms like Facebook and Messenger. After
the respondents have taken the survey, the questionnaires are encoded,
checked, interpreted, and analyzed. The results were the basis for the
perspective of contact tracers on the use of data warehousing in
containing the COVID-19 pandemic in Metro Manila.

40
 Statistical Treatment

Data to be gathered are organized, tallied, and processed by the

statistician with the following statistical tools:
1. The Percentage Frequency Distribution formula was
employed by the researchers to distribute the percentage of
respondents' responses.

F
Percentage = x 100
N

Where:
f = number of observations

N = total number of samples

2. The researchers used weighted arithmetic mean. In order for

the respondent’s response for the following:
- The characteristics of data warehousing that helps contain
the pandemic
- Effects of data warehousing in helping Metro Manila contain
the pandemic
- The benefit of using data warehousing to the contact tracers,

Where:
Σ = Summation
Wi = Weight

41
 Zi = Given a set of n observations (Z1, Z2, ..., Zn),
3. For the number of respondents per city, the ratio and
proportion are used.

Number of Respondents
N= x Sample ¿ ¿
Total Population

4. For the significant relationship that co-exists between the

utilization of data warehousing and pandemic containment:
Pearson-product moment correlation is used

Where:
rxy= Sample Correlation
cov(x, y) = The sample covariance of x and y
var(x) = The sample variance of x
var(y) = The sample variance of y.

Table 2. Pearson R Correlation Coefficients Interpretation Scale

(Schober et al., 2018)

Absolute Magnitude of the Interpretation

Observed Correlation
Coefficient

±0.00 -±0.09 Negligible Correlation

±0.10 - ±0.39 Weak Correlation

±0.40-±0.69 Moderate Correlation

±0.70-±0.89 Strong Correlation

±0.90-±1.00 Very Strong Correlation

42
43
 Chapter 4

Analysis, Results, and Discussion

This chapter contains the presentation, analysis, and

interpretation of data in pursuit of answering the problems in the given
questionnaire. The profile of the respondents and their responses
concerning their attitude and its components: perspective of contact
tracers, characteristics of data warehousing, effects of contact tracing
that helps contain COVID-19, benefits of data warehousing to contact
tracers, and relationship of using data warehousing and the pandemic
containment are presented.

44
 4.1 Results and Discussions

Results of Statistical Treatment

Table 3. 4-point Likert Scale and the Corresponding Verbal Interpretation

Scale Range Qualitative Description

4 3.24 - 4.00 Strongly Agree

3 2.50 - 3.24 Agree

2 1.75 - 2.49 Disagree

1 1.00 - 1.74 Strongly Disagree

Characteristics of Data Warehousing that Helps in Containing

the Pandemic

Table 4: Weighted Mean Distribution of the Characteristics of Data

Warehousing

Table 4.1: Weighted Mean Distribution of Time-Variant

Characteristics Weighte Standard Verbal Interpretation

d Mean Deviation
The Data in Data Warehousing 3.41 0.63 Strongly Agree
is always up to date which
makes it relevant.

The data warehouse contains 3.52 0.60 Strongly Agree

data that is loaded periodically
and does not change in that
period.

Data Warehousing enables 3.43 0.62 Strongly Agree

historical insights provided by
the old and newly stored data,

The data stored in the data 3.56 0.60 Strongly Agree

warehouse is consistent in the
time period.

45
 The data in Table 4.1 indicate that the weighted mean distribution
towards the response of the sample population about the time-variant
aspect of the data warehousing helps contain COVID-19. Weighted
means that are more than 3.24 pertain to the interpretation that the
sample population strongly agrees with the statements in Table 4.1. The
standard deviation of each statement presents the data is not spread out,
indicating that the values tend to be close to the mean of the set when
the standard deviation is near zero. “The data stored in the data
warehouse is consistent in the time period.” has a weighted mean of 3.56
and a standard deviation of 0.60. The result is agreed upon by Bhatia
(2019), whom states that the data warehouse time-variant means that
the data warehouse is consistent within a period. The data warehouse is
loaded daily, hourly, or periodically and does not change within that
period.

46
 Table 4.2: Weighted Mean Distribution of Subject-Oriented

Characteristics Weighted Standard Verbal

Mean Deviation Interpretation
The data collected in contact 3.56 0.54 Strongly Agree
tracing are all COVID-19 related
data.

Data warehouse focuses on a 3.56 0.59 Strongly Agree

specific theme (eg. covid-19
infection)

The data warehouse provides 3.44 0.58 Strongly Agree

an accurate interpretation of
data

The data in the data warehouse 3.47 0.60 Strongly Agree

leads to data standardization
and consistency.

The results in Table 4.2 indicate that the weighted mean

distribution towards the response of the sample population to the
subject-oriented aspect of the data warehousing helps contain COVID-
19. The table shows the weighted mean in which the respondents
strongly agreed with the effects of data warehousing in controlling the
COVID-19. Weighted means that are more than 3.24 means that the
sample population strongly agreed with the statements in Table 4.2.
Regarding the degree of agreement, 221 respondents (60.22%) strongly
agreed that the data collected in contact tracing are all COVID-19 related
data. Each statement's Standard Deviation shows that the data is not
spread out, indicating that the values tend to be close to the set's mean.
A data warehouse is designed to provide an overview and support of daily
operational activities in terms of analytics (Frankfield, 2021), allowing
them to focus on particular topics relevant to their operations, in this
case, the COVID-19 pandemic. Davis E, Lucas T, Borlase A, et al. (2020)
demonstrated that we may still improve by just adding diagnostic testing

47
and revising parameter estimations. It is due to false-negative results
having an impact on quarantine.

Table 4.3: Weighted Mean Distribution of Non-Volatile

Characteristics Weighte Standard Verbal

d Mean Deviation Interpretation
The new COVID-19 data is 3.55 0.56 Strongly Agree
added as a complement to the
old data, forming or merging it
into one.

The utilization of data 3.55 0.57 Strongly Agree

warehousing through historical
data helps the containment of
COVID-19.

Historical maps are easily 3.52 0.58 Strongly Agree

generated with the help of data
warehousing.

Historical data is easily 3.61 0.58 Strongly Agree

accessible through data
warehousing

The results in Table 4.3 indicate that the weighted mean

distribution towards the response of the sample population to the non-
volatile characteristics of the data warehouse helps keep track of how the
COVID-19 spreads. The table shows the weighted mean in which the
respondents strongly agreed with using data warehousing for the benefit
of it being non-volatile. The new COVID-19 data is added as a
complement to the old data, forming or merging it into one. Weighted
means that more than 3.24 falls under the strongly agree with the
statements in Table 4.3. 54% of the responses from respondents strongly
agree with the following statement regarding the benefits of data
warehousing being non-volatile. Each statement's Standard Deviation
shows that the data is not spread out, indicating that the values tend to
be close to the set's mean. According to Malladi, R., Sri, S., Kuzhaloli, S.,
& Vijayakumar, P. (2022), a data warehouse improves efficiency and

48
value-added activities by providing enhanced data storage and data
access functionality.

Table 4.4: Weighted Mean Distribution of Integrated

Characteristics Weighted Standar Verbal

Mean d Interpretation
Deviation
The utilization of data 3.52 0.58 Strongly Agree
warehousing through digital
modes (QR, online contact tracing
forms, etc.) is integrated in
contact tracing.

The data input is thoroughly 3.47 0.63 Strongly Agree

recognized when using data
warehousing.

The transformation and input of 3.54 0.60 Strongly Agree

digital data from contact tracing
is easily integrated into the data
warehouse.

The use of a data warehouse 3.60 0.57 Strongly Agree

when collecting data through
digital modes should be
consistent, relatable, and
accurate

The results in Table 4.4 show the weighted mean distribution of

the contact tracers on how the integrated characteristics of data
warehousing help contain the pandemic. A weighted mean greater than
3.24 indicates that the respondents strongly agreed with the integrated
data warehousing characteristics. A lower standard deviation indicates
the closeness of the responses to the mean. Most of the contact tracers
strongly agree that the use of data warehouse in collecting data with the
use of digital modalities must be consistent, relatable, and accurate. It
has a weighted mean of 3.60 with a standard deviation of 0.57. This is
agreed upon by Oracle India that a data warehouse consolidates and

49
 incorporates large amounts of data from various sources in order to
make an informed-decision. Furthermore, the study by Brian Martin and
Karen Davis (2021) stated that data warehouses supplement data
warehouses by transforming and integrating data more efficiently.

Use of Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

Table 5: Relationship of Using Data Warehousing and the

Pandemic Containment

Table 5.1: Use of Data Warehousing

Use of Data Warehousing Weighted Standard Verbal

Mean Deviation Interpretation
The utilization of data 3.58 0.54 Strongly Agree
warehousing (compiling
information from various
sources into a single database
that may be utilized to make
decisions) is useful.

The data warehouse provides 3.64 0.52 Strongly Agree

information about the data you
stored in the data warehouse.

The data warehousing is useful 3.58 0.53 Strongly Agree

in determining the number of
cases, positive individuals, and
close contacts.

Table 5.1 depicts the weighted mean distribution of the responses

of the sample population of contact tracers with the use of data
warehousing. greater than 3.24, falls under the strongly agreed category,
which means that the contact tracers strongly agreed with the given
statements. The standard deviation that is closer to zero means that the
responses are closer to the mean. The statement that "the data
warehouse provides information about the data you store in the data
warehouse." has a weighted mean of 3.64 and a standard deviation of

50
0.52. The Data Warehouse serves as a data collection and organizes
many communities that endure the features to recover the data
functions. It has recorded data on the tables with high transaction
volumes to describe the data warehousing strategies and critical
activities involved. (Sharma, 2018). Additionally, a modern data
warehouse allows you to address a wide range of data types, workloads,
and analysis. (Oracle India, 2016).

Table 5.2: Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

Use of Data Warehousing Weighte Standard Verbal

d Mean Deviation Interpretation
The utilization of data 3.57 0.57 Strongly Agree
warehousing (the process of
compiling information from
various sources into a single
database that may be utilized to
make decisions) and tools like
contact tracing forms and QR

The data warehouse provides 3.61 0.54 Strongly Agree

all information about the COVID-
19 (i.e. infected individual,
close-contacts) that helps
contain the spread of the virus.

The data warehousing is useful 3.68 0.50 Strongly Agree

in determining the number of
cases, positive individuals, and
close contacts.

Table 5.2 shows the weighted mean distribution of the response of

the sample population of contact tracers to data warehousing in
containing the pandemic. A weighted mean that is greater than 3.24 falls
under the strongly agreed category, while the lower the standard
deviation, the closer the response is to the mean. Data warehousing is
useful in determining the number of cases, positive individuals, and
close contacts and has a weighted mean of 3.68 and a standard deviation
of 0.50. Oracle India stated that data warehousing consolidates data
from different sources and analyzes it based on historical data. The

51
result is ascertained by Hasihim H, Atlam E. et al. (2021) that modern
data warehousing efficiently can identify the spread of COVID-19.

Similarly, Oracle India stated that data warehousing consolidates

data from different sources and analyzes it based on historical data.
Davis E, Lucas T, Borlase A, et al. (2020) said that another effective
method for reducing COVID-19 transmission is to use digital contact
tracing systems. It is a promising digital public health solution since it
avoids the usual manual contact tracing approach while also identifying
and isolating infected individuals. As part of digital solutions to limit viral
transmission, ICT corporations developed a digital contact tracing system
that provides real-time public health information by capturing the
geolocation data of known or suspected infections. (Kamel Boulos &
Geraghty, 2020).

Table 6

Significant Relationship Between the Respondents’ Use of Data

Warehousing and Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

Related F-statistic R p-value Decision Remarks

Variables

(Strength of (sig.)
Relationship)
Use of Data 211.988 0.606 0.000 Do Not Significant
Warehousing (Moderate) Retain Relationshi
and Data H0 p*
Warehousing
in
Containing
the
Pandemic

*Significant at .05 level (p<.05)

Table 6 depicts the relationship between using data warehousing

and data warehousing in containing the pandemic. The F-statistic is

52
higher than the significance level; this shows a statistically significant
result. Additionally, the computed r is 0.606, which shows that there is a
moderate relationship between the two variables. Since the computed p
value is 0.000 and is less than the.05 level of significance, it shows a
significant relationship. The decision is to not retain the null hypothesis
and accept the alternative hypothesis. In summary, there is a significant,
positive, moderate relationship between using data warehousing and
data warehousing in containing the pandemic.

The use of data warehousing is crucial in terms of the healthcare

department. The data warehouse includes crucial aspects. Data
integration, data storage, data performance and dependability, and
security and compliance are major elements of healthcare data
warehousing. Healthcare businesses can immediately upload any type
and amount of healthcare-related data if the medical data warehouse is
properly configured. The data would be encrypted when stored, and the
method of processing the data would necessitate several authentications
for security and protection. (Martin & Davis, 2021).

One of the key reasons the cases have slowed down in the last year
has been contact tracing. It can assist medical workers in promptly
locating and isolating infected patients and high-risk individuals, thereby
preventing the further spread of a large-scale outbreak of infectious
disease. (Chen H, Yang B, Pei H, et al., 2019). According to Amann J,
Sleigh J, and Vayena E. (2021), the efficacy of digital contact tracing as a
containment technique is now being explored. It grows through the use
of mobile technologies such as GPS, Bluetooth, QR codes, and other
digital collection devices or applications. The effectiveness of a digital
solution is dependent on the collaboration of government enforcement
and norms, active public participation, and firm technological
contributions. (Braithwaite et al., 2020).

53
Benefits of Data Warehousing to Contract Tracers

Table 7: Weighted Mean Distribution of the

Perspective of Contact Tracers

Perspective Weighted Standard Verbal Interpretation

Mean Deviation
The input of data in the 3.33 0.74 Strongly Agree
contact tracing is time
consuming.

Data Warehousing helps 3.56 0.61 Strongly Agree

you predict the probability
of cases.

Contact Tracing is effective 3.47 0.68 Strongly Agree

in reducing mortality.

The contact tracing helps 3.62 0.53 Strongly Agree

contain the COVID-19.

Contact tracing can break 3.54 0.56 Strongly Agree

the chains of transmission
through the rapid
identification.

Table 7 contains data that shows the weighted mean distribution

towards the response of the sample population to the Perspective of
Contact Tracers on the function of both contact tracing and the data
warehouse containing COVID-19. Weighted means that are more than
3.24 means that the sample population strongly agreed with the
statements. As it can be seen in Table 7, the sample population strongly
agreed with the given information about the functions of both contact
tracing and data warehouse in containing COVID-19. The standard
deviation for each statement shows a clustered behavior indicating that
the value is close to the mean. According to Chen H, Yang B, Pei H, et al.

54
(2019), contact tracing can help medical professionals quickly locate and
isolate infected people and high-risk individuals, preventing further
spread and a large-scale infectious disease outbreak.

Table 8: Weighted Mean Distribution of Benefits of Data

Warehousing to Contact Tracers

Benefits Weighted Standard Verbal

Mean Deviation Interpretation
The use of Data 3.45 0.57 Strongly Agree
Warehousing improves
the productivity of
contact tracers

Data Warehousing 3.58 0.58 Strongly Agree

enables efficient data
analysis used by contact
tracers

Data Warehousing can 3.61 0.52 Strongly Agree

be used by contact
tracers to gather data
easier and faster

Historical Data in Data 3.57 0.56 Strongly Agree

Warehousing utilized by
contact tracers are easily
retrieved and analyzed
to make future
predictions and actions

Data Warehousing is 3.57 0.6 Strongly Agree

user friendly and easy to
understand

The findings in Table 8 show the weighted mean distribution

towards the response of the sample population to the benefits of data
warehousing to contact tracers. The standard deviation of each
statement is not spread out because of its values near to zero. The
weighted mean within the table shows that most respondents strongly

55
agreed with the following benefits of data warehousing for contact
tracers: Weighted means that are more than 3.24 means that the sample
population strongly agreed with the statements in Table 8. More than
350 of 384 (90%) respondents strongly agreed with the following
information regarding the benefits of data warehousing for contact
tracers: At the start of the COVID-19, there was often an inability to
scale in time to reach mass adoption on how to requisite the probable
cases within a location. In order to emerge from such incapability, data
scientists Guilherme Zagatti and See-Kiong Ng (2021) seek leverage to
create a digital infrastructure where there can be an activation upon
better assistance towards large-scale contact tracing.

56
 Table 9: Weighted Mean Distribution of Effects of Contact tracing
that helps contain COVID-19

Effects Weighted Standard Verbal

Mean Deviation Interpretation

Making use of data 3.55 0.57 Strongly Agree

warehousing in contact tracing
prevents further transmission
of COVID-19.

The written and digital contact 3.58 0.57 Strongly Agree

tracing form speeds up the
determination of possible
positive individual, close
contacts, and other COVID-19
related data.

Making use of data 3.48 0.54 Strongly Agree

warehousing improves the
generation of historical maps
and trends on COVID-19.

Data integration between 3.60 0.53 Strongly Agree

different healthcare
organizations with the use of
data warehousing provided
efficiency during pandemic.

The use of data warehousing 3.53 0.53 Strongly Agree

and data integration with the
different data sources provide
key information towards
COVID-19 management.

The findings in Table 9 show the weighted mean distribution

towards the response of the sample population to the effects of contact
tracing that helps contain COVID-19. The weighted mean within the
table suggests that most of the respondents strongly agreed with the
following results of contact tracing to help contain COVID-19. Weighted
means that are more than 3.24 means that the sample population
strongly agreed with the statements in Table 9. More than 350 of 384
(90%) respondents strongly agreed with the following statement
regarding the effects of contact tracing that helps contain COVID-19. The

57
standard deviation of each statement shows that the set value is not
spread out and leads to its set’s mean. Wacksman, J. (2021, June).
"Contact tracing emerged as one of the key tools that public health
agencies could use to respond to and manage the scope of the COVID-19
pandemic." Due to the incredible capability of contact tracing, it was
adapted and carried out in different states and countries quickly to
better contain the pandemic. The maximization of digital technologies,
rapid scaling, and expansion of scope resulted in a highly effective
contact tracing effort.

58
 CHAPTER 5

Summary of Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations

This chapter presents a summary of the findings and the

conclusions that were drawn from the analysis and interpretation of the
data presented in the preceding chapters. Likewise, the offered
recommendations are herein included.

5.1 Summary of Findings

The findings of the study are as follows:

5.1.1 The Characteristics of Data Warehousing Helps

Contain the Pandemic

1. Characteristics of Data Warehousing

a. Time-Variant

The study's findings proved that the respondents strongly

agree that the data stored in the data warehouse is
consistent within the period helps contain the pandemic. It
is supported by the weighted mean of 3.56 and a standard
deviation of 0.60, which falls under the strongly agreed
category on the 4-point Likert scale.

59
b. Subject-Oriented

With a weighted mean of 3.56 and a standard deviation of

0.54, the respondents fall into the strongly agree group of
the 4-point Likert scale, indicating that the data collected in
contact tracing is all COVID-19 related data that helps
contain the pandemic.

c. Non-Volatile

The result shows that through data warehousing, historical

data is easily accessible as strongly agreed upon by the
respondents, helping contain the pandemic with a weighted
mean of 3.61 and a standard deviation of 0.58.

d. Integrated

The result demonstrated that using a data warehouse in

gathering data through various digital modalities must be
consistent, relevant, and accurate to help contain the
pandemic. It is backed by a weighted mean of 3.60 and a
standard deviation of 0.57, which falls into the strongly
agreed group on a 4-point Likert scale.

60
5.1.2 Significance of the Relationship of Using Data
Warehousing and the Pandemic Containment Based on the
Perspective of Contact Tracers

The computed r is 0.606, which shows a moderate relationship

between using data warehousing and data warehousing in containing the
pandemic. It shows a significant relationship since the computed p value
is 0.000 and is less than the 0.05 level of significance. The decision is to
not retain the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. In
summary, there is a significant, positive, moderate relationship between
using data warehousing and data warehousing in containing the
pandemic.

5.1.3 The Effect of Contact Tracing that Helps Contain

COVID-19 based upon the Perspective of Contact Tracers

1. Perspective of Contact Tracers

Based on the survey results and statistical analysis,

respondents strongly agree that contact tracing aids in the
containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is validated by
a weighted mean of 3.62 and a standard deviation of 0.53,
which fits into the strongly agreed category.

61
 2. Effects of Contact Tracing towards COVID-19 containment

The survey results and statistical analysis show that

respondents strongly agree that data warehousing and data
integration between healthcare organizations provided
efficiency during the pandemic. With a weighted mean of
3.60 and a standard deviation of 0.53, this falls within the
strongly agreed category of the 4-point Likert scale.

5.1.4. Benefits of Data Warehousing to Contact Tracers

The statistical analysis yielded a weighted mean of 3.61 and a

standard deviation of 0.52, which falls into the strongly agreed group of
the 4-point Likert scale. It demonstrates that respondents strongly agree
that data warehousing can be used by contact tracers to gather data
easily and faster.

62
5.2 Conclusions

The study aims to determine the impact of data warehousing in

containing the pandemic in metro manila through the perspective of
Contact Tracers. The findings enabled the researchers to draw the
conclusions from:

1. The data stored in the data warehouse is consistent within the

time period, the data collected in contact tracing is all COVID-19 related
data, historical data is easily accessible, and gathering the data through
different digital modalities is consistent, relevant, and accurate, which
are among the characteristics that helped contain the pandemic.

2. The study’s findings revealed that there is a significant, positive,

moderate relationship between using data warehousing and data
warehousing in containing the pandemic.

3. The findings of the study showed that data warehousing and

data integration between healthcare organizations provided efficiency
during the pandemic. Also, contact tracing aids in the containment of the
COVID-19 pandemic based upon the perspective of the contact tracers.

4. The study’s findings proved that data warehousing is used by

the contact tracers to gather data easily and faster.

63
5.3 Recommendations

The following are the recommendations based on the study's results and
conclusions:

● To the Local government and institutional authorities, for the

betterment of Contact Tracers in inputting of data and
improvement of identifying COVID cases, start using a
universal contact tracing form, which is an online-based
form that can be easily accessed by people (can be through
QR codes or supervised by a volunteer and medical
frontliners or a kiosk.) and make the input of data as
streamlined as possible as it is digitized, compared to a
written form.

● Contact tracers, when assisting in the identification of

instances, should always pay attention to details to avoid
repetition and data entry errors. In addition, data validation
must be employed to ensure that the provided data is correct
and can offer an accurate tally of any COVID-19-related
cases.

● For the digital industry, enhancement of technology by

creating better software that transforms the data collection,
storage, and analysis processes. In order for data collection
to not pose any ethical or moral hazard.

● For the medical institutions, use a better data integration

method wherein medical and local government institutions
can collaborate for the pandemic to be contained quickly for

64
 the probable surge of cases for our health care system to
prepare the necessary actions to combat any outbreak.

● For the upcoming senior high students and college students,

consider taking up programming and data analytics as their
field of study to explore the importance and application of
data warehousing in different institutions, as well as to help
the improvement of its interface.

● For the future researchers provide historical data regarding

COVID cases to understand the impact of data warehousing
in containing the pandemic.

65
 Bibliography:

Agapito G; Zucco C; and Cannataro M. (2020) COVID-WAREHOUSE: A

Data Warehouse of Italian COVID-19, Pollution, and Climate Data.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
17(15), 5596. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155596.

Agapito, G., Zucco, C., & Cannataro, M. (2020). COVID-WAREHOUSE: A

Data Warehouse Of Italian COVID-19, Pollution, And Climate Data -

PubMed. COVID-WAREHOUSE: A Data Warehouse Of Italian COVID-19,
Pollution, And Climate Data. 10.3390/ijerph17155596..

Alsunaidi, S.J.; Almuhaideb, A.M.; Ibrahim, N.M.; Shaikh, F.S.; Alqudaihi,

K.S.;Alhaidari, F.A.; Khan, I.U.; Aslam, N.;Alshahrani, M.S. Applications

of Big Data Analytics to Control COVID-19 Pandemic. Sensors 2021, 21,
2282. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21072282

Amann, J., Sleigh, J., & Vayena, E. (n.d.). Digital Contact-tracing during the

COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of newspaper coverage in Germany,

Austria, and Switzerland. PLOS ONE. Retrieved February 13, 2022, from
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246524#

Amann, J., Sleigh, J., & Vayena, E. (n.d.). Digital Contact-tracing during the

COVID-19 pandemic: An analysis of newspaper coverage in Germany,

Austria, and Switzerland. PLOS ONE. Retrieved February 13, 2022, from
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?

66
 id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0246524#

Arakpogun, E. O., Elsahn, Z., Prime, K. S., Gerli, P., & Olan, F. (2020,

December 1). Digital contact-tracing and pandemics: Institutional and

technological preparedness in Africa. World Development. Elsevier Ltd.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105105

Bhanot, Pradeep (August, 2020). Why you Should be Focusing on Data

Integration in the Middle of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Reference from

https://www.actian.com/company/blog/why-you-should-be-focusing-
on-data-integration-in-the-middle-of-the-covid-19-pandemic/

Bhansali, N. (2019). Strategic Data Warehousing: Achieving alignment with

business. Auerbach. https://www.routledge.com/Strategic-Data-

Warehousing-Achieving-Alignment-with-Business/Bhansali/p/book/
9780367385347

Boeing, P., &amp; Wang , Y. (2021, March). Decoding China's Covid-19 "virus

exceptionalism": Community-based digital contact tracing in Wuhan.

ECONSTOR. Retrieved February 13, 2022, from
https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/232942/1/1753128161.pdf

Braeye, T.; Cornelissen, L.; Catteau, L.; Haarhuis, F.; Proesmans,

K.;Djiena, A.; Mahieu, R.; Dreuw, A.; Hammami, N.;Quoilin, S.; Van
Cauteren, D. (September, 2021). Vaccine effectiveness against infection
and onwards transmission of COVID-19: Analysis of Belgian contact
tracing data, January-June 2021, Vaccine, Volume 39, Issue 39.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X2101108
7

67
Budd, J., Miller, B. S., Manning, E. M., Lampos, V., Zhuang, M., Edelstein, M.,

Rees, G., Emery, V. C., Stevens, M. M., Keegan, N., Short, M. J., Pillay,
D., Manley, E., Cox, I. J., Heymann, D., Johnson, A. M., & McKendry, R.
A. (2020, August 7). Digital Technologies in the public-health response to
COVID-19. Nature News. Retrieved October 29, 2021, from
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1011-4.

Caraballo, M. U. (2021, September 30). 'Philippines the worst place to live amid

pandemic'. The Manila Times. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from

https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/09/30/news/national/ph-worst-
place-to-live-amid-pandemic/1816591

Carr, L. (2022, April 9). Healthcare Data Warehouse. Actian. Retrieved April 14,

2022, from
https://www.actian.com/blog/cloud-data-warehouse/healthcare-data-
warehouse/

Costa, J. P. (1970, January 1). Meaningful big data integration for a global

COVID-19 strategy. Ieee Computational Intelligence Magazine. Retrieved

April 11, 2022, from https://search.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-
novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/en/covidwho-900844

Department of Health website. (2019). Doh.gov.ph.

https://doh.gov.ph/2019-nCoV

68
Devlin, B. (March, 2020). Data Management During and After Coronavirus.

Reference from https://tdwi.org/articles/2020/03/25/diq-all-data-

management-and-coronavirus.aspx

Elbers, P., Thoral, P., Dam, T.,Fleuren, T.(March, 2021). Sharing is caring: how

COVID-19 led to large-scale collaboration for icudata.nl. Netherlands

Journal of Critical Care. https://nvic.nl/sites/nvic.nl/files/pdf/NJCC
%202021-2%20Vol%2029%20zr%20adv.pdf#page=12

Fleuren, L.M., de Bruin, D.P., Tonutti, M. (February, 2021). Large-scale ICU

data sharing for global collaboration: the first 1633 critically ill COVID-
19 patients in the Dutch Data Warehouse. Intensive Care Med 47, 478–
481.Reference from https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06361-x

Frankenfiled, J. (July, 2021). Data Warehousing. Reference from

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/data-warehousing.asp

Gurbuz, O., Aldrete, R. M., Salgado, D., & Vazquez , M. (2021). Contact Tracing

To Maintain Mobility At The Border During A Pandemic (thesis). Center

for International Intelligent Transportation Research, El Paso,
Texas .https://static.tti.tamu.edu/tti.tamu.edu/documents/185921-
00008.pdf
Hallare, K. (2021, March). DILG deploys additional contact tracers to NCR amid

COVID-19 surge. INQUIRER.net; INQUIRER.net.

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1408551/dilg-deploys-additional-contact-

tracers-to-ncr-amid-covid-19-surge

69
‌Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Khan, I. H., & Vaishya, R. (2020, May 7). Significant

applications of big data in COVID-19 pandemic. Indian journal of

orthopaedics. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7204193/

Harris, R. M. (2020). Data Warehousing and Decision Support System

Effectiveness Demonstrated in Service Recovery during COVID19 Health

Pandemic. In 2020 14th International Conference on Open Source
Systems and Technologies, ICOSST 2020 - Proceedings. Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICOSST51357.2020.9333019

Hashim, H.; Atlam, E. S.; Almaliki, M.; El-Agamy, R.; El-Sharkasy, M. M.;

Dagnew, G.; Gad, I.; Ghoneim, O.. (2021). Integrating Data Warehouse
and Machine Learning to Predict on COVID-19 Pandemic Empirical Data.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology ; 99(1):159-
170.https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/global-literature-on-novel-
coronavirus-2019-ncov/resource/pt/covidwho-1113037

Hellewell, J., Abbott, S., Gimma, A., Bosse, N. I., Jarvis, C. I., Russell, T. W., …

Eggo, R. M. (2020). Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by

isolation of cases and contacts. The Lancet Global Health, 8(4), e488–
e496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30074-7

Home. ScienceSoft footer icon. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2022, from

https://www.scnsoft.com/healthcare/data-analytics/data-warehouse

Liebel, A. M. (2020, July 2). Contact tracers as knowledge-makers. Journal of

Communication in Healthcare. Taylor and Francis Ltd.

70
 https://doi.org/10.1080/17538068.2020.1818417

Malladi, R., Sri, S., Kuzhaloli, S., & Vijayakumar, P. (2022.). Data Mining : A

Future Scope. Google Books. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from

https://books.google.com.ph/books?
id=RrE0EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR11&dq=non%2Bvolatility%2Bof%2Bdata
%2Bwarehousing
%2Bbenefit&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiYk9rSzZL3AhXPyYsBHcbyAG0
Q6AF6BAgHEAI#v=snippet&q=non%20volatile&f=false

Marcel, S., Althaus Christian, L., Nanina, A., Daniele, A., Tala, B., Edouard, B.,

… von Viktor, W. (2020). Early evidence of effectiveness of digital contact

tracing for SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly, 150(51).
https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2020.20457

Martin, B. & Davis, K. (July, 2021). Multi-Temperate Logical Data Warehouse

Design for Large-Scale Healthcare Data, Big Data Research, Volume 25.
Reference from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S22145796210
00721

Mattingly, W. A. (n.d.). Considerations for a COVID-19 research data

warehouse in the time of Covid. ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's

Institutional Repository. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from
https://ir.library.louisville.edu/jri/vol4/iss1/64/

Mattingly, W. A. (October, 2020). Considerations for a COVID-19 Research

Data Warehouse in the Time of COVID. The University of Louis-ville

Journal of Respiratory Infections: Vol.
4.https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?

71
 article=1173&context=jri

Oracle India (2016). What is a Data Warehouse. Reference from

https://www.oracle.com/in/database/what-is-a-data-warehouse/

ResMed (n.d.). Impact of COVID-19 on data warehouse architecture. Reference

from https://www.matrixcare.com/blog/covid19-impact-data-
warehouse-architecture/

Riswantini, D.; Nugraheni, E.; Arisan, A.; Khotimah, P.H.; Munandar, D.;

Suwarningsih, W. Big Data Research in Fighting COVID-19: Contributions and

Techniques. Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2021, 5, 30.

https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5030030
Schober, P., Boer, C., & Schwarte, L. A. (2018). Correlation Coefficients.

Anesthesia & Analgesia, 126(5), 1763–1768.

https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000002864

‌Sharma, M. (2018, October 22). Characteristics and Functions of Data

warehouse - GeeksforGeeks. GeeksforGeeks.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/characteristics-and-functions-of-data-
warehouse/

Sharma, S. (2018). Nursing Research and Statistics (3rd ed.). ELSEVIER INDIA.

The World Bank (October, 2020). Harnessing Digital Technologies Can Help

Philippines Overcome Impact of Pandemic, Hasten Recovery. Reference

from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2020/10/05/harne
ssing-digital-technologies-can-help-philippines-overcome-impact-of-

72
 pandemic-hasten-recovery

Tompkin Solution (September, 2020). How Warehouses Can Leverage Data to

Operate Safely and Effectively Through COVID-19. Reference from

https://www.tompkinsinc.com/en-us/Insight/Tompkins-Blog/how-
warehouses-can-leverage-data-to-operate-safely-and-effectively-through-
covid-19

Trivedi, A., & Vasisht, D. (2020). Digital contact tracing. Computer

Communication Review, 50(4), 75–81.

https://doi.org/10.1145/3431832.3431841

World Economic Forum. (2020, May 25). How digital infrastructure can help us

through the COVID-19 crisis.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/digital-infrastructure-
public-health-crisis-covid-19/

Zagatti, G. A., Ng, S.-K., & Bressan, S. (n.d.). A data warehouse of Wi-Fi

sessions for contact tracing and outbreak investigation.

springerprofessional.de. Retrieved April 14, 2022, from
https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/a-data-warehouse-of-wi-fi-
sessions-for-contact-tracing-and-outbr/19170440

73
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX I

Certificate of Consent
(Survey)

I, of legal age, Filipino, hereby testify that I have read

the above description of this research study. I have been informed of the
risks and benefits involved, herewith I agree to take a part in this study
and declare that I am participating in this study out of my own free will
and volition.

I am well-informed and giving my full consent to participate in this online

survey, and aware that the data that is taken in the study will be shared and
reused only if relevant to the study. Only the general summarized results will
be released if needed. Furthermore, I have been assured that any future
questions I may have will also be
answered by a member of the research team. I am accomplishing this
Certificate to attest to the truth and for whatever lawful purpose it may serve.

In witness whereof, I have signed this on day of , the year

2021.

Printed Name of Respondent

Respondent’s Signature
The information gathered in this survey will remain confidential and

74
anonymous. The data generated from the respondents will be used for
research purposes only and your responses may be shared as a part of the
study.
Respectfully yours,

__________________ _____________________. _______________

RAÑOLA, DANIEL BORBE, MARK WILSON DE JESUS, ERIC

__________________ _____________________. _______________

ESPINAR, NICOLE NARVAJA, ARMAND GABRIEL YU, MICHEL

The researchers’ statistician, Nhoriel I. Toledo, validated and supported

the researchers’ questionnaire which led to sending out questionnaires that
will show utmost capability of the respondents for the study. He also provided
proper guidelines upon analysis of the results which led the researchers to
create enhanced discussion and conclusion.

Nhoriel I. Toledo, L.P.T., M.A.

Banessa Garcia, Medical Executive Secretary, Ortigas Hospital & Healthcare

Center

Name (optional):
Contact Number
Location:
Section A. (Perspective)

75
 Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4

1) The input of data in the contact tracing is time consuming.

2) Data Warehousing helps you predict the probability of cases
3) Contact Tracing is effective in reducing mortality.
4) The contact tracing helps contain the COVID-19.
5) Contact tracing can break the chains of transmission through the rapid
identification.

Section B. (Characteristics of Data Warehousing)

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4

Section B1 (Time Variant)

1.) The Data in Data Warehousing is always up to date which makes it
relevant.
2.) The data warehouse contains data that are loaded periodically and
remains unchanged for that time being.
3.) Data Warehousing enables historical insights provided by the old and
newly stored data,
4.) The data stored in the data warehouse is consistent in the time period.

Section B2 (Subject Oriented)

1.) The data collected in contact tracing are all COVID-19 related data.
2.) Data warehouse focuses on a specific theme (eg. covid-19 infection)
3.) The data warehouse provides an accurate interpretation of data

76
 4.) The data in the data warehouse leads to data standardization and
consistency.
Section B3 (Non-volatile)
1.) The new COVID-19 data is added as a complement to the old data,
forming or merging it into one.
2.) The utilization of data warehousing through historical data helps the
containment of COVID-19.
3.) Historical maps are easily generated with the help of data warehousing.
4.) Historical data is easily accessible through data warehousing.

Section B4 (Integrated)
1.) The utilization of data warehousing through digital modes (QR, online
contact tracing forms, etc.) is integrated in contact tracing.
2.) The data input is usually overlooked when using data warehousing.
3.) The transformation and input of digital data from contact tracing is
easily integrated into the data warehouse.
4.) The use of a data warehouse when collecting data through digital modes
should be consistent, relatable, and accurate

77
Section C. (Effects of Contract tracing that helps contain COVID-19)

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4

1.) Making use of data warehousing in contact tracing prevents further

transmission of COVID-19.
2.) Both written and digital form of contract tracing provided better
efficiency towards contract tracing for the data warehousing
3.) Making use of data warehousing improve the generation of historical
maps and trends on COVID-19
4.) Data integration between healthcare organizations with the use of data
warehousing provided efficiency during pandemic.
5.) With the use of data warehousing and data integration with the different
data sources provide key information towards COVID-19 management.

78
Section D. Benefits to Contact Tracers

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4

1) The use of Data Warehousing improves the productivity of contact

tracers
2) Data Warehousing enables efficient data analysis used by contact
tracers
3) Data Warehousing can be used by contact tracers to gather data easier
and faster
4) Historical Data in Data Warehousing utilized by contact tracers are
easily retrieved and analyzed to make future predictions and actions
5) Data Warehousing is user friendly and easy to understand

79
Section E. Relationship

Strongly Disagree Disagree Agree Strongly Agree

1 2 3 4

Section E1 (Use of Data Warehousing)

1. The utilization of data warehousing (compiling information from various
sources into a single database that may be utilized to make decisions) is
useful.
2. The data warehouse provides information about the data you stored in
the data warehouse.
3. The data warehousing is useful in making predictions and forecasts.

Section E2 (Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic)

1. The utilization of data warehousing (the process of compiling information
from various sources into a single database that may be utilized to make
decisions) and tools like contact tracing forms and QR codes are useful
in containing the pandemic.
2. The data warehouse provides all information about the COVID-19 (i.e.
infected individual, close-contacts) that helps contain the spread of the
virus.
3. The data warehousing is useful in determining the number of cases,
positive individuals, and close contacts.

80
 Frequency of the Respondents Tabulated

Table 10: Perspective of Contact Tracers

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The input of data 9 33 154 171 367

in the contact (2.45%) (8.99%) (41.96%) (46.59%) (100%)
tracing is time
consuming

2 Data Warehousing 3 14 125 225 367

helps you predict (0.82%) (3.81%) (34.06%) (61.31%) (100%)
the probability of
cases.

3 Contact Tracing is 3 29 127 208 367

effective in (0.82%) (7.90%) (34.60%) (56.68%) (100%)
reducing mortality

4 The contact tracing 0 8 122 237 367

helps contain the (0%) (2.18%) (33.24%) (64.58%) (100%)
COVID-19

5 Contact tracing can 0 11 147 209 367

break the chains of (0%) (3%) (40.05%) (56.95%) (100%)
transmission
through the rapid
identification

Table 10 represents the perspective of the Contact Tracers in

containing COVID-19; 171 (46.59%) strongly agreed that the inputting
contact tracing in data warehouse is time-consuming, while 225
(61.31%) out of the 384 respondents know that data warehousing can
help predict the probability of cases. 208 (56.68%) of the respondent’s
state that Contact Tracing effectively reduces the mortality caused by
COVID-19. Moreover, 237 (64.58%) strongly agreed that Contact Tracing
helps contain the pandemic. 209 (56.95%) of the respondents strongly
agreed that Contact Tracing can break the chain of transmission.

81
Table 11: Characteristics of Data Warehousing
Table 11.1: Time Variant

Time Variant

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The Data in Data 1 27 158 181 367

Warehousing is (0.27%) (7.36%) (43.05%) (49.32%) (100%)
always up to date
which makes it
relevant

2 The data 0 20 136 211 367

warehouse contains (0%) (5.45%) (37.06%) (57.49%) (100%)
data that is loaded
periodically and
does not change in
that period.

3 Data Warehousing 1 22 164 180 367

enables historical (0.27%) (5.99%) (44.69%) (49.05%) (100%)
insights provided
by the old and
newly stored data

4 The data stored in 0 19 122 226 367

the data warehouse (0%) (5.18%) (33.24%) (61.58%) (100%)
is consistent in the
time period

Table 11.1 illustrates the result of the characteristic data

warehousing in the Time Variant. 181 (49.32%) strongly agreed that Data
Warehousing is always up to date, making it relevant. While 211
(57.49%) strongly agreed that the data warehouse contains loaded data
periodically and does not change. Additionally, 180 (49.05%) strongly
agreed that Data Warehousing enables historical insights provided by the
old and the newly stored data. 226 (61.58%) strongly agreed that data
warehousing is consistent in the period.

82
 Table 11.2: Subject-Oriented

Subject-Oriented

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The data collected 1 6 145 215 367

in contact tracing (0.27%) (1.63%) (39.51%) (58.58%) (100%)
are all COVID-19
related data.

2 Data warehouse 2 12 132 221 367

focuses on a (0.54%) (3.27%) (35.97%) (60.22%) (100%)
specific theme (eg.
covid-19 infection)

3 The data warehouse 0 16 173 178 367

provides an (0.26%) (4.36%) (47.14%) (48.50%) (100%)
accurate
interpretation of
data

4 The data in the data 1 18 154 194 367

warehouse leads to (0.27%) (4.90%) (41.96%) (52.86%) (100%)
data
standardization and
consistency

Table 11.2 shows the survey results on the characteristics of data

warehousing—subject-oriented. It shows that 215 (58.58%) of the 384
respondents strongly agreed that the collected data is all COVID-19
related, and 221 (60.22%) strongly agree that the data warehouse
focuses on a specific theme. Moreover, 178 (48.50%) strongly agreed that
the data warehouse provides an accurate interpretation of data, and 194
(52.86%) strongly agreed that data in the data warehouse lead to the
data being standardized and consistent.

Table 11.3: Non-Volatile

83
 Non-Volatile

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The new COVID-19 1 10 141 215 367

data is added as a (0.27%) (2.72%) (38.41%) (58.58%) (100%)
complement to the
old data, forming or
merging it into one

2 The utilization of 1 11 139 216 367

data warehousing (0.27%) (2.99%) (37.87%) (58.85%) (100%)
through historical
data helps the
containment of
COVID-19.

3 Historical maps are 0 15 146 206 367

easily generated (0%) (4.08%) (39.78%) (56.13%) (100%)
with the help of
data warehousing

4 Historical data is 1 15 109 242 367

easily accessible (0.27%) (4.08%) (29.70%) (65.94%) (100%)
through data
warehousing

Table 11.3 illustrates the result of the survey on the characteristics

of data warehousing— Non-volatile. 215 (58.58%) of the 367 respondents
strongly agreed that new COVID-19 data complements the old data
forming it into one. The utilization of data warehousing through
historical data, as strongly agreed upon by 216 (58.85%) of the
respondents, aids in the containment of COVID-19. Additionally, 206
(56.13%) of the respondents strongly agreed that historical maps are
easily created and generated using data warehousing. Also, 242 (65.94%)
strongly agreed that this historical data is easily accessible using data
warehousing.

84
 Table 11.4: Integrated

Integrated

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The utilization of 2 10 149 206 367

data warehousing (0.55%) (2.72%) (40.60%) (56.13%) (100%)
through digital
modes (QR, online
contact tracing
forms, etc.) is
integrated in
contact tracing

2 The data input is 4 16 150 197 367

not overlooked (1.09%) (4.36%) (40.87%) (53.68%) (100%)
when using data
warehousing.

3 The transformation 4 9 138 216 367

and input of digital (1.09%) (2.45%) (37.60%) (58.86%) (100%)
data from contact
tracing is easily
integrated into the
data warehouse.

4 The use of a data 3 7 122 235 367

warehouse when (0.82%) (1.91%) (33.24%) (64.03%) (100%)
collecting data
through digital
modes should be
consistent,
relatable, and
accurate

Table 11.4 demonstrates the survey results on Characteristics of

Data Warehousing – Integrated. It shows that 206 (56.13%) out of the
367 respondents strongly agreed that contact tracing incorporates data
warehousing via digital modalities (QR, online contact tracing forms, and
other epidemiological devices). 197 (53.68%) of the respondents strongly
agreed that the data input is not overlooked when using data
warehousing. Furthermore, 216 (58.86%) of the respondents strongly
agreed that the data warehouse can easily integrate the transformation
and input of digital data from contact tracing. Furthermore, 235
(64.03%) of the respondents strongly agreed that in gathering data

85
through digital modes, the utilization of a data warehouse should be
consistent, relatable, and accurate.

86
Table 12: Effects of Contact Tracing that Helps Contain COVID-19

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 Making use of data 0 15 135 217 367

warehousing in (0%) (4.09%) (36.78%) (59.13%) (100%)
contact tracing
prevents further
transmission of
COVID-19.

2 The written and 3 5 135 224 367

digital contact (0.82%) (1.36%) (36.78%) (61.04%) (100%)
tracing form speeds
up the determination
of possible positive
individual, close
contacts, and other
COVID-19 related
data.

3 Making use of data 0 8 175 184 367

warehousing (0%) (2.18%) (47.68%) (50.14%) (100%)
improves the
generation of
historical maps and
trends on COVID-19.

4 Data integration 0 8 130 229 367

between different (0%) (2.18%) (35.42%) (62.40%) (100%)
health organizations
with the use of data
warehousing
provided efficiency
during pandemic.

5 The use of data 0 6 160 201 367

warehousing and (0%) (1.63%) (43.60%) (54.77%) (100%)
data integration with
the different data
sources provide key
information towards
COVID-19
management.

Table 12 for the effects of contact tracing that helps contain

COVID-19. Two hundred seventeen (217) respondents, or 59.13%,
strongly agreed that the usage of data warehouses in contact tracing
prevents further transmission of COVID-19. 224 (61.04%) of the

87
respondents strongly agreed that the digital and written form helps
identify different COVID-19 cases. 184 (50.14%) out of 384 respondents
strongly agreed that data warehousing improves historical data and
trends generation. 229 (62.40%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed
that data warehousing provides data integration efficiency. Two hundred
one (201) respondents (54.77%) of the 367 total respondents strongly
agreed that data warehousing affects contact tracers as they integrate
data from different sources in the management of COVID 19.

88
 Table 13: Benefits of Data Warehousing to Contact Tracers

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

1 The use of Data 3 8 140 216 367

Warehousing (0.82%) (2.18%) (38.15%) (58.86%) (100%)
improves the
productivity of
contact tracers

2 Data Warehousing 2 10 129 231 367

enables efficient (0.55%) (2.72%) (35.15%) (62.94%) (100%)
data analysis used
by contact tracers

3 Data Warehousing 0 5 133 229 367

can be used by (0%) (1.36%) (36.24%) (62.40%) (100%)
contact tracers to
gather data easier
and faster

4 Historical Data in 2 6 140 219 367

Data Warehousing (0.55%) (1.63%) (38.15%) (59.67%) (100%)
utilized by contact
tracers are easily
retrieved and
analyzed to make
future predictions
and actions

5 Data Warehousing 5 6 130 226 367

is user friendly and (1.36%) (1.63%) (35.42%) (61.58%) (100%)
easy to understand

Table 13 shows the benefits of data warehousing to contact

tracers. 58.86% (216 out of 367 respondents) of the sample population
strongly agreed that data warehousing improves the productivity of
contact tracers. 231 (62.94%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed
that data warehousing is efficient enough in analyzing data. 229
(62.40%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed that Contact tracers
could use data warehousing in gathering data is easier and faster. 219
(59.67%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed that it is easy to retrieve
and analyze historical data to make future predictions and decisions. For

89
the statement "Data Warehousing is user friendly and easy to
understand," 226 out of 367 respondents, or 61.58%, strongly agreed
that data warehousing is user-friendly and easy to understand.

Table 14: Relationship of Using Data Warehousing and the

Pandemic Containment

Table 14.1: Use of Data Warehousing

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

Use of Data Warehousing

1 The utilization of 0 8 138 221 367

data warehousing (0%) (2.18%) (37.60%) (60.22%) (100%)
(compiling
information from
various sources
into a single
database that may
be utilized to make
decisions) is useful

2 The data 0 8 116 243 367

warehouse (0.26%) (2.18%) (31.61%) (66.21%) (100%)
provides
information about
the data you
stored in the data
warehouse.

3 The data 0 6 140 221 367

warehousing is (0%) (1.63%) (38.15%) (60.22%) (100%)
useful in making
predictions and
forecasts.

Table 14.1 uses data warehousing under the section of Table 6:

Relationship of Using Data Warehousing and Pandemic Containment. In
the statement “The utilization of data warehousing is useful,” 221
(60.22%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed that data warehousing
helps compile information from different sources into a single database
and decision making.

90
 243 (66.21%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed with the
second statement. The data warehouse provides information about the
data you stored in the data warehouse. In the third statement “Data
warehousing is useful in making predictions and forecasts.”, 221
(60.22%) of the 367 respondents strongly agreed that data warehousing
is beneficial when making predictions and forecasting.

91
 Table 14.2: Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

Question 1 2 3 4 Total

Data Warehousing in Containing the Pandemic

1 The utilization of 2 8 136 221 367

data warehousing (0.54%) (2.17%) (37.05%) (60.21%) (100%)
(the process of
compiling
information from
various sources
into a single
database that may
be utilized to make
decisions) and
tools like contact
tracing forms and
QR codes are
useful in
containing the
pandemic.

2 The data 0 9 124 234 367

warehouse (0.0%) (2.45%) (33.78%) (63.76%) (100%)
provides all
information about
the COVID-19 (i.e.
infected individual,
close-contacts)
that helps contain
the spread of the
virus.

3 The data 1 3 107 256 367

warehousing is (0.27%) (1.30%) (29.15%) (69.75%) (100%)
useful in
determining the
number of cases,
positive
individuals, and
close contacts.

For Table 14.2, 3 statements are under "Data Warehousing in

Containing Pandemic." The results in the first statement show that out of
367 respondents, 221 (56.51%) strongly agreed that the utilization of
data warehousing and tools like contact tracing forms and QR codes are
useful in containing the pandemic. It also shows that about 234

92
(63.76%) out of 367 respondents strongly agreed that the data
warehouse provides all the information about COVID-19 (i.e., infected
individuals and close contacts) that helps contain the spread of the virus.
Furthermore, out of 367 respondents, 256 (69.75%) strongly agreed that
data warehousing helps determine the number of cases, positive
individuals, and close contacts.

93
 Researcher’s Profile

Last Name: Borbe

First Name: Mark

Middle Name: Carreon

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Contact Numbers: 09276593427

Campus: University of the East Manila

E-mail Address: borbe.markwilson@ue.edu.ph

Last Name: De Jesus

First Name: Eric

Middle Name: Reyes

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Campus: University of the East Manila

Contact Numbers: 09951937903

E-mail Address: dejesus.eric@ue.edu.ph

94
Last Name: Espinar

First Name: Nicole

Middle Name: Gabad

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Campus: University of the East Manila

Contact Numbers: 09156868996

E-mail Address: espinar.nicole@ue.edu.ph

Last Name: Narvaja

First Name: Armand

Middle Name: Soriao

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Campus: University of the East Manila

Contact Numbers: 0915 548 2820

E-mail Address: narvaja.armandgabriel@ue.edu.ph

95
Last Name: Rañola

First Name: Daniel

Middle Name: Canlas

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Campus: University of the East Manila

Contact Numbers: 09272286249

E-mail Address: ranola.daniel@ue.edu.ph

Last Name: Yu

First Name: Michel

Middle Name: N/A

Academic Year & Course: 3rd year/ BSBA Major in Business Economics

College: Business Administration

Campus: University of the East - Manila

E-mail Address: yu.michelalecx@ue.edu.ph

96