Hydraulics

Course

2nd Civil Year

Final Revision
(Part 2)

2018
 Part ②

Summary
Open Channel Flow
+
Specific Energy & Specific Energy
Applications
+
Specific Force (R.V.F)
+
Surface Water Profile & (G.V.F)

2
 Open Channel Flow
In this chapter we will study another type of flow which is different from the
pipe flow or (flow under effect of pressure), this type of flow is called open
channel flow or (flow under effect of gravity).
‫ھﻧدرس ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺟزﺋﯾﮫ ﻧوع ﺟدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺳرﯾﺎن و ھو ﻋﻛس ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ اﻟﺳرﯾﺎن اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن ﻓرق اﻟﺿﻐط ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺎه‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﻐوطﮫ ) وھذا ﻣﺎ ﺗم ﺷرﺣﮫ ﻓﻰ اﻟﻣﻠزﻣﮫ اﻻوﻟﻰ ( و ﯾﺳﻣﻰ ھذا اﻟﻧوع اﻟﺟدﯾد ﺑﺎﻟﺳرﯾﺎن ﺗﺣت ﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻟوزن‬
.‫او اﻟﺟﺎذﺑﯾﮫ اﻻرﺿﯾﮫ‬

Open channel flow

Introduction States of Best Hydraulic Section

+
Flow
&
‫ﻧظرى‬
Geometric Design of Sections
characteristics

Calculation
of Discharge
(Q)

Chezy Manning
Eqn Eqn

2
 1st – Introduction + ‫ﻧظرى‬

a- Difference between pipe flow & open channel flow

 Open channel flow: It is the type of flow that takes place in channels or pipes
such that the flow has a free surface exposed to the atmosphere (Pgauge = 0).
 The flow is caused by the Gravity Component under its own weight along the
slope of the channel.

V2/2g Z

Y
W*Sinɵ

‫ﻗطﺎع طوﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻧﺎه‬ Z

Longitudinal slope (Longitudinal section)
S = tanɵ
X-Section (Z-Z)

In Case of In Case of
channel pipe

Water Level P=0

Water Level P=0

Z: 1 Z: 1

Partially full pipe

3
 Pipe flow (pressurized flow): It is the type of flow that takes place in pipes such that the
flow is under pressure.
 The flow is caused due to the difference in static head between two points in the pipe.

ϒ
ϒ

b- Classifications of flow
 Steady Flow: Occurs when flow at any point in the open channel (depth & velocity)
doesn’t change with time.
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y1 V1 After time = t
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y1 V1

 Unsteady Flow: Occurs when flow at any point in the open channel (depth & velocity)
change with time.
y1 ≠ y2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠0 v 1 ≠ v2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y1 V1 After time = t
≠0 y2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 V2

4
 Uniform Flow: Occurs when depth(y), slope(S), velocity (V) & cross section of the channel
remains constant over a given length (L).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
y1 = y2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 V1
=0 y1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 y2 V2 v 1 = v2

 Non Uniform Flow: Occurs when depth(y), slope(S) & cross section of the channel change
over a given length (L).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
y1 ≠ y2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠0 v 1 ≠ v2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

 Laminar Flow: Occurs when water

particles move along straight and
parallel paths.

𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 < 500

 Turbulent Flow: Occurs when

water particles move in all
directions.

𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 > 2000

5
 Subcritical Flow: Occurs when the flow is
calm [Big depth(y) with small velocity (v)].

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 < 1

 Supercritical Flow: Occurs when the flow

is rapid [small depth(y) with high velocity (v)].

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 > 1

 critical Flow: Occurs when the flow is

moving with minimum specific energy
[Emin]

𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 1 Vcr is critical

c- Types of flow

6
2nd – States of Flow

 With respect to the effect of viscosity ‫ﺗﺣت ﺗﺎﺛﯾر اﻟﻠزوﺟﺔ‬

- Reynold’s number
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = =
𝜇𝜇 𝜐𝜐
𝜌𝜌 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(Kg/m3)
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (m/s)
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
𝜐𝜐 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (m2/s)
µ = dynamic viscosity (pascal.sec)

7
 In open channel case: (L = R = Hydraulic Radius)
𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑉𝑉𝑉𝑉
∴ 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 = =
𝜇𝜇 𝜐𝜐

Laminar Transition Turbulent

RN < 500 500 < RN < 2000 RN > 2000

 With respect to the effect of Gravity ‫ﺗﺣت ﺗﺎﺛﯾراﻟﺟﺎذﺑﯾﺔ‬

- Froude number
𝑉𝑉
𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 =
�𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝑉𝑉 = 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 (m/s)
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑐𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿ℎ (𝑚𝑚)
𝑔𝑔 = 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 9.81 (𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2 )
In open channel case: (L = D = Hydraulic mean Depth)
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
∴ 𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁 = =
�𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 �𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔

Subcritical Critical Supercritical

flow flow flow
FN < 1 FN > 1
FN = 1

8
 Regimes of Flow

It is a combined effect of both Viscosity & Gravity

Viscosity Gravity

: ‫ھو ﻋﺑﺎره ﻋن أﺧذ ﻓﻰ اﻷﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﻠزوﺟﮫ و اﻟﺟﺎذﺑﯾﮫ ﻣﻌﺎ ً و ﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ارﺑﻌﮫ اﻧواع‬
There are 4 Regimes of flow in open channel:
① Subcritical – Laminar
② Supercritical – Laminar
③ Subcritical – Turbulent
④Supercritical – Turbulent

9
3rd – Geometric Characteristics

‫ ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺟزﺋﯾﮫ ھﻧﻘوم ﺑدراﺳﮫ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﮫ ﻟﻠﻣﺟﺎرى اﻟﻣﺎﺋﯾﮫ و ﻛﯾﻔﯾﮫ ﺣﺳﺎب اﻟﺧواص اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﯾﮫ‬
: ‫ﻟﮭم‬
a. Rectangular Section T
 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐴𝐴) = 𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝑦𝑦

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑃𝑃) = 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦

 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑏𝑏

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

b. Trapezoidal Section

 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 2 𝒁𝒁 ∗ 𝒚𝒚 𝒁𝒁 ∗ 𝒚𝒚

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑃𝑃) = 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦√1 + 𝑍𝑍 2

 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

V.I Note: In case 𝑏𝑏 = 0

𝑍𝑍 = 0

10
c. Triangular Section

 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 2

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃(𝑃𝑃) = 2𝑦𝑦√1 + 𝑍𝑍 2

 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 2𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

d. Circular Section (Partially full)

1
 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 2 ∗ (𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − sin 𝜃𝜃)

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = 𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝜃𝜃
 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 sin 2

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

(θ) ‫ و اﻟزاوﯾﮫ‬Normal depth (y) ‫ھﻧﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﮫ ﺗرﺑط ﺑﯾن ﻋﻣﻖ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه‬

𝜃𝜃
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝑦𝑦) = 𝑟𝑟(1 − cos ) ‫ﻣﮭﻣﮫ ﺟدااا ﺟدااا‬
2

11
 ‫‪ In Case of‬‬ ‫)𝑟𝑟 > 𝑦𝑦(‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)𝜃𝜃 ‪𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 2 ∗ (𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − sin‬‬

‫𝑟𝑟‬ ‫𝑟𝑟‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝜃𝜃 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 = )𝑃𝑃( 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃‬
‫𝑦𝑦‬
‫𝜃𝜃‬ ‫𝑟𝑟‬ ‫𝜃𝜃‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 sin 2‬‬

‫𝐴𝐴‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫𝑃𝑃 = )𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻‬
‫𝐴𝐴‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫𝑇𝑇 = )𝐷𝐷( ‪𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ‬‬

‫)𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦( )‪ In Case of (pipe just full‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋‪𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = 2‬‬ ‫𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 = )𝑇𝑇( ‪𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ‬‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﮫ ﻣﮭﻣﮫ ﺟدا ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻧﮫ طﻠب ﻣﻧك ﺣﺳﺎب ﻗﯾﻣﮫ اﻗﺻﻰ ﺳرﻋﮫ )‪ ( Vmax‬ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺎه ﺑداﺧل اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره ﻓﺗﻛون اﻗﺻﻰ ﺳرﻋﮫ‬
‫ﺗﻣر ﺑﮭﺎ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه داﺧل اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره ﻋﻧد ﻧﺳﺑﮫ ﻋﻣﻖ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه )‪ (y‬ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﮫ ﻟﻘطر اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره )‪ (D‬ﺗﺳﺎوى ‪:‬‬
‫𝑦𝑦‬
‫‪𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 → 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.81‬‬
‫𝐷𝐷‬

‫‪ ‬ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻧﮫ طﻠب ﻣﻧك ﺣﺳﺎب ﻗﯾﻣﮫ اﻗﺻﻰ ﺗﺻرف )‪ ( Qmax‬ﻟﻠﻣﯾﺎه ﺑداﺧل اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره ﻓﯾﻛون اﻗﺻﻰ ﺗﺻرف‬
‫ﯾﻣر ﺑداﺧل اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره ﻋﻧد ﻧﺳﺑﮫ ﻋﻣﻖ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه )‪ (y‬ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﮫ ﻟﻘطر اﻟﻣﺎﺳوره )‪ (D‬ﺗﺳﺎوى ‪:‬‬

‫‪12‬‬
 𝑦𝑦
𝑄𝑄𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 → 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 0.95
𝐷𝐷
(Circular Pipe Only) ‫ ھذه اﻟﻧﺳب ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻟﻘطﺎع ال‬

e. Round Cornered Rectangle

𝜋𝜋∗𝑟𝑟 2
 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 (𝐴𝐴) = 𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 + + [(𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑟𝑟) ∗ (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑟𝑟)]
2

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝜋𝜋 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 + 2 ∗ (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑟𝑟)

 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑏𝑏 + 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

f. Trapezoidal Section (one side vertical & the other sloping)

1
 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐴𝐴) = 𝑏𝑏 ∗ 𝑦𝑦 + 2 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 2

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 ∗ √1 + 𝑍𝑍 2

 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = 𝑏𝑏 + 𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍

𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅(𝑅𝑅) = 𝑃𝑃
𝐴𝐴
 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷ℎ (𝐷𝐷) = 𝑇𝑇

13
g. Round bottom Triangle

1
 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴(𝐴𝐴) = (𝑏𝑏 ∗ ℎ + 𝑍𝑍𝑦𝑦 2 ) + �2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 2 (𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 − sin 𝜃𝜃)�

 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 (𝑃𝑃) = 𝑟𝑟 ∗ 𝜃𝜃 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 + 2ℎ ∗ √1 + 𝑍𝑍 2

𝜃𝜃
 𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊ℎ (𝑇𝑇) = �2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 sin 2 � + 2𝑍𝑍ℎ
Where;
𝜃𝜃
𝑏𝑏 = 2 ∗ 𝑟𝑟 sin
2
𝜃𝜃
𝑑𝑑 = 𝑟𝑟(1 − cos )
2
𝜃𝜃
ℎ = 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑑𝑑 = (𝑦𝑦 − 𝑟𝑟) + (𝑟𝑟 ∗ cos )
2

14
4th – Calculation of Discharge

a. Chezy equation ‫أﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﮭم ﺟدا‬

L Z

𝐖𝐖 ∗ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
𝝉𝝉 𝐖𝐖
Ɵ

X-Section (Z-Z)
 For Uniform Flow
The effective Component of the gravity force causing the flow must be equal to
the total force of resistance.
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﺳرﯾﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺗظم ﻣرﻛﺑﮫ اﻟوزن اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﮫ ﻟﺳرﯾﺎن اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﺗﺣت ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺟﺎذﺑﯾﮫ ﻻﺑد ان ﺗﺳﺎوى ﻗوه‬
.(Perimeter) ‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﮫ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﮫ أﺣﺗﻛﺎك اﻟﻣﯾﺎه ﻣﻊ ﻣﺣﯾط اﻟﺗرﻋﮫ‬

𝐖𝐖 ∗ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽 = 𝝉𝝉 ∗ 𝑷𝑷 ∗ 𝑳𝑳

𝛄𝛄 ∗ 𝐀𝐀 ∗ 𝐋𝐋 ∗ 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽 = 𝝉𝝉 ∗ 𝑷𝑷 ∗ 𝑳𝑳

𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽 ≈ 𝜽𝜽 = 𝑺𝑺

∴ 𝝉𝝉 = 𝛄𝛄 ∗ 𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺

15
 Chezy assumed
‫ﺗﻛﻣﻠﮫ اﻷﺛﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﮭم‬
The Force resisting the flow per unit area (Shear Stress (τ)) is proportional to
the square of the velocity (V2).

𝝉𝝉 ∝ 𝐕𝐕 𝟐𝟐
𝝉𝝉 = 𝑲𝑲 ∗ 𝐕𝐕 𝟐𝟐

∵ 𝝉𝝉 = 𝛄𝛄 ∗ 𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺

∴ 𝑲𝑲 ∗ 𝐕𝐕 𝟐𝟐 = 𝛄𝛄 ∗ 𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺

𝛄𝛄
∴ 𝐕𝐕 = � ∗ √𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺
𝑲𝑲

∴ 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑪𝑪 ∗ √𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺

Chezy Coefficient

16
 Determination of Chezy coefficient of roughness (C)
(Chezy) ‫ أﺛﺑﺎت ﻗﺎﻧون ﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻷﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ‬
 By using Darcy’s Formula

𝑭𝑭 ∗ 𝑳𝑳 ∗ 𝐕𝐕 𝟐𝟐
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 =
𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒈𝒈 ∗ 𝒅𝒅
For pipe Section

𝝅𝝅 ∗ 𝒅𝒅𝟐𝟐
𝑨𝑨 𝒅𝒅
∵ 𝑹𝑹 = = 𝟒𝟒 = ∴ 𝒅𝒅 = 𝟒𝟒 ∗ 𝑹𝑹
𝑷𝑷 𝝅𝝅 ∗ 𝒅𝒅 𝟒𝟒
𝐻𝐻𝑓𝑓
𝒉𝒉𝒇𝒇 𝟐𝟐
𝑭𝑭 ∗ 𝐕𝐕
= 𝑇𝑇. 𝐸𝐸. 𝐿𝐿
𝑳𝑳 𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒈𝒈 ∗ 𝒅𝒅

𝑭𝑭 ∗ 𝐕𝐕 𝟐𝟐 𝐿𝐿
𝑺𝑺 =
𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝒈𝒈 ∗ 𝑹𝑹

Slope of pipe & T.E.L

𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝒈𝒈
∴ 𝐕𝐕 = � ∗ √𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺
𝑭𝑭

But ∵ 𝐕𝐕 = 𝑪𝑪 ∗ √𝑹𝑹 ∗ 𝑺𝑺 from Chezy equation

𝟖𝟖 ∗ 𝒈𝒈 𝒃𝒃
∴ 𝑪𝑪 = � 𝑭𝑭 = 𝒂𝒂(𝟏𝟏 + )
𝑭𝑭 𝑹𝑹
Hydraulic radius
 (a & b) are constants depend on canal material (givens)
17
 b. Manning’s equation

𝟏𝟏 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑸 = ∗ 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝑨 (m3/s) = Cumecs
𝒏𝒏

𝒏𝒏 Manning Roughness Coeff.

𝒏𝒏

Earth Canal Drain Lining

n = 0.025 n = 0.03 n = 0.016

𝑹𝑹 Hydraulic radius = A/P

𝑺𝑺 Longitudinal Slope (unit less) ‫اﻟﻣﯾل اﻟطوﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﺗرﻋﮫ‬

‫( ﻋن‬Unit less) ‫( ﻓﯾﺟب ﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ اﻟﻰ‬cm/km) ‫ إذا ﻛﺎن ﻗﯾﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﯾل اﻟطوﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﻌطﺎه ﺑوﺣده‬: ‫ ﻣﻠﺣوظﮫ‬
(10-5) ‫طرﯾﻖ ﺿرب ﻗﯾﻣﮫ اﻟﻣﯾل ﻓﻰ‬
 Manning equation in case of English System

𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟐𝟐 𝟏𝟏
𝑸𝑸 = ∗ 𝑹𝑹𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝑺𝑺𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝑨𝑨 (ft3/s) = (cfs)
𝒏𝒏
(Manning) ‫( ﺑﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ‬Chezy) ‫ ھﻧﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﮫ ﻟرﺑط ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﮫ‬

𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝟏𝟏
𝑪𝑪 = ∗ 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔 𝑪𝑪 = ∗ 𝑹𝑹𝟔𝟔
𝒏𝒏 𝒏𝒏
Metric System English System

18
Examples

19
 1. Define the following terms and mention the criterion for each:

a) Steady flow - unsteady flow - uniform flow - non-uniform flow - laminar flow -
turbulent flow-subcritical flow - supercritical flow - critical flow .

b) State each of the following:-

Types of open channel flow - States of open channel flow - Regimes of open channel flow
Solution
a)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
 Steady flow: occurs when the flow at any point (Depth, Velocity) doesn’t change with time. 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
, 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
=0
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
 Unsteady flow: occurs when the flow at any point (Depth, Velocity) changes with time. 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠0,
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
≠0

 Uniform flow: occurs when (Depth, Slope, Velocity & Cross section) remain constant over a given
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
length. 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0 , 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 = 0
 Non-Uniform flow: occurs when (Depth or Slope or Velocity or Cross section) changes over a
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
given length. 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 ≠ 0 , 𝜕𝜕𝐿𝐿 ≠ 0

 Laminar Flow: occurs when the fluid particles move a long straight and parallel lines. ( 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 <
500)
 Turbulent Flow: occurs when the fluid particles move in all directions. ( 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 > 2000)

 Subcritical flow: occurs when the flow is calm (big depth &low velocity) (𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 < 1)
 Supercritical flow: occurs when the flow is rapid (small depth &high velocity) (𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 > 1)
 Critical flow: occurs when the flow is moving with min. Specific energy (𝐸𝐸𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ) (𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 1)
b)
Types of open channel flow:
1) Steady flow:
a. Uniform
b. Non uniform (G.V.F & R.V.F)

2) Unsteady flow:
a. Uniform
b. Non uniform (G.V.F & R.V.F)

States of open channel flow:

a- With respect to effect of viscosity

( 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 < 500) 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
( 𝑅𝑅𝑛𝑛 > 2000) 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

b- With respect to effect of Gravity

(𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 < 1) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 > 1) 𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆
(𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛 = 1) 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Regimes of flow:
It is a combined effect of both viscosity and gravity

1- Subcritical – laminar
2- Subcritical –Turbulent
3- Supercritical – laminar
4- Supercritical – Turbulent
2. Liquid of specific weight (γ) flows uniformly down an inclined plane of slope angle
(θ). Drive an expression for the pressure on the plane in terms of (γ), (θ) and the
depth y (measured vertically from the plane to the surface of the liquid).

Solution

At any point A at a depth d measured normal to the water surface,

the weight of column 𝐀𝐀𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏′ 𝐀𝐀′ = 𝛄𝛄𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 and acts vertically downwards.
The pressure at AA’ supports the normal
component of the column 𝐀𝐀𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏′𝐀𝐀′.

Thus: 𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 = 𝛄𝛄𝐝𝐝 𝚫𝚫𝚫𝚫 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝚹𝚹

𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨 = 𝛄𝛄𝐝𝐝 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝚹𝚹
𝑷𝑷𝑨𝑨
= 𝐝𝐝 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝚹𝚹
𝜸𝜸

The pressure 𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐀 varies linearly with the depth 𝐲𝐲 but the constant of proportionality
is 𝛄𝛄𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝚹𝚹 .
If 𝐡𝐡 = normal depth of flow, the pressure on the bed at point O, 𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐎 = 𝛄𝛄 𝐡𝐡 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝛉𝛉 .
If 𝐘𝐘 = vertical depth to water surface measured at point O, then 𝐡𝐡 = 𝐘𝐘 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝛉𝛉 and the
pressure head at point O, on the bed is given by,
𝐏𝐏𝐎𝐎 = 𝛄𝛄 𝐡𝐡 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝛉𝛉 = 𝛄𝛄 𝐘𝐘 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝟐𝟐 𝚹𝚹
3. Write the expression for the cross sectional area A, the wetted perimeter P, the top
width B, the hydraulic radius R, the hydraulic mean depth D, and the section factor
Z, for rectangular, trapezoidal, partially full circular and triangle sections.

Solution

A. Rectangular cross section:

𝐀𝐀 = by
𝐏𝐏 = b + 2y
𝐓𝐓 = b
A 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐑𝐑 = =
p 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦
A 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐃𝐃 (hydraulic mean depth) = =
T 𝑏𝑏
= 𝑦𝑦
A 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐙𝐙(section factor) = A� = 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏�
T 𝑏𝑏
= 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏�𝑦𝑦

B. Trapezoidal cross section:

1
𝐀𝐀 = 2 y(b + b + 2zy) = by + zy 2
𝐏𝐏 = b + 2y�1 + z 2
𝐓𝐓 = b + 2zy
A by + zy 2
𝐑𝐑 = =
P b + 2y√1 + z 2
A
𝐃𝐃(hydraulic mean depth) =
T
by + zy 2
=
b + 2zy
A by + zy 2
𝐙𝐙(section factor) = A� = (by + zy 2 )�
T b + 2zy

C. Circular cross section:

 360º = 2π r𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎

Area and the perimeter of the sector are:

πr 2 r 2 ϴ
𝐀𝐀 = ϴ =
2π 2
2πr
𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 =ϴ = rϴ
2π

wetted area of the flow with the flow depth y is:

r2 ϴ
𝐀𝐀(wetted area) = 2 − AOAB
ϴ x ϴ
sin = → 𝐱𝐱 = rsin
2 r 2
ϴ y ϴ
cos = → 𝐲𝐲 = rcos
2 r 2
1 r2
𝐀𝐀 𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎𝐎 = 2xy = sinϴ
2 2
r2 ϴ r2
∴ 𝐀𝐀(wetted area) = − sinϴ
2 2
1 2
= r (ϴ − sinϴ)
2
2πr
𝐏𝐏𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 = ϴ 2π = rϴ
ϴ
𝐓𝐓 = 2x = 2rsin
2
1 2
A r (ϴ − sinϴ) r(ϴ − sinϴ)
𝐑𝐑 = = 2 =
P rϴ 2ϴ

2 1
A 2 r (ϴ − sinϴ) r(ϴ − sinϴ)
𝐃𝐃(hydraulic mean depth) = = ϴ
= ϴ
T 2rsin 2 4sin 2

A 1 r(ϴ − sinϴ)
𝐙𝐙(section factor) = A� = ( r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ))� ϴ
T 2 4sin 2

D. Triangular cross section:

1 1
𝐀𝐀 = Ty = (2𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧)𝑦𝑦 = 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 2
2 2
𝐏𝐏 = 2y�1 + z 2
𝐓𝐓 = 2zy
𝐴𝐴 zy 2 𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
𝑹𝑹 = = =
𝑃𝑃 2y√1 + z 2 2√1 + z 2
A zy 2 𝑦𝑦
𝐃𝐃(hydraulic mean depth) = = =
T 2zy 2
A zy 2 𝑦𝑦
𝐙𝐙(section factor) = A � = 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 2�
= 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 2 �
T 2zy 2
4. Determine the normal depth of a 2.5 m wide rectangular channel carries a discharge
of 45m3/sec, if the channel has slope equal to 0.041, and Manning coefficient is
0.022. What is the mean shear stress on the sides and the bottom of the canal?

Solution

1 2 1
→ Q= R3 S 2 A
n
2
1
1 2.5 y 3
→ 45 = � � (0.041)2 (2.5 y)
0.022 2.5+2y
∴ y = 2.26 m
2.5 × 2.26
ɽ0(bottom) = 0.98(γ R S) = 0.98 × 9810 � � (0.041)
2.5 + 2 × 2.26
= 317.24 N� 2
m
ɽsides ≅ 0.75 ɽo = 242.78 N� 2
m

5. A triangular channel with side slope of 45o paved with brick in cement mortar
should deliver 38m3/sec. Determine the depth of the flow if the slope is 0.0016.

Solution

Paved with brick in cement mortar → 𝐧𝐧 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 & 𝑧𝑧 (𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬) = 𝟏𝟏: 𝟏𝟏
∴ 𝐴𝐴 = 𝑧𝑧𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑦𝑦 2 & 𝑝𝑝 = 2y�1 + z 2 = 2y√2

1 2 1
→Q= R3 S 2 A
n
2
1 y2 3 1
→ 38 = � � (0.0016)2 (y 2 )
0.016 2y√2
∴ 𝐲𝐲 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦
 6. A trapezoidal canal has bed width 10 ft with side slopes of 1:1 carry water at a
uniform flow depth of 6 ft. The canal slope is 0.0045. If Chezy coefficient C= 60,
what should be the uniform discharge in the channel? Is the flow subcritical or
supercritical? Calculate the average shear stress on the bed and the sides.

Solution

A = by + zy 2 = 10(6) + 62 = 96 ft 2
P = b + 2y�1 + z 2 = 10 + 2(6)√1 + 1
= 26.97 ft
T = b + 2zy = 10 + 2(6) = 22 ft

→ Q = CA√RS
96 3
∴ 𝐐𝐐 = 60 × 96� × 0.0045 = 728.98 ft �sec
26.97
Q 728.98 A 96
V= = = 7.59 m⁄sec & D= = = 4.36
A 96 T 22
𝑉𝑉 7.59
𝐅𝐅𝐍𝐍 = = = 0.64 < 1 … . . ∴ 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
�𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 √32.2 × 4.36

96
ɽ𝟎𝟎(𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛𝐛) = 0.98(γ R S) = 0.98 × 62.4 � � (0.0045) = 0.97 lb� 2
26.97 ft

ɽ𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 ≅ 0.75 ɽo = 0.749 lb� 2

ft

7.
A. Show that the maximum velocity in the circular channel occurs when (y/D =
0.81).

B. By using the Chezy formula with constant (C), show that the condition
for maximum discharge in a circular channel occurs when (y/D = 0.95).

C. Derive the governing equation for the flow in open channel (Chezy’s formula),
listing the assumption of that proof.

Solution

𝒚𝒚
A. show that 𝑽𝑽𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 𝑫𝑫
= 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
1 2 1
→V= R3 S 2
n
A
→ Vmax → R max = ( )max
p
dA × P − dP × A
→ dR = =0
P2
dA dP
→ =
A P
For circular cross section:
1 dA 1 2
A = r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ) = r (1 − cosϴ)
2 dϴ 2
dP
P = rϴ =r
dϴ

r2
(1 − cosϴ) r
2
→ 1 2 =
r (ϴ − sinϴ) rϴ
2
→ ϴ(1 − cosϴ) = ϴ − sinϴ
sinϴ
∴ϴ= = tanϴ
cosϴ
→ 𝚹𝚹 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐º 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑′ = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫
ϴ 257.5
→ y = r − rcos = r �1 − cos � = 1.625 r = 0.81 D
2 2
𝐲𝐲
∴ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝐃𝐃

B. By using the Chezy formula with constant (C), show that the
condition for maximum discharge in a circular channel occurs
when (y/D = 0.95).

Solution
For circular cross section:
1 dA 1 2
A = r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ) = r (1 − cosϴ)
2 dϴ 2
dP
P = rϴ =r
dϴ
By using Chezy's Formula
→ Q = CA√RS
By squaring both sides we get:
A3
→ Q2 = C2 . A2 . R. S = C2 . S. ……… C2 . S is constant
P
dQ
→ =0
dϴ
dA dP
dQ 3A2 . dϴ . P − A3 . dϴ
→ = C2 . S � �=0
dϴ P2
dA dP
→ 3A2 . . P = A3 .
dϴ dϴ
dA dP
→ 3. . P = A.
dϴ dϴ
By substituting we get:
1 1
→ 3. r 2 (1 − cosϴ). rϴ = A = r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ). r
2 2
→ 2ϴ − 3ϴcosϴ + sinϴ = 0
∴ ϴ = 308.3º = 5.38rad
ϴ
→ y = r �1 − cos � = 1.9 r
2
𝐲𝐲
∴ = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
𝐃𝐃
 8. What is the uniform flow rate in a 40 cm diameter (n = 0.015) on a slope of
0.002 if the depth is 11.0 cm? Is the flow subcritical or supercritical? What is
the maximum uniform velocity under open-channel conditions for this pipe?

Solution
Given:
For a circular open channel:

ϴ
𝐃𝐃 = 0.04 m → 𝐲𝐲 = r �1 − cos �
2
ϴ
𝐧𝐧 = 0.015 0.11 = 0.2(1 − cos )
2
𝐒𝐒𝟎𝟎 = 0.002 ∴ 𝚹𝚹 = 126.5º = 2.207rad
y = 0.11 m

1 1
→ 𝐀𝐀 = r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ) = (0.2)2 (2.207 − sin(126.5)) = 0.028 m2
2 2
→ 𝐏𝐏 = rϴ = 0.2(2.207) = 0.4414 m
ϴ 126.5
→ 𝐓𝐓 = 2rsin = 2(0.2)sin = 0.357 m
2 2

1 2 1
∴ 𝐐𝐐 = 𝑅𝑅 3 𝑆𝑆 2 𝐴𝐴
n
2
1 0.028 3 1 3
= � � (0.002)2 (0.028) = 0.0133 m �sec
0.015 0.4414
Q 0.0133 A 0.028
→ 𝐕𝐕 = = = 0.475 m⁄sec & → 𝐷𝐷 = = = 0.078 m
A 0.028 T 0.357
V 0.475
∴ 𝐅𝐅𝐍𝐍 = = = 0.54 < 1 … … … 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟𝐟
�g D √9.81 × 0.078
y
𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 ocurrs at → = 0.81 … … … 𝐲𝐲 = 0.81(0.4) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦 & � = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐º 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑′
D
= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫

1
→ A = (0.2)2 (4.49 − sin(257.5)) = 0.109 m2
2
→ P = 0.2(4.49) = 0.898 m
A 0.109
→R= = = 0.121 m
P 0.898
1 2 1 1 2 1
∴ 𝐕𝐕𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 = R3 S 2 = (0.121)3 (0.002)2 = 0.73 m⁄sec
n 0.015

\
 9. A trapezoidal channel with side slopes 3:2 is to be designed as an efficient
channel to carry 30 m3/s discharge at a slope of 60 cm/km. using Manning’s
coefficient (n = 0.022).
determine the following:
a. The channel dimensions
b. The diameter of pipe if this channel is replaced by a pipe having the same slope and
coefficient of friction F= 0.02 and the flow is just running full.

Solution
Given:
For a traopezoidal open channel:
3
𝐐𝐐 = 30 m �sec
𝐳𝐳 (side slopes) = 1.5 & 𝐒𝐒𝟎𝟎 = 60 × 10−5
𝐧𝐧 = 0.022
a.For Efficient trapezoidal cross sections:

dP
→ =0
dy
𝐲𝐲
∴ 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐲𝐲 𝟐𝟐 �𝟐𝟐�𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳� & 𝐑𝐑 =
𝟐𝟐
1 2 1
Q= R3 S 2 A
n
2
1 y 3 1
→ 30 = � � (60 × 10−5 )2 �y 2 �2�1 + 1.52 − 1.5��
0.022 2
8
→ 20.319 = y 3
A − zy 2 20.1 − 1.5(3.09)2
∴ 𝐲𝐲 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦 𝑨𝑨 = y �2�1 + z 2 − z� = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏 𝒎𝒎𝟐𝟐
2
& 𝑏𝑏 = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦
y 3.09

b.The flow is just running full: F= 0.02

π 2
→ 𝐴𝐴 = 𝐷𝐷 & 𝑃𝑃 = πD
4
8 × 𝑔𝑔 8 × 9.81
𝐶𝐶 = � =� = 62.64
𝐹𝐹 0.02
𝑄𝑄 = 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴�𝑅𝑅S0
π 2 𝐷𝐷
30 = 𝐷𝐷 × 62.64 × � × 60 × 10−5
4 4
∴ 𝐃𝐃 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦
 10.The normal depth of flow in a trapezoidal concrete lined channel is 2 m. The
channel base width is 5 m and has side slopes of 2:1. Manning’s (n) is 0.015 and
the bed slopes, So is 0.001. During large floods, the water level in the channel
exceeds the bank-full level of 2.5m. The flood banks are 10 m wide and are
grassed with side slopes of 3:1. The estimated Manning’s (n) for these flood
banks is 0.035. Estimate the discharge for a maximum flood level of 4m

Given:
𝑛𝑛1 = 0.015 & 𝑧𝑧1 = 2: 1
𝑛𝑛1 = 0.035 & 𝑧𝑧1 = 3: 1
Solution

𝐀𝐀𝟏𝟏 = 15 × 1.5 + 5(2.5) + 2(2.5)2 = 47.5 m2

𝐀𝐀𝟐𝟐 + 𝐀𝐀𝟑𝟑 = by + zy 2 = 20(1.5) + 3(1.5)2 = 36.75 m2
→ 𝑷𝑷 = 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑦𝑦�1 + 𝑧𝑧 2
∴ 𝐏𝐏𝟏𝟏 = 5 + 2(2.5)�1 + 22 = 16.18 m & P2+3 = 20 + 2(1.5)�1 + 32 = 29.48 m
A
𝐑𝐑 =
p
A1 47.5 A2+3 36.75
∴ 𝐑𝐑 𝟏𝟏 = = = 2.93 m & R 2+3 = = = 1.246 m
P1 16.18 P2+3 29.48
1 2 1 1 2 1 3
∴ 𝐐𝐐𝟏𝟏 = R1 3 S 2 A1 = (2.93)3 (0.001)2 (47.5) = 205.04 m �sec
n1 0.015
1 2 1 1 2 1 3
∴ 𝐐𝐐𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑 = R 2+3 3 S2 A2+3 = (1.246)3 (0.001)2 (36.75) = 38.44 m �sec
n2 0.035
𝟑𝟑
∴ 𝐐𝐐𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭𝐭 = 𝐐𝐐𝟏𝟏 + 𝐐𝐐𝟐𝟐+𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦 �𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
 11.11.Calculate the required width of a rectangular to carry 40 m3 /s uniformly at
best hydraulic conditions on a slope of 10 cm/km. If Manning's (n) is 0.035.

Given:
For a rectangular open channel:

3
𝐐𝐐 = 40 m �sec
−5
& 𝐒𝐒𝟎𝟎 = 10 × 10
𝐧𝐧 = 0.035
Solution

For a best hydraulic rectangular cross sections:

dP
→ =0
dy
𝐲𝐲
∴ 𝐀𝐀 = 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 𝟐𝟐 & 𝐑𝐑 =
𝟐𝟐
1 2 1
Q= R3 S 2 A
n
2
1 y 3 1
→ 40 = � � (10 × 10−5 )2 (2y 2 )
0.035 2
𝐀𝐀
∴ 𝐲𝐲 = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 & 𝐛𝐛 = = 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦
𝐲𝐲

12.12.It is necessary to discharge 0.23 m3/s in a pipe Chezy coefficient (C = 55) on

a slope of 0.007. What diameter pipe should be chosen so that this discharge is
the maximum discharge? What is the average shear stress in this case?

Given:
For a circular open channel:
3
𝐐𝐐 = 0.23 m �sec
𝐂𝐂 = 55 & 𝐒𝐒𝟎𝟎 = 0.007
Solution

𝐲𝐲
𝐐𝐐𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 ocurrs at → = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 → 𝚹𝚹 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑º = 𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫 … … … 𝐲𝐲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟗 𝐫𝐫
𝐃𝐃
1 1
→ 𝐀𝐀 = r 2 (ϴ − sinϴ) = r 2 (5.38 − sin(308.3)) = 3.08 r 2
2 2
→ 𝐏𝐏 = rϴ = 5.38 r
𝑨𝑨 3.08 r2
→ 𝑹𝑹 = = = 0.57 r
𝑷𝑷 5.38 𝑟𝑟
By using chezy's equation:
Q = CA�RSº
0.23 = 55 × 3.08 r2 √0.57 r × 0.007
∴ 𝐫𝐫 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 & 𝐃𝐃 = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜
∴ ɽ𝟎𝟎(𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚𝐚) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗(𝛄𝛄 𝐑𝐑 𝐒𝐒) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗 × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓(𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐) × 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐍𝐍� 𝟐𝟐
𝐦𝐦
 13.trapezoidal channel with side slopes 1 : 1 has to be designed to convey 10 m3/s
at a velocity of 2 m/s, so that the amount of concrete lining for the bed and sides
is the minimum.
a. Calculate the area of lining required for one meter length of the canal.
b. If Manning’s roughness coefficient (n = 0.015), calculate the bed slope of the canal.

Given:
For a traopezoidal open channel:
3
𝐐𝐐 = 10 m �sec

𝐕𝐕 = 2 m⁄sec & 𝐳𝐳 = 1: 1
𝐧𝐧 = 0.015
Solution
a. For minimum area of lining (min.wetted perimeter):
dP
→ =0
dy
∴ 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐲𝐲 𝟐𝟐 �𝟐𝟐�𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳� & 𝐏𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 �𝟐𝟐�𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳�
𝐲𝐲
𝐑𝐑 =
𝟐𝟐
𝑄𝑄 10
→ 𝐴𝐴 = = = 5 𝑚𝑚2
𝑉𝑉 2
→ A = y 2 �2�1 + z 2 − z� = 𝑦𝑦 2 �2√1 + 1 − 1� = 5 ∴ 𝐲𝐲 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦
→ P = 2y �2�1 + z 2 − z� = 2(1.65)�2√2 − 1� = 6.03 𝑚𝑚

∴ 𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀𝐀 𝐨𝐨𝐨𝐨 𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥𝐥 = 𝐏𝐏 × 𝟏𝟏𝐦𝐦 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐𝟐

2 1
1
b. Q= R3 S 2 A
n
2
1 1.65 3 1
→ 10 = � � S 2 (5)
0.015 2
∴ 𝐒𝐒 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑

14.Design a best trapezoidal hydraulic section for a canal; locate in stiff clay, to carry
flow rate for a district of 20000 feddan needs water duty equal to 50
m3/feddan/day over a distance of 20 km. The necessary drop over the canal length
is 100 cm. The seepage rate from the canal is 10 mm/day, the evaporation loss is 2
mm/day. Assume a reasonable value for the free board.

Given:
For a traopezoidal open channel:
stiff clay
n = 0.025 & z = 1: 1
m3
fed
Area Served = 20000 fed & 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 50 for L = 20 km with Δh = 100cm
day
mm 2mm
Seepage rate = 10 & 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
day day
 Solution
Δh 100
Sº = = = 5 × 10−5 & 𝑇𝑇 = 𝑏𝑏 + 2𝑧𝑧𝑧𝑧
L 20 × 105

For a best hydraulic trapezoidal cross sections:

𝒚𝒚
𝐏𝐏 = 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 �𝟐𝟐�𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳� = 2𝑦𝑦�2√2 − 1� = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝒚𝒚 & 𝑹𝑹 = & 𝐀𝐀 = 𝐲𝐲 𝟐𝟐 �𝟐𝟐�𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳� = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝒚𝒚𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
→ 𝐛𝐛 = 𝟐𝟐𝐲𝐲 ��𝟏𝟏 + 𝐳𝐳 𝟐𝟐 − 𝐳𝐳� ∴ 𝐓𝐓 = 𝟐𝟐𝒚𝒚�𝟏𝟏 + 𝒛𝒛𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒚𝒚
m3 m3
∴ Q irr = 20000 × 50 = 1000000 = 11.57
day sec
→ Q Evap = Evap. rate × Exposed area

→ Exposed area to evaporation = T × L = 2.828 y × 20000 = 56568.54 y

2 𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑
∴ Q Evap = × 56568.54 y = �𝟏𝟏. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 �𝐲𝐲
1000 × 24 × 60 × 60 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
mm 10
∴ Q seepage = seepage. rate × area of seepage = 10 × (P × L) = (3.656y)(20,000)
day 1000 × 24 × 60 × 60
𝐦𝐦𝟑𝟑
= 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝐲𝐲
𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬
→ Q tot = Q irr + Q Evap + Q seepage = 11.57 + (1.309 × 10−3 )y + 𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏−𝟑𝟑 𝐲𝐲
= 11.57 + 9.77 × 10−3 y … … … (1)
1 2 1 1 y 2 1 8
→ Q tot = R3 S 2 A = ( )3 (5 × 10−5 )2 (1.828 y 2 ) = 0.325 y 3 … … … (2)
n 0.025 2
From (1) =(2)......we get :
𝐲𝐲 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦 & 𝐛𝐛 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦
‫أﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﮭم ﺟداااا‬
‫ﻣﻠﺧص ﻟﻛل اﻟﻘواﻧﯾن اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ھذه اﻟﺟزﺋﯾﮫ ﺑﻧرﺳم ھذا اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻧﻰ ﺑﺄﻋﺗﺑﺎر ان‬
‫اﻟطﺎﻗﮫ ﺛﺎﺑﺗﮫ‬
‫)‪(E = Constant‬‬
Examples

2
 ASSIGNMENT NO.4
Specific Energy
1- A flow of 5.0 m3/s is passing at a depth of 1.5 m through a rectangular channel of
width 2.5 m. What is the value of the depth alternate to the existing depth?

Solution

 (multiply by y2)

Solving using calculator: (Equation 3rd Degree), (Solver), Or (Trial and Error)
Y1 = 1.5 m (Accepted), Y2 = 0.416 m (Accepted), and Y3 = - 0.32 m (refused)

2- A Trapezoidal channel has a bottom width 6.0 m and side slope 1:1. The depth of
flow is 1.5 m at a discharge of 15 m3/s. Determine the specific energy and the
alternate depth.

Solution


Solving for alternate depth (y2):

Solving using calculator: (Solver) or (trial & error):

Y1 = 1.5 m (Accepted), Y2 = 0.5 m (Accepted), and Y3= - 0.428 m (Refused)
3- A circular culvert 1.2 m diameter is flowing half full and the flow is in critical state.
Estimate the discharge and the specific energy.
Solution

 (1)

As the circular culvert is half full and the case is critical  Tcr =1.2 m

Substitute in (1):

=
0.47 m

Or where Vcr =

4- What is the critical depth, critical velocity, and minimum specific energy
corresponding to a discharge of 175 ft 3/s in
a) Trapezoidal channel of b = 3 ft. and z = 1.5.
b) Triangular channel with z = 2.
c) Circular channel of diameter = 5 ft.
Solution
For trapezoid: b= 3 ft, z= 1.5


 where

Or where Vcr =

For triangular: b= 0 ft, z=2

where

Or where Vcr =

For circular: d= 5 ft

( )

( )

where

Or where Vcr =
 3
5- A rectangular channel 6 m wide conveys a discharge of 10.0 m /sec at a uniform flow
depth of 1.5 m with a slope of 50 cm/km.
Determine the following:
a) The critical depth.
b) The minimum specific energy.
c) The critical velocity.
d) The flow conditions.
e) Froude number at the critical depth and at depth of 1.25 m.
f) The critical slope.

Solution

a)

√ √

b)

c)

d) Sub-critical flow because y = 1.5 m > ycr

e)

y = 1.25 m,

√ √
f) At normal flow state :

( )

( ) ( ) n = 0.02

( )

( )
6- Ten cubic meters per second flow in a rectangular channel of 4 m width having n of
0.022. Plot accurately the specific energy diagram for depths from 0 to 3 m using the
same scale for y and E. Determine from the diagram,
a) The critical depth.
b) The minimum specific Energy.
c) The specific energy when the depth of flow is 2 m.
d) The depths when the specific energy is 2.5 m.
e) The depth alternate to 1.5 m depth.
f) What type of flow exists for depths of 0.4 m and 1.8 m?
g) What are the channel slopes necessary to maintain these depths?
h) What types of slopes are these?
i) What is the critical slope assuming the channel is wide?

Solution

Y (m) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
E (m) 8.16 2.39 1.48 1.30 1.32 1.64 2.08 2.55 3.04
From graph:
a)

b)

c) At

d) At

e) Depth alternate to

f) For depth y = 0.4 m flow is super-critical, for depth y = 1.8 m flow is

sub-critical

g) For depth y = 0.4; substitute in Manning eqn:

( ) ( )

S = 0.082

For depth y = 1.8; substitute in Manning eqn:

( ) ( )

S = 10 -3
h) For S = 0.082 the slope is steep and for S = 10 -3 the slope is mild

i) For depth y = 0.85 m; substitute in manning eqn:

Wide section R= y

S = 5.2*10 -3
7- Plot accurately the specific energy diagram for depths from 0 to 5 m using the same
scale for y and E for a discharge Q = 10 m3/s in a trapezoidal channel having a
bottom width of 4 m and side slopes 3:2. Determine from the diagram:
a) The critical depth.
b) The minimum specific energy.
c) The specific energy when the depth of flow is 3 m.
d) The two depths corresponding to a specific energy of 4.5 m and classify them.
e) On the same graph, plot the specific energy diagram for Q = 20 m 3/s and
determine the corresponding critical depth.

Solution
 ,

Y E
0.25 4.51 E-y curve
0.4 1.91 6
0.6 1.19
0.8 1.09
1 1.17
5
1.5 1.56
2 2.03
2.5 2.51 y = 4.5m
3 3.01 4
3.5 3.50
4 4.00
4.5 4.50
Y(m)

3
5 5.00 y = 3m

1 yc = 0.78m

y = 0.25m
Emin =1.1m
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
From graph:
E
a)
b)
c) At
d) At
f) At
  e) ,

Y E
0.6 2.96 E-y curve
0.8 1.98 6
1 1.67
1.5 1.73
2 2.10 5
2.5 2.55
3 3.03
3.5 3.52
4
4 4.01
4.5 4.51
5 5.01
Y(m)

yc = 1.2 m
1
Q = 20 m3/s
Q = 10 m3/s
0
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00
E(m)
8- Complete the following list of tasks for a circular concrete drainage pipe
with a diameter of 1.20 m and carries a discharge of 1.45 m3/s.
a) Plot the specific energy diagram and determine the following.
b) The critical depth.
c) The minimum specific energy.
d) The specific energy for a depth of 0.50 m and the alternate depth for
this energy.
e) The velocity of flow and the Froude number for each depth in (d).

Solution

a) y ( ),

,
( ( ) )

θ y E
140 0.39 1.41 E-y curve
150 0.44 1.18
1.40
180 0.60 0.94
210 0.75 0.95
240 0.90 1.03 1.20
270 1.02 1.13
300 1.12 1.21 1.00 y = 0.92m
330 1.18 1.26
360 1.20 1.28
0.80
Y(m)

yc = 0.66m
0.60

y = 0.5m
0.40

0.20

Emin = 0.9238 m
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60
E = 1.05 m
E(m)
From graph:

b) ,
c)
d) At

e) y ( ),

y θ E v Fn
0.5 160 1.05 1.34 0.45
0.92 245 1.05 0.30 0.04
9- Flow occurs in rectangular channel of 20 ft width and has a specific energy of 10 ft.
Plot accurately the q-curve and determine the following from the curve:
a) The critical depth and maximum flow rate.
b) The flow rate at a depth of 8 ft.
c) The depths at which a flow rate of 1000 cfs may exist.
d) The flow condition at these depths.

Solution

For (Q-y) curve :

√

Y Q
0 0 Q-y curve
0.5 247 10
1 481 y = 9.55 ft
1.5 702 9
2 908
2.5 1099 y = 8 ft
8
3 1274
3.5 1432
7
4 1573
4.5 1694 yc = 6.7 ft
6
5 1794
5.5 1873
Y (ft)

6 1926 5
6.5 1952
7 1946 4
7.5 1903
8 1816 3
8.5 1671 y = 2.25 ft
9 1444 2
9.5 1078
10 0 1
Qmax = 1816 ft3/s
Q = 1000 ft3/s
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Qmax = 1955 ft3/s
Q (ft3/s)
From graph:

a)
b)
c) At
d)
E2 = Emin
Examples

2
 1. Water flows at a velocity of 1.5 m/sec and 2.5 m depth in a rectangular
channel 2.0 m wide. A hump of 0.5 m height is constructed on the channel bed.
Find the following:
a) The water depth over the hump.

b) The height of a hump to provide critical flow without affecting the upstream
conditions.

c) The heading up if the hump is raised by 0.25 m on top of the height in part b.

Solution
= ∗ = 1.5 ∗ 2.5 = 3.75 / /

(3.75)
= = = 1.13
9.81

= 2.5 > = 1.13

1.5
= + = 2.5 + = 2.61
2 2 ∗ 9.81
First we have to calculate ∆
= +∆

=
to produce critical flow over the hump
= 1.5 +∆

2.61 = (1.5 ∗ 1.13) + ∆

∆ = 0.92
a) The water depth over the hump ∆ = . < ∆ = .

.:

= +∆

2.61 = ( + )+
2
3.75
2.61 = + + 0.5
2 ∗ 9.81
Where y2 is the depth over the hump
y2 = 0.72 m or 1.91 m
choose 1.91 because the flow is subcritical
flow ( the depth is greater than the critical
depth)
< = 1.91 <

b) The height of a hump to provide

critical flow without affecting the
upstream conditions.
∆ = 0.92
Where y2 is the depth over
the hump = = 1.13
c)The heading up if the hump is raised by 0.25 m on top of the height in part b.

∆ = . + . = .

∆ = . >∆ = .
= + ∆

+ = 1.5 +∆
2

3.75
+ = (1.5 ∗ 1.13) + 1.17
2 ∗ 9.81

= 2.78 0.56
choose 2.78 because the flow is subcritical flow
( the depth is greater than the critical depth)
Check >
= − = 2.78 − 2.5 = 0.28
2. A rectangular channel is 4.0 m wide and carries a discharge of 20 m3/s at a
depth of 2.0 m. At a certain section it is proposed to build a hump. Calculate the
water surface elevations upstream of the hump and over the hump if the hump
height is
a) 0.20 m
b) 0.33 m
Assume No losses of energy at the hump
Solution
20
= = =5 / /
4
5
= = = 2.5 /
2

(5)
= = = 1.37
9.81

=2 > = 1.37
First we have to calculate ∆
= +∆
2.5
= + =2+ = 2.32
2 2 ∗ 9.81

to produce critical flow over the hump

= 1.5 = 1.5 ∗ 1.37 = 2.05

∆ = − = 2.32 − 2.05
= 0.27
 )∆ = . < ∆ = 0.27 m
is the depth upstream hump = 2
= +∆

= + +∆
2

5
2.32 = + + 0.2
2 ∗ 9.81
Where y2 is the depth over the hump
y2 = 1.14 m or 1.65 m
choose 1.65 because the flow is subcritical flow
(the depth is greater than the critical depth)
< = 1.65 <
 )∆ = . > ∆

Heading up will occur

= +∆

+ = 1.5 +∆
2

5
+ = 2.05 + 0.33
2 ∗ 9.81
= 2.09 0.94
choose 2.09 because the flow is subcritical flow
( the depth is greater than the critical depth)
Check >

→ = − = 2.09 − 2.0 = 0.09

3. Water flows at a velocity of 1.5 m/sec and 2.5 m depth in a trapezoidal channel
2.0 m wide and side slope 1:1. A hump of 0.25 m height is constructed on the
channel bed. Find the following:

a) The depth over the hump

b) The height of a hump to provide critical flow on the hump without affecting
the upstream conditions.

c) The heading up if the hump is raised by 0.25 m on top of the height in part b.

Solution
= + = 2 ∗ 2.5 + 1 ∗ 2.5 = 11.25
= ∗ = 11.25 ∗ 1.5 = 16.88 /
:

(16.88) (2 ∗ + )
= → = 1.5
9.81 2+2
= 2.50 > = 1.50

First we have to calculate ∆

= +∆
1.5
= + = 2.5 + = 2.61
2 2 ∗ 9.81

= +∆
= to produce critical flow over the hump

= +
2
16.88
= 1.5 + = 2.03
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (2 ∗ 1.5 + 1.5 )
∆ = − = 2.61 − 2.03 = 0.58
a)The depth over the hump ∆ = . < ∆ = 0.58 m

= +∆

= 2.62 − 0.25 = 2.36

= +
2

.
2.36 = +
∗ . ∗ ∗

Where y2 is the depth over the hump

y2 = 2.18 m or 1.09 m
choose 2.18 because the flow is subcritical flow
( the depth is greater than the critical depth)
< = 2.18 <

b) The height of a hump to provide critical flow on the hump without

affecting the upstream conditions.

∆ = 0.58
Where y2 is the depth over
the hump = = 1.50
c) The heading up if the hump is raised by 0.25 m on top of the height in part b.

∆ = . + . = .

∆ = . >∆ = .
= +∆

+ = 2.03 + ∆
2

+ = 2.03 + 0.83
2
16.88
+ = 2.86
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (2 + )

= 2.78 0.94
choose 2.78 because the flow is subcritical flow
( the depth is greater than the critical depth)
Check >
= − = 2.78 − 2.5 = 0.28
4. The critical depth is maintained at a point in a rectangular channel 6 ft wide by
building a gentle hump 12 inch high on the bottom of the channel. When the
depth over the hump is 26 inches, what water depths are possible just upstream
of the hump?

Solution
26 12
= = 2.167 ∆ = =1
12 12
= +∆
= 1.5 +∆ = (1.5 ∗ 2.167) + 1 = 4.25

= + ,
2

= = = 32.2 ∗ 2.167 = 18.1 / / ′

.
4.25 = +
∗ . ∗

= 1.32 ( ) or = 3.92 ( )
5) A rectangular channel is 2.5 m wide and conveys a discharge of 2.75 m3/s at a
depth of 0.9 m. A contraction of width is proposed at a section in this canal.
Calculate the water surface elevations in the contracted section as well as in the
upstream 2.5 m section when the width of the proposed contraction is
a) 2.0 m
b) 1.50 m
Assume No losses of energy in the transition

Solution

.
= = = = 1.1 / /
.

.
= = 0.5 m = 0.9 > = . Subcritical flow
.

.
= + = 0.9 + = 0.98
∗ . ∗ .

First we have to get

Get at which =

0.98 = 1.5 * = .

= = . m3/s/m
.
= . = = .
a) = 2.0 m > = .

2.75
= / = = . / /
2.0

=
.
0.98 = + where is the depth in the contracted section
∗ . ∗

= 0.84 or 0.41 m
Choose 0.84 because the flow is subcritical flow
And = 0.9 m is the depth upstream the contraction
 7)A rectangular channel 1.5 m wide carries a discharge of 5.0 m3/s at a depth of
1.5 m. At a certain section the channel undergoes transition to triangular section of
side slopes 2H : 1V. If the flow in the triangular section is to be critical without
changing the upstream water surface, find the location of the vertex of the
triangular section relative to the bed of rectangular channel. What is the drop/rise
in the water surface at the transition? Assume zero energy loss at the transition
.

Solution

For non-rectangular shape

∗ ∗
1= ∗
1= ∗( )

=1.05 m
5
= = = 2.27 /
2.205
.
= + = 1.05 + = 1.31 m
∗ .

= + ( ∗ )
= 1.5 + ( . ∗ . )
= 1.75 m
∗ .

The location of the vertex of the triangular section is above the bed of rectangular
channel by

ΔZ = − = 1.75 − 1.05 = 0.44

The drop in the water surface at the transition
( + ΔZ) = 1.5 − (1.05 + .44) = 0.01
 8)A rectangular channel 3.0 m wide carries a flow at 1.25 m depth. At a certain
section the width is reduced to 2.5 m and the channel bed raised by 0.20 m through
a streamlined hump.
a) Estimate the discharge in the channel when the water surface drops by 0.15 m
over the hump.
b) What change in the bed elevation at the contracted section would make the
water surface have the same elevation upstream and the downstream of the
contraction?
Note: the energy losses in the contraction can be neglected.
Solution
a) Estimate the discharge in the channel when the water surface drops by 0.15 m
over the hump

= 1.25 − (0.2 + 0.15) = 0.9

= +

+ = + +Z
( ∗ ) ( ∗ )

1.25 + = 0.9 + + 0.2

∗ . ( . ∗ ) ∗ . ( . ∗ . )

Q = 4.82 /
b) What change in the bed elevation at the contracted section would make the
water surface have the same elevation upstream and the downstream of the
contraction?

The water surface has the same elevation

same HGL same velocity same area
3*1.25 = 2.5* = 1.5 m
Drop in bed level (sump) = 1.5-1.25 = 0.25 m
Examples

2
1. A hydraulic jump occurs in a rectangular channel 3 m wide. The water depth before
the jump is0.6 m and after the jump is 1.6 m. Find
a) The flow rate in the channel
b) The critical depth and critical velocity
c) The minimum specific energy
d) The head loss in the jump.

Solution

a) The flow rate in the channel

𝑦1 2
𝑦2 = (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑛1 − 1)
2
0.60 2
1.60 = (√1 + 8 𝐹𝑛1 − 1)
2

⟹𝐹𝑛1 = 2.21
𝑣1 𝑣1
𝐹𝑛1 = ⟹2.21 = ⟹ 𝑣1 = 5.36 𝑚/𝑠
√𝑔∗𝑦1 √9.81∗0.6

Q = v*A = 𝑣1 ∗ 𝐴1 =5.36*0.6*3= 9.66 𝑚3 /𝑠

b) The critical depth and critical velocity

3 𝑞2
𝑦𝑐 = √ q=Q/b q = 9.66/3 =3.22 𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
𝑔

3 3.222
𝑦𝑐 = √ = 1.02 𝑚
9.81

𝑄 9.66
𝑣𝑐 = = = 3.16 𝑚/𝑠
𝑏 ∗ 𝑦𝑐 3 ∗ 1.02

c) The minimum specific energy

𝐸𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑦𝑐 = 1.5 ∗ 1.02 = 1.53 𝑚

d) The head loss in the jump

𝑞12 3.222
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.6 + = 2.07 𝑚
2𝑔𝑦12 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.62
𝑞22 3.222
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 1.6 + = 1.81 𝑚
2𝑔𝑦22 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.62
ΔE = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 0.26 𝑚
2. A rectangular concrete channel 3.5 m wide carries 2.5 m3/sec. The slope is such that
thevelocity is double the velocity of critical flow. Find the slope and the hydraulic
jumpcharacteristics if it takes place. [Assuming Chezy coefficient = 50 (metric)].
Given
Q = 2.5 𝑚3 /s v = 2𝑣𝑐 𝑐 = 50 (𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐) 𝑏 = 3.5𝑚

Solution
𝑄 2.5
𝑞= = = 0.71 𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
𝑏 3.5

𝑞 2 3 (0.71)2
3
𝑦𝑐 = √ = √ = 0.37 𝑚
𝑔 9.81
𝑣𝑐
𝐹𝑛 = =1 → 𝑣𝑐 = √𝑔𝑦𝑐 = √9.81 ∗ 0.37 = 1.91 𝑚/𝑠
√𝑔𝑦𝑐
𝑣1 = 2𝑣𝑐 = 2 ∗ 1.91 = 3.82 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐴1 . 𝑣1 → 2.5 = (3.5𝑦1 ) × 3.82 → 𝑦1 = 0.19m
𝐴1 = 𝑏. 𝑦1 = 3.5 ∗ 0.19 = 0.67 𝑚2 𝑃1 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦1 = 3.5 + 2 ∗ 0.19 = 3.88 𝑚
𝐴1 0.67
𝑅= = = 0.17 𝑚
𝑃1 3.88

𝑣1 = 𝐶√𝑅. 𝑆
3.82 = 50√0.17 × 𝑆 → 𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟒

Hydraulic jump:
𝑣1 3.82
𝐹𝑛1 = = = 2.8 > 1 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟
√𝑔𝑦1 √9.81 ∗ 0.19
𝑦1 0.19
𝑦2 = (√1 + 8𝐹12 − 1)⟹ 𝑦2 = (√1 + (8 ∗ 2.82 ) − 1)
2 2

→ 𝑦2 = 0.66 𝑚
Height of the jump ℎ𝑗 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 0.66 − 0.19 = 0.47 𝑚
𝑞2 0.712
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.19 + = 0.90 𝑚
2𝑔. 𝑦1 2 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.192
𝑞2 0.712
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 0.66 + = 0.72 𝑚
2𝑔. 𝑦2 2 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.662
ℎ𝑙 = ∆𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 0.90 − 0.72 = 0.18 𝑚
𝐿𝑗 = 6𝑦2 = 6 ∗ 0.66 = 3.96 𝑚
𝛾𝑄(∆𝐸) 9810 × 2.5 × (0.18)
𝐻𝑝 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = = = 5.92 ℎ𝑝
𝐾 746
3. A rectangular channel 10 m wide carries 30 m3/sec. If the energy loss in a hydraulic
jump formed in the channel is equal to 1 m. Find
a) The depths before and after the hydraulic jump
b) Froude number after the jump
c) Length of the jump
d) The energy before and after the jump.
e) The horsepower lost in the jump.
Solution
a) The depths before and after the hydraulic jump
(𝑦2 −𝑦1 )3
ΔE= 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 , ΔE = =1
4∗𝑦2 ∗𝑦1

4 ∗ 𝑦2 ∗ 𝑦1 = (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )3 ------ (1)

𝑦1 2 𝑄 30
𝑦2 = (√1 + 8𝐹𝑛1 − 1), 𝑞= = = 3.0 𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
2 𝑏 10

𝑣 𝑣2 2 𝑞2 9
𝐹𝑛 = ⟹ 𝐹𝑛2 = ⟹𝐹𝑛1 = =
√𝑔 𝑦 𝑔𝑦 𝑔∗𝑦13 9.81∗𝑦13

𝑦1 9 7.4
𝑦2 =
2
(√1 + 8 ∗ 9.81∗𝑦3 − 1) ⟹ 𝑦2 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑦1 (√1 + 𝑦3 − 1)------ (2)
1 1

From (2) in (1) Get y1 = 0.42 m, y2 = 1.9 m

b) Froude number after the jump
2 𝑞2 32
𝐹𝑛2 = = = 0.13 ⟹ 𝐹𝑛2 = 0.36
𝑔∗𝑦23 9.81∗ 1.93

c) Length of the jump

𝐿𝑗 = 6 ∗ 𝑦2 = 11.4 𝑚

d) The energy before and after the jump.

𝑞12 32
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.42 + = 3.02 𝑚
2𝑔𝑦12 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.422
𝑞22 32
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 1.9 + = 2.02 𝑚
2𝑔𝑦22 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 1.92
e) The horsepower lost in the jump.
𝛾𝑄(∆𝐸) 9810 × 30 × 1
𝐻𝑝 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = = = 394.5 ℎ𝑝
𝐾 746
4. A triangular channel whose top width is three times the water depth, passes a
discharge of 3.32 m3/sec at a depth of 0.4 m. Find the sequent depth and the hydraulic
jumpcharacteristics if it takes place.
Given
𝒎𝟑
𝐐 = 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐 𝑻 = 𝟑𝒚 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎
𝒔

Solution
2 2
𝑄 𝑄
𝐴1 ∗ 𝑦̅1 + = 𝐴2 ∗ 𝑦̅2 +
𝑔 ∗ 𝐴1 𝑔 ∗ 𝐴2
𝑦
2) 1
𝑄2 2
𝑦2 𝑄2
(𝑍 ∗ 𝑦1 + = (𝑍 ∗ 𝑦2 ) +
3 𝑔(𝑍 ∗ 𝑦12 ) 3 𝑔(𝑍 ∗ 𝑦22 )
0.43 3.322 𝑦23 3.322
1.5 ∗ + = 1.5 +
3 9.81(1.5 ∗ 0.42 ) 3 9.81(1.5𝑦22 )
Sequent depth𝑦2 = 2.09 𝑚

Hydraulic jump:

Height of the jump ℎ𝑗 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 2.09 − 0.4 = 1.69 𝑚

𝑄2 3.322
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.4 + = 10.15 𝑚
2𝑔 ∗ 𝐴12 2 ∗ 9.81(1.5 ∗ 0.42 )2

𝑄2 3.322
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + = 2.09 + = 2.10 𝑚
2𝑔 ∗ 𝐴22 2 ∗ 9.81(1.5 ∗ 2.092 )2

ℎ𝑙 = ∆𝐸 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 10.15 − 2.10 = 8.05 𝑚

𝐿𝑗 = 6𝑦2 = 6 ∗ 2.09 = 12.54 𝑚

𝛾𝑄(∆𝐸) 9810 × 3.32 × 8.05

𝐻𝑝 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = = = 351.45 ℎ𝑝
𝐾 746
5. A discharge of 50 m3/s flows in a trapezoidal channel having a bottom width of 4 m
and side slope 1:1, if the sequent depth of the jump is 4 m. Determine the following:
a) The initial depth.
b) The initial Froude number.
c) The height of the jump.
d) The energy before and after the jump.
e) The horsepower lost in the jump.
Solution

a) The initial depth (𝑦1 )

Using General Equation
𝑄 2 𝑄 2
𝑌̅1 𝐴1 + = 𝑌̅2 𝐴2 +
𝑔𝐴1 𝑔𝐴2

𝒃∗𝒚𝟏 𝟐 𝒛∗𝒚𝟏 𝟑
𝑌̅1 𝐴1 = +
𝟐 𝟑
𝟒∗𝒚𝟏 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 𝟑 𝟓𝟎𝟐 𝟒∗𝟒𝟐 𝟒𝟑 𝟓𝟎𝟐
( + )+( )=( + )+( )
𝟐 𝟑 𝟗.𝟖𝟏(𝟒𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟏 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟑 𝟗.𝟖𝟏((𝟒∗𝟒)+𝟒𝟐 )

𝑦1 = 0.88 𝑚
b) The initial Froude number.
𝐴1 = by1 + zy12 = (4 ∗ 0.88) + (1 ∗ (0.88)2 ) = 4.29 m2
𝑄 50
𝑣1 = = = 11.66 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴1 4.29
𝑇1 = 𝑏 + 2𝑧𝑦1 = 4 + (2 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.88) = 5.76 𝑚
𝐴1 4.29
𝐷1 = = = 0.74
𝑇1 5.76
𝒗𝟏
𝐹𝑛1 =
√𝒈 ∗ 𝑫 𝟏
11.66
𝐹𝑛1 = = 4.33
√9.81 ∗ 0.74

c) The height of the jump

𝐻𝑗 = 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = 4.0 − 0.88 = 3.12 𝑚
d) The energy before and after the jump.
 Energy before the jump
𝑣12 11.662
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 0.88 + = 7.81 𝑚
2𝑔 2 ∗ 9.81
Energy after the jump
𝑣22 50
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 +
2𝑔
, 𝑣2 = 2 = 1.56 𝑚/𝑠
(4∗4)+(1∗(4) )

1.562
𝐸2 = 4 + = 4.12 𝑚
2 ∗ 9.81
e) The horsepower lost in the jump
ΔE=𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 7.81 − 4.12 = 3.69 𝑚

𝜸𝑸(𝚫𝐄) 𝟗𝟖𝟏𝟎×𝟓𝟎×𝟑.𝟔𝟗
𝐻𝑝 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡= = = 2426.2 ℎ𝑝
𝑲 𝟕𝟒𝟔

6. Construct the specific force diagram F for a flow of 12 m3/sec in a channel of

triangular section with an apex angle of 90o. A hydraulic jump is to be formed in the
channel. Find the limiting value of the upstream depth if the downstream depth is not
to exceed 3 m. Calculate the head lost and the horsepower dissipated in the jump.
Given
𝟑
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟐 𝒎 /𝒔𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐱 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 = 𝟗𝟎°
Solution
2 2
𝑄 𝑦 𝑄
𝐹 = 𝐴. 𝑦̅ + = (𝑍. 𝑦 2 ) +
𝑔. 𝐴 3 𝑔(𝑍. 𝑦 2 )
𝑦3 122 𝑦 3 14.69
𝐹 =1∗ + = +
3 9.81(1 ∗ 𝑦 2 ) 3 𝑦2
𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑦𝑐 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡:
𝑸𝟐 𝑨𝟑𝒄 𝑸𝟐 (𝒁×𝒚𝟐𝒄 )𝟑
= =
𝒈 𝑻𝒄 𝒈 𝟐𝒁𝒚𝒄

(12)2 (𝑦𝑐2 )3
= → 𝑦𝑐 = 1.97 𝑚
9.81 2𝑦𝑐
Y (m) 0.3 0.5 0.7 1 1.3 1.5 1.97 3 4 5 6 8

F (m3) 163.23 58.8 30.09 15.02 9.42 7.65 6.33 10.63 22.25 42.25 72.41 170.9

Specific Force Diagram

9
8
7
6
Water Depth (m)

5
4
3
2
1
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
Specific Force (F) (m3)

𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒉 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒎 → 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟔𝟑 𝒎𝟑 → 𝒚𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟏 𝒎

𝑄2 122
𝐸1 = 𝑦1 + = 1.21 + = 4.64 𝑚
2𝑔. 𝐴12 2 ∗ 9.81(1 ∗ 1.212 )2

𝑄2 122
𝐸2 = 𝑦2 + =3+ = 3.10 𝑚
2𝑔. 𝐴22 2 ∗ 9.81(1 ∗ 32 )2

∆𝐸 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 = 4.64 − 3.10 = 1.54 𝑚

𝛾𝑄(∆𝐸) 9810 ∗ 12 ∗ 1.54

𝐻𝑃 = = = 243 ℎ𝑝
𝐾 746
7. A trapezoidal channel having a bottom width of 10 m, side slopes of 2:1, bed slope
0.001, and Manning coefficient equals 0.013. If the discharge is equal to 30 m3/sec,
calculate the conjugate depth of the possible hydraulic jump

Solution

1 2 1
𝑄 = ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝑆2 ∗ 𝐴
3
𝑛
𝐴 = 10 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2

𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦√1 + 𝑍 2 = 10 + 4.47𝑦
𝐴
R=
𝑃
2
2
1 10𝑦 + 2𝑦 3
1
30 = ∗( ) × (0. 001)2 × (10𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 )
0.013 10 + 4.47𝑦
𝑦𝑛 = 𝑦2 = 1.09 𝑚
A = 10 × 1.09 + 2 × 1.092 = 13.28 m2

𝑃 = 𝑏 + 2𝑦√1 + 𝑍 2 = 10 + 4.47 × 1.09 = 14.87 𝑚

Using General Equation
𝑄 2 𝑄 2 𝒃∗𝒚 𝒛∗𝒚 𝟐 𝟑
𝑌̅1 𝐴1 + = 𝑌̅2 𝐴2 + where 𝑌̅𝐴1 = 𝟏 + 𝟏
𝑔𝐴1 𝑔𝐴2 𝟐 𝟑

𝟏𝟎∗𝒚𝟏 𝟐 𝟐∗𝒚𝟏 𝟑 𝟑𝟎𝟐 𝟏𝟎∗𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝟐∗𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟑

( + )+( )=( + )+
𝟐 𝟑 𝟗.𝟖𝟏(𝟏𝟎𝒚𝟏 +𝟐𝒚𝟏 𝟐 ) 𝟐 𝟑

𝟑𝟎𝟐
( )
𝟗.𝟖𝟏((𝟏𝟎∗𝟏.𝟎𝟗)+𝟐∗𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟐 ))

𝑦1 = 0.75 𝑚
Note
Conjugate depths = Sequent depths = 𝑦1 & 𝑦2 of the hydraulic jump.
8. A hydraulic jump is formed in a 5 m wide channel at a short distance downstream of
acontrolgate. If the flow depth just downstream of the gate is 2 m and the channel
discharge is 150 m3/s,
Determine:
a) Flow depth downstream of the jump.
b) Head losses in the jump.
c) Thrust on the gate.
Given
𝒎𝟑
𝐐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝐛 = 𝟓𝐦 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐦
𝒔

Solution

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒

where ∆Fg is the force on the gate per unit weight =
𝛾
According to the figure
𝑦2 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 & 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝)
𝑦3 (𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝)
𝑄 150
𝑞= = = 30 𝑚3 /𝑠/𝑚
𝑏 5
𝑞 30
𝑣2 = = = 15 𝑚/𝑠
y2 2
𝑣2 15
𝐹𝑛2 = = = 3.38 (super critical flow)
√𝑔𝑦2 √9.81×2

a) Flow depth downstream of the jump.

 2
𝑦3 −1 + √1 + 8𝐹𝑛2 𝑦3 −1 + √1 + 8 ∗ 3.382
= → =
𝑦2 2 2 2
𝑦3 = 8.63 𝑚 (𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑚𝑝)

b) Head losses in the jump.

∆𝐸 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸3
𝑞2 𝑞2
∆𝐸 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = ( 𝑦2 + ) − ( 𝑦3 + )
2𝑔𝑦22 2𝑔𝑦32
302 302
∆𝐸 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = ( 2 + ) − (8.63 + )
2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 22 2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 8.632

∆𝐸 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 13.47 − 9.25 = 4.22m

c) Thrust on the gate.
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑢𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑒𝑞.
𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 sec. 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐. 1
𝐸1 = 𝐸2
𝑄 150 30
𝑣1 = = =
𝐴1 5 ∗ 𝑦1 𝑦1
𝑣12 𝑣22 302 152
(𝑦1 + ) = (𝑦2 + ) ⟹ (𝑦1 + 2 ) = (2 + )⟹ 𝑦1 = 13.21 m
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔𝑦1 2𝑔

Thrust on the gate.

Applying momentum equation in the x- direction:
𝑃1 − 𝑃2 − 𝑅 = 𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝑃1 + 𝑀1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑀2 + 𝑅
𝛾 𝑄 𝛾 𝑄
𝛾𝐴1 ℎ1 + 𝑄 = 𝛾𝐴2 ℎ2 + 𝑄 + 𝑅
𝑔 𝐴1 𝑔 𝐴2

13.21 9810 150

9810 * (5*13.21) * + * 150 * =
2 9.81 5∗13.21
2.0 9810 150
9810 * (5*2.0) * + * 150 * +R
2 9.81 5∗2.0

⟹ R = 2272264.07 N = 2272.26 KN to the left (on the water)

⟹The force on the gate = 2272.26 KN to the right (on the gate)
‫أﺛﺑﺎت ﻣﮭم ﺟداااااا ﻣن اﻟﻣﺣﺎﺿرة‬

‫ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﺛﺑﺎت‬
Examples

37
 ‫‪Final Exams‬‬
‫ﻣﮭﻣﮫ و ﯾﺗم اﻟﺣل ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺑﻌد اﻷﻧﺗﮭﺎء‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻣن ﻣﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺷﯾﺗﺎت‬