Hydraulics Engineering

Lec #2 : Surface Profiles and Backwater

Curves in Channels of Uniform
sections

Engr. Muhammad Usman

Department of Civil Engineering
Steady Flow in Open Channels

◼ Specific Energy and Critical Depth

◼ Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in

Channels of Uniform sections

◼ Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

◼ Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

◼ Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes

Types of Bed Slopes

◼ Mild Slope (M)

yo>yc
So<Sc yo1
yc
◼ Critical Slope (C) So1<Sc
yo=yc
yo2
So=Sc Break

So2>Sc
◼ Steep Slope (S)
yo<yc
So>Sc
 Occurrence of Critical Depth
◼ Change in Bed Slope Dropdown Curve
Control Section
yo1
 Sub-critical to Super-Critical yc

◼ Control Section So1<Sc

Break where yo2

Slope changes
So2>Sc

 Super-Critical to Sub-Critical
Hydraulic Jump
◼ Hydraulics Jump
yo1
yc
yo2
So1>Sc
So2<Sc
 Occurrence of Critical Depth
◼ Change in Bed Slope
 Free outfall yb~ 0.72 yc
yo
◼ Mild Slope yc

A 10m wide rectangular channel ends So<Sc

in a free over waterfall. The brink
depth is measured to be 2m. What will Brink 3~10 yc
be the discharge that is flowing through
the channel?

 Free Outfall
◼ Steep Slope
yc

So>Sc
Non Uniform Flow or Varied Flow.
◼ For uniform flow through open
channel, dy/dl is equal to zero.
However for non uniform flow the yo1
gravity force and frictional yc
resistance are not in balance.
Thus dy/dl is not equal to zero So1<Sc
which results in non-uniform flow. yo2
◼ There are two types of non Break
uniform flows. In one the changing
condition extends over a long So2>Sc
distance and this is called
gradually varied flow. In the other
the change may occur over very
abruptly and the transition is thus
confined to a short distance. This
may be designated as a local non
uniform flow phenomenon or
rapidly varied flow.
Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g S EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X Z2
Datum

V 21 V 22
Z 1 + y1 + = Z 2 + y2 + + hl
2g 2g
 Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.
V12 V22
y1 + = y2 + − (Z1 − Z 2 )+ hL
2g 2g
h
S= L , So =
(Z1 − Z 2 )  (Z1 − Z 2 ) for   5o
L X L
Now
E1 = E2 − So L +SL
E1 − E2
L = (1)
S − So
Where L = length of water surface profile
An approximate analysis of gradually varied, non uniform flow can be achieved by
considering a length of stream consisting of a number of successive reaches, in
each of which uniform occurs. Greater accuracy results from smaller depth
variation in each reach.
 Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.
The Manning's formula is applied to average conditions in each reach to
provide an estimate of the value of S for that reach as follows;

V1 +V2
1
Vm = Rm2 / 3 S 1/ 2 Vm =
n 2
Vm2 n 2 R1 + R2
S = 4 /3 Rm =
Rm 2

In practical depth range of the interest is divided into small increments,

usually equal, which define the reaches whose lengths can be found by
equation ( 1 )
Problem:
◼ A rectangular flume of planer
timber (n=0.012) is 1.5 m wide Rectangular Channel
and carries 1.7m3/sec of water.
The bed slope is 0.0006, and
n = 0.012
at a certain section the depth is B = 1.5m
0.9m. Find the distance (in one
reach) to the section where Q = 1.7m3 /sec
depth is 0.75m. Is the distance
upstream or downstream? So = 0.0006
y1 = 0.9m
y2 = 0.75
y

B
Problem:
Solution
Since
E − E2 Rm = 0.3925m
L = 1
S − So Vm =1.385m
2
V n 2 Vm2 n 2
& S= m & S= 4/3
= 0.000961
Rm
Rm 4 / 3
E1 − E2
A1 = 1.5x0.9 = 1.35m 2 Now L =
S − So
A2 = 1.5x0.75 = 1.125m2
 V1   V22 
2

P1= 1.5 + 2x0.9 = 3.3m  y1 +  −  y2 + 

L =    
2g 2g
P2= 1.5 + 2x0.75 = 3m S − So
R1 = A1 / P1= 0.41 = 317.73m Downstream
R2 = A2 / P2= 0.375
V1 = Q / A1 = 1.26m / sec
V2 = Q / A2 = 1.51m / sec
Problem # 10.15.2
Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X
Z2
Datum

2
V
T o ta l H ea d = Z + y +
2g
Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.
Differentiating the total head H w.r.t distance in horizontal direction x.
dH dZ dy d  q 2 
= + +  
dx dx dx dx  2gy 2 
Considering cross − section as rectangular
dH dZ dy  q2 
= + 1− 3 
dx dx dx  gy 
− S = −S o + (−F
dy 1
N
2
)  FN =
q2
dx gy3
−ve sign shows that total head along direction of
flow is decreasing.
dy So −S
or = (2) Equation (2) is dynamic Equation for
dx 1− FN 2 gradually varied flow for constant value
dy of q and n
For uniform flow =0
dx If dy/dx is +ve the depth of flow
So − S
 2
=0 increases in the direction of flow and
1− FN vice versa
 Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.
For a wide rectangular channel
Ry dy So − S
=
dx 1− F 2
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V= y S or
n ◼ Consequently, for constant q
1 and n, when y>yo, S<So, and
q = y 5 / 3 S 1/ 2 or the numerator is +ve.
n Conversely, when y<yo, S>So,
n2 q2 and the numerator is –ve.
S = 10/ 3
y
For uniform flow in rectangular
◼ To investigate the denominator
channel we observe that, if F=1,
n2 q2 dy/dx=infinity; if F>1, the
So = 10/ 3 denominator is -ve; and if F<1,
yo the denominator is +ve.
S yo 
10/ 3

 = 
So  y 
Classification of Surface Profiles
◼ Mild Slope (M) ◼ Type 1: if the stream
yo>yc surface lies above both
So<Sc
the normal and critical
◼ Critical Slope (C) depth of flow. (M1, S1)
yo=yc
So=Sc
◼ Type 2: if the stream
◼ Steep Slope (S) surface lies between
yo<yc normal and critical depth
So>Sc of flow. (M2, S2)
◼ Horizontal (H)
So=0 ◼ Type 3: if the stream
surface lies below both
the normal and critical
◼ Adverse (A) depth of flow. (M3, S3)
So=-ve
 Water Surface Profiles
Mild Slope (M)
dy So − S +Ve
1: y  yo  yc = = = +Ve  M1
dx 1− FN +Ve
: yo  y  yc dy So − S −Ve
2 = = = −Ve  M2
dx 1− FN +Ve
yo  yc  y dy So − S −Ve
3: = = = +Ve  M3
dx 1− FN −Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
 Water Surface Profiles
Steep Slope (S)
dy So S +Ve
1: y  yc  y o = − = = +Ve  S1
dx 1− FN +Ve
dy So S +Ve
2: yc  y  y o = − = = −Ve  S2
dx 1− FN −Ve
dy S − S −Ve
3: yc  yo  y = o = = +Ve  S3
dx 1− FN −Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare
yo & y
yc
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
 Water Surface Profiles
Critical (C)
dy So S +Ve
1: y  yo = yc = − = = +Ve  C1
dx 1− FN +Ve
dy So S −Ve
2: yo = yc  y = − = = +Ve  C3
dx 1− FN −Ve

C2 is not possible

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare
yo & y yo=yc
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
 Water Surface Profiles
Horizontal (H)
dy S − So −Ve
1: yo()  y  y c = = = −Ve  H2
dx 1− FN +Ve
dy S − So −Ve
2: yo()  yc  y = = = +Ve  H3
dx 1− FN −Ve

H1 is not possible.

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
 Water Surface Profiles
Adverse (A)
dy S − So −Ve
1: yo()  y  yc = = = −Ve  A2
dx 1− FN +Ve
dy S − So −Ve
2: yo()  yc  y = = = +Ve  A3
dx 1− FN −Ve

A1 is not possible.

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
Problem 10.52
Assignment # 02

◼ Problems:
10.15.1, 10.43, 10.49, 10.57,10.61

◼ Date of Submission: 16-11-2020 (Tuesday)

Quiz # 01: 09-11-2020 (Tuesday)