Hydraulics Engineering

Lec #2 : Surface Profiles and Backwater

Curves in Channels of Uniform
sections
Steady Flow in Open Channels

 Specific Energy and Critical Depth

 Surface Profiles and Backwater Curves in

Channels of Uniform sections

 Hydraulics jump and its practical applications.

 Flow over Humps and through Constrictions

 Broad Crested Weirs and Venturi Flumes

Types of Bed Slopes

 Mild Slope (M)

yo>yc
So<Sc yo1
yc

 Critical Slope (C) So1<Sc

yo=yc yo2
So=Sc Break

So2>Sc
 Steep Slope (S)
yo<yc
So>Sc
 Occurrence of Critical Depth
 When Change in Bed Slope Dropdown Curve
Control Section
yo1
 Sub-critical to Super-Critical yc

 Control Section So1<Sc

yo2
Break where
Slope changes
So2>Sc

 Super-Critical to Sub-Critical
Hydraulic Jump
 Hydraulics Jump
yo1
yc
yo2
So1>Sc
So2<Sc
 Occurrence of Critical Depth
 Change in Bed Slope
 Free outfall yb~ 0.72 yc
yo
 Mild Slope yc

So<Sc

Brink 3~10 yc

 Free Outfall
 Steep Slope
yc

So>Sc
Non Uniform Flow or Varied Flow.
 For uniform flow through open
channel, dy/dl is equal to zero.
However for non uniform flow the yo1
gravity force and frictional yc
resistance are not in balance.
Thus dy/dl is not equal to zero So1<Sc
which results in non-uniform flow. yo2
 There are two types of non Break
uniform flows. In one the changing
condition extends over a long So2>Sc
distance and this is called
gradually varied flow. In the other
the change may occur over very
abruptly and the transition is thus
confined to a short distance. This
may be designated as a local non
uniform flow phenomenon or
rapidly varied flow.
Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g S EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X Z2
Datum

V12 V22
Z1  y1   Z 2  y2   hl
2g 2g
 Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.
2
V1 V22
y1   y2    Z1  Z 2   hL
2g 2g

S
hL
, So 
 Z1  Z 2   Z 1  Z 2 
 for   6o
L X L
Now
E1  E2  S o L  SL
E1  E2
L  (1)
S  So
Where L  length of water surface profile
An approximate analysis of gradually varied, non uniform flow can be achieved by
considering a length of stream consisting of a number of successive reaches, in
each of which uniform occurs. Greater accuracy results from smaller depth
variation in each reach.
 Energy Equation for Gradually Varied Flow.
The Manning's formula is applied to average conditions in each reach to
provide an estimate of the value of S for that reach as follows;

1 V1  V2
Vm  Rm2 / 3 S 1/ 2 Vm 
n 2
Vm2 n 2 R1  R2
S  4/3 Rm 
Rm 2

In practical depth range of the interest is divided into small increments,

usually equal, which define the reaches whose lengths can be found by
equation ( 1 )
Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.

Theoretical EL

V12 hL
2g EL
HGL V22
2g
y1 Sw
Water Level
y2
L
Z1 So

X
Z2
Datum

V2
Total Head  Z  y 
2g
Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.
Differenti ating the total head H w.r.t distance in horizontal direction x.
dH dZ dy d  q 2 
    
2 
dx dx dx dx  2 gy 
Considering cross  section as rec tangular
dH dZ dy  q2 
  1  3 
dx dx dx  gy 

 S  So 
dy
dx

1  FN
2
 FN 
q2
gy 3
 ve sign shows that total head along direction of
flow is decreasing .
dy So  S
or  (2) Equation (2) is dynamic Equation for
dx 1  FN 2 gradually varied flow for constant value
dy of q and n
For uniform flow 0
dx If dy/dx is +ve the depth of flow
So  S increases in the direction of flow and
 2
0
1  FN vice versa
Water Surface Profiles in Gradually Varied Flow.
For a wide rec tangular channel
R y dy S o  S

dx 1  F 2
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V y S or
n  Consequently, for constant q
1 and n, when y>yo, S<So, and
q  y 5 / 3 S 1/ 2 or the numerator is +ve.
n
Conversely, when y<yo, S>So,
n2q 2 and the numerator is –ve.
S  10 / 3
y
For uniform flow in rec tangular
 To investigate the denominator
channel we observe that, if F=1,
n2q 2 dy/dx=infinity; if F>1, the
S o  10 / 3 denominator is -ve; and if F<1,
yo the denominator is +ve.
10 / 3
S  yo 
   
So  y 
Classification of Surface Profiles
 Mild Slope (M)  Type 1: if the stream
yo>yc So<Sc surface lies above both
the normal and critical
 Critical Slope (C) depth of flow. (M1, S1)
yo=yc So=Sc
 Steep Slope (S)  Type 2: if the stream
yo<yc So>Sc surface lies between
normal and critical depth
 Horizontal (H) of flow. (M2, S2)
So=0
 Adverse (A)  Type 3: if the stream
surface lies below both
So=-ve the normal and critical
depth of flow. (M3, S3)
 Water Surface Profiles
Mild Slope (M)
dy So  S Ve
1: y  yo  yc    Ve  M 1
dx 1  FN Ve
dy So  S Ve
2 : yo  y  yc    Ve  M 2
dx 1  FN Ve
dy So  S Ve
3 : yo  yc  y    Ve  M 3
dx 1  FN Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc

If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

 Water Surface Profiles
Steep Slope (S)
dy So  S Ve
1: y  yc  yo    Ve  S1
dx 1  FN Ve
dy So  S Ve
2 : yc  y  yo    Ve  S 2
dx 1  FN Ve
dy So  S Ve
3 : yc  yo  y    Ve  S3
dx 1  FN Ve

Note:
For Sign of Numerator compare

yo & y
yc
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
For sign of denominator compare

yc & y
If y>yc, flow is sub-critical, Fr<1
 Water Surface Profiles
Critical (C)
dy So  S Ve
1: y  yo  yc    Ve  C1
dx 1  FN Ve
dy So  S Ve
2 : yo  yc  y    Ve  C3
dx 1  FN Ve

C2 is not possible

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y yo=yc
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
 Water Surface Profiles
Horizontal (H)
dy S  So Ve
1: yo (  )  y  yc    Ve  H 2
dx 1  FN Ve
dy S  So Ve
2 : yo (  )  yc  y    Ve  H 3
dx 1  FN Ve

H1 is not possible bcz water has to lower down

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare
yc & y yc

If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa

 Water Surface Profiles
Adverse (A)
dy S  S o Ve
1: yo (  )  y  yc    Ve  A2
dx 1  FN Ve
dy S  So Ve
2 : yo (  )  yc  y    Ve  A3
dx 1  FN Ve

A1 is not possible bcz water has to lower down

Note:
For Sign of Numerator computer
yo & y
For sign of denominator compare yc
yc & y
If y>yo then S<So and Vice Versa
Problem 11.59
 A rectangular flume of planer
timber (n=0.012) is 1.5 m wide Rectangular Channel
and carries 1.7m3/sec of water.
The bed slope is 0.0006, and
n  0.012
at a certain section the depth B  1.5m
is 0.9m. Find the distance (in
one reach) to the section Q  1.7 m3 / sec
where depth is 0.75m. Is the
distance upstream or So  0.0006
downstream?
y1  0.9m
y2  0.75
y

B
Problem 11.59
Solution
Since
E1  E2 Rm  0.3925m
L  Vm  1.385m
S  So
V n2 2 Vm2 n 2
& S  4/3
m & S  4 / 3  0.000961
Rm
Rm
E1  E2
A1  1.5 x0.9  1.35m 2
Now L 
S  So
A2  1.5 x0.75  1.125m 2  V12   V22 
P1  1.5  2 x0.9  3.3m  y1     y2  
2 g 2 g
L     
P2  1.5  2 x 0.75  3m S  So
R1  A1 / P1  0.41  317.73m Downstream
R2  A2 / P2  0.375
V1  Q / A1  1.26m / sec
V2  Q / A2  1.51m / sec
 Problem 11.66
 The slope of a stream of a rectangular
cross section is So=0.0002, the width
 Given That
is 50m, and the value of Chezy C is
43.2 m1/2/sec. Find the depth for So  0.0002
uniform flow of 8.25 m3/sec/m of the
stream. If a dam raises the water level B  50m
so that at a certain distance upstream C  43.2m1/ 2 / sec
the increase is 1.5m, how far from this
latter section will the increase be only q  8.25m3 / sec/ m
30cm? Use reaches with 30cm depth. Ao
q  yo C So
Po
0.3m 1.5m
50 yo
8.25  yo 43.2 0.0002
50  2 yo
yo
yo  6.1m
 Problem 11.66 V=C(RS)1/2
y A P R V E E1-E2 Vm Rm S S-So ΔL ΣΔL

m m2 m m m/s m m m/s m m/m m/m m m

7.6 380 65.2 5.82 1.09 7.66

0.295 1.11 5.74 0.000115 -0.000085 -3454.33 -3454.33

7.3

7.0

6.7

6.4
Assignment

 Problems:
11.60, 11.63, 11.64, 11.65, 11.72, 11.73,
11.74, 11.75

 Date of Submission: