Question # 01:

Rectangular co-ordinates of a point are (3,3, −3 3 ) .

a. Convert Rectangular co-ordinates to Spherical co-ordinates
b. Convert Rectangular co-ordinates to Cylindrical co-ordinates.
c. Verify your answer by converting back Rectangular co-ordinates from any one of
these, that is, either from Spherical co-ordinates or Cylindrical co-ordinates.

Solution:

Rectangular co-ordinates ( x, y , z ) to Spherical co-ordinates ( ρ , θ , φ )

ρ = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 45

y π
tan θ = =1⇒ θ =
x 4

z  −3 3  
−1 − 3

cos φ = ⇒ φ = Cos −1   = Cos  
2 2 2
x +y +z  45   5 

 π −1 − 3

 45, , Cos ( ) 
 4 5 

Rectangular co-ordinates ( x, y, z ) to Cylindrical co-ordinates ( r , θ , z )

r = x 2 + y 2 = 18
 y π
tan θ = =1⇒ θ =
x 4

z = −3 3

 π 
 18, , −3 3 
 4 

Spherical co-ordinates ( ρ , θ , φ ) to Rectangular co-ordinates ( x, y, z )

2 1
x = ρ Sinφ Cos θ = 45. . =3
5 2

2 1
y = ρ Sinφ Sin θ = 45. . =3
5 2

− 3
z = ρ Cos φ = 45 . = −3 3
5

(3,3, −3 3 )

Cylindrical co-ordinates ( r , θ , z ) to Rectangular co-ordinates ( x, y, z )

π 1
x = r cos θ = 18.Cos = 18. = 9 =3
4 2

1
y = r sin θ = 18 . =3
2

z = z = −3 3
 Rectangular Spherical Cylindrical

Co-ordinates Co-ordinates Co-ordinates

(3,3, −3 3 )  −1 − 3 π
 45, Cos (

), 
 π 
 18, , −3 3 
 4 
 5 4

Question # 02:

Describe the set of all points in xyz-coordinate system at which f is continuous.

f ( x, y, z ) = 10 − x y ln z

Solution:

f ( x, y, z ) = 10 − x y ln z

D = {( x, y, z ) : x ≤ 10, z > 0}

Question # 03:

By considering different path approach, find whether

x2
lim
( x , y )→ ( 0 ,0 ) 3x2 + 2 y2 exist or not.

(Note: In order to get full marks, do all necessary steps)

 Solution:

x2
lim
( x , y ) → ( 0 ,0 ) 3x2 + 2 y 2

put y = m x
2
x
= lim 2 2 2
( x ,m x )→ ( 0 ,0 ) 3x + 2m x
2
x
= lim 2
( x ,m x )→ ( 0 ,0 ) x (3 + 2 m
2
)
1
= 2
3 + 2m

x2
lim
( x , y )→ ( 0 ,0 ) 3x2 + 2 y2
put y = x
2
x 1
= lim 2
=
x→ 0 5x 5
Since along different paths we have different limits, hence the limit does not exist.

Question # 01 Marks =
10
 ∂w ∂w
Use chain rule to find and if w = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 where
∂r ∂φ

x = r cos θ sin φ
y = r cos θ cos φ
z = r sin θ

Solution:

∂w
To find , using chain rule, we have
∂r

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r ∂z ∂r

Substituting the values, we get

∂w
= (2 x)(cos θ sin φ ) + (2 y )(cos θ cos φ ) + (2 z )(sin θ )
∂r

Putting the values of x, y and z, it yields

∂w
= 2r cos 2 θ sin 2 φ + 2r cos 2 θ cos 2 φ + 2r sin 2 θ
∂r
[
= 2r cos 2 θ (sin 2 φ + cos 2 φ ) + sin 2 θ]
= 2r (cos 2
θ + sin 2 θ )
= 2r

∂w
Similarly, for , using chain rule, we get
∂φ

∂w ∂w ∂x ∂w ∂y ∂w ∂z
= + +
∂φ ∂x ∂φ ∂y ∂φ ∂z ∂φ
Substituting the values, it becomes

∂w
= (2 x)(r cos θ cos φ ) − (2 y )(r cos θ sin φ ) + (2 z )(0)
∂φ

Putting the values of x and y, it yields

∂w
= 2r 2 cos 2 θ sin φ cos φ − 2r 2 cos 2 θ cos φ sin φ
∂φ
=0

Question # 02 Marks =
10

Find the equation of tangent plane to the surface z = ln x 2 + y 2 at the point P(-1,0,0) .

Solution:

The given surface is z = ln x 2 + y 2 which can be written as

f ( x, y, z ) = ln x 2 + y 2 − z = 0 − − − − − (1)

Taking partial derivatives of eq.(1) with respect to x, y and z, we get

 x
fx =
x + y2
2

y
fy = 2
x + y2
f z = −1

At P(-1,0,0), It becomes

f x (−1,0,0) = −1
f y (−1,0,0) = 0
f z (−1,0,0) = −1

The general form of equation of tangent plane is

f x ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( x − x0 ) + f y ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( y − y 0 ) + f z ( x0 , y 0 , z 0 )( z − z 0 ) = 0

which becomes

− ( x + 1) + 0( y − 0) − 1( z − 0) = 0
x + z +1 = 0

which is the required equation of tangent plane.

Question # 03 Marks = 05

Find the critical points of the function given as

f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 xy − y 3

Solution:

The given function is f ( x, y ) = x 3 − 3 xy − y 3

Taking partial derivatives of the given function with respect to x and y, we get

f x = 3x 2 − 3 y
f y = −3 x − 3 y 2

For the critical points, put f x = f y = 0 which yields

x 2 − y = 0 ⇒ x 2 = y − − − − (1)
− x − y 2 = 0 ⇒ x = − y 2 − − − − − ( 2)

Substituting eq. (2) in eq. (1), we get

y 4 − y = 0 ⇒ y ( y 3 − 1) = 0 ⇒ y = 0, y = 1

Substituting these values of y in eq. (2), we get

x = 0, x = −1.

Thus, the required critical points are (0,0) and ( −1,1)

(Note: In order to get full marks, do all necessary steps)

Question No: 1

If f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − x 2 y , find the local extrema and saddle points of f .

Solution:

f ( x, y ) = x 2 + 2 y 2 − x 2 y
f x = 2 x − 2 xy
f y = 4 y − x2
For critical points
f x = 0 = 2 x − 2 xy ⇒ 2 x(1 − y ) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or y = 1
f y = 0 = 4 y − x 2 ⇒ x 2 = 4 y − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(1)
Using x=0 in (1) we have y=0
(0,0) is critical point.
Using y=1 in (1) we have
x 2 = 4 ⇒ x = ±2
(2,1) and (-2,1) are critical points.
Now we check on these three critical points for extremum.

f xx = 2 − 2 y
f yy = 4
f xy = −2 x
D = f xx . f yy − [ f xy ]2 = (2 − 2 y )(4) − [−2 x]2
For (0,0) D = f xx . f yy − [ f xy ]2 = 2(4) − 0 = 8 > 0
f xx = 2 > 0
So f is minimum at (0,0).
For (2,1) D = f xx . f yy − [ f xy ]2 = (0)(4) − [−4]2 = −16 < 0
So (2,1) is a saddle point.
For (-2,1) D = f xx . f yy − [ f xy ]2 = (0)(4) − [4]2 = −16 < 0
So (-2,1) is a saddle point.
Question No: 2

a a 2 − x2
Evaluate ∫∫
0 0
( x + y )dydx ;a>0

Solution:

a a 2 − x2
∫∫
0 0
( x + y )dydx
a y 2 a 2 − x2
= ∫ ( xy + ) |0 dx
0 2
a a2 − x2
= ∫ (x a − x +
2 2
) dx
0 2
a a
1 1
∫ −2 x a − x dx + ∫ (a 2 − x 2 )dx
2 2
=
-2 0 20
1
+1
2 2 2
1 (a − x ) a 1 2 x3 a
= 1
| 0 + (a x − ) |0
-2 2
+1 2 3
3 3
2 2 2 2
1 (a − a ) 1 (a − 0) 2
1 3 a3
= - + (a − )
-2 3 -2 3 2 3
2 2
a3 a3 2a 3
=0 + + =
3 3 3

Question No: 3
2π x2 y
Evaluate ∫π ∫ 0
sin
x
dydx
Solution:

2π y
x2
∫π ∫ 0 x
dydx sin

y
2π
(cos ) 2
=∫ − x |x dx
π 1 0
x
2π
= ∫π ( x − x cos x) dx
2π 2π
= ∫π xdx - ∫π ( x cos x)dx
2π
x2
∫
2π 2π
= | π
- [xsinx| π
- sinx dx]
2 π

2π π
= - - [xsinx| π2π - (-cosx)| π2π ]
2 2
2π π
= - - [ 2π sin 2π - π sin π +cos 2π -cos π ]
2 2
π
= − 2π sin 2π + π sin π - cos 2π +cos π
2

(Note: In order to get full marks, do all necessary steps)

Question No: 1 Marks

=10

Evaluate the following integral by converting it to polar coordinates.

 1
∫∫ 1 + x
R
2
+ y2
dA

where R is the sector in the first quadrant bounded by y = 0 and y = x and x 2 + y 2 = 4.

Solution:

Given integral is

1
∫∫ 1 + x
R
2
+ y2
dA

For conversion to polar coordinates, we have

1 1
x2 + y2 = r 2 ⇒ 2 2
=
1+ x + y 1+ r2

r ranges from 0 to 2

π
θ ranges from 0 to
4

dA = rdrdθ

Thus, the integral in polar coordinates becomes

π
4 2
1
∫ ∫ 1+ r
0 0
2
rdrdθ

Multiplying and dividing by 2

 π
4 2
1 2r
2 ∫ ∫ 1+ r
0 0
2
drdθ

π
1 4
2 f ' ( x)
=
2 ∫0
ln(1 + r 2 )  dθ
0
[By the rule of integration ∫ f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x) ]

π
4
1
=
2 ∫ (ln 5 − ln1)dθ
0
π
4
ln 5
=
2 ∫ dθ
0

ln 5 π 4
= [θ ]0
2
ln 5 π
= [ − 0]
2 4
π ln 5
=
8

which is the required answer.

Question No: 2 Marks

=10

Find the arc length of the curve

r (t ) = (cos3 t )iˆ + (sin 3 t ) ˆj + 2kˆ 0≤t ≤π
2

Solution:

The given position vector is

r (t ) = (cos3 t )iˆ + (sin 3 t ) ˆj + 2kˆ where 0 ≤ t ≤ π
2
In parametric form,

x = cos3 t , y = sin 3 t , z = 2
dx dy dz
⇒ = −3cos 2 t sin t , = 3sin 2 t cos t , =0
dt dt dt

The arc length of the curve is

π 2 2 2
 dx   dy   dz 
2
s= ∫ 0
  +   +   dt
 dt   dt   dt 
π
2
= ∫
0
9 cos 4 t sin 2 t + 9sin 4 t cos 2 t + 0 dt

π
2
= ∫
0
9 cos 2 sin 2 t (cos 2 t + sin 2 t ) dt

π
2
= 3 ∫ cos t sin tdt
0
π
 3sin 2 t  2
= 
 2 0
3 π 
= sin 2 − sin 2 0 
2 2 
3
=
2

which is the required answer.

(Note: In order to get full marks, do all necessary steps)

Question # 1:
Evaluate the line integral

1
∫ ( ydx − x dy ), where C is the curve x=t, y= 2 t
2 2
where 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
c

Solution:
∫ ( ydx − x dy)
2

c
2
= ∫ ydx − x 2 dy
0
2
1
= ∫ [ t 2 − t 2 .t ]dt
0
2
2 2
1
= ∫ t 2 dt − ∫ t 3dt
20 0

1 t3 2 t 4 2
= . |0 − |0
2 3 4
4
= −4
3
8
=−
3

Question # 2:

∫ (( x − y)dx + xdy) , where C is the circle

2
Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral 
c

x 2 + y 2 = 4 and c is oriented counterclockwise.

Solution:
∫ (( x
2
− y )dx + xdy )
c

Using Green's Theorem.

∂P ∂Q
∫c Pdx+Qdy = −
∫∫R ( ∂y − ∂x )dxdy
∂P ∂Q
= −1, =1
∂y ∂x

∫∫ (−1 − 1)dA
−
R

∫∫ dA
= 2
R
2π 2
= 2 ∫ ∫ rdrdθ
0 0
2π
= 4 ∫ dθ
0

= 8π

Question # 3:
If A = ( x 4 − y 2 z 2 )i + ( x 2 + y 2 ) j − x3 y 3 z 3 k , determine curl of A at the point (1,4,-3).

Solution:

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
CurlA =
∂x ∂y ∂z
x − y2 z2
4
x + y2
2 3 3 3
−x y z

CurlA = −3 x3 y 2 z 3 i + (3 x 2 y 3 z 3 − 2 y 2 z ) j + (2x+2yz 2 ) k
CurlA = 1296i - 5088 j + 74k at (1, 4, -3)

Question No: 1 Marks

=15

Determine a half range cosine series to represent the function given by

f (t ) = 2t + 3 0 < t < 2
f (t ) = f (t + 4)

Solution:

To obtain a cosine series, i.e., a series with no sine term involved, we need an even
function. Therefore, we assume the wave form to be symmetric about y-axis.

Now, to find the expressions for the Fourier coefficient, we have

T /2
4
a =
T ∫
0
f (t )dt where T=4 is period of the given function.

4/2
4
=
4 ∫ (2t + 3)dt
0
2
2t 2
= + 3t
2 0

= {(2) 2 + 3(2)} − {(0)2 + 3(0)}

= 4+6+0
= 10

T /2
4
an =
T ∫
0
f (t ) cos nωtdt

4/ 2
4
=
4 ∫ (2t + 3) cos nωtdt
0

Integrating by parts, we get

 2 2
sin nωt sin nωt
an = (2t + 3) −∫2 dt
nω 0 0 nω
2 2
sin nωt 2 (− cos nωt )
= (2t + 3) −
nω 0 nω nω 0

7 sin nω 2 2
= + 2 2 [ cos nω 2 − 1]
nω nω

2π π
Since, ω = =
T 2

Therefore,

7 sin nπ 2
an = + 2 2 [ cos nπ − 1]
nω nω
sin nπ = 0,
1 (n is even)
cos nπ = 
 -1 (n is odd)

So,

0 (n is even)

an =  − 4
 n 2ω 2 (n is odd)

Thus,

a ∞
f (t ) = + Σ an cos nωt
2 n =1
4  1 1 
= 5 − 2 cos ωt + cos 3ωt + …
ω  9 25 

which is the required fourier series.

Question No: 2 Marks

=15
Verify Stokes’ theorem for a hemisphere S defined as x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 ( z ≥ 0) where a
vector field F = z 2iˆ + 2 xjˆ − ykˆ exists over the surface and around its boundary c.

Solution:

Stokes’ theorem states that

∫ CurlF .ds = ∫ F .dr

S c

(a)

∫ F .dr = ∫ ( z iˆ + 2 xjˆ − ykˆ).(idx ˆ )

ˆ + ˆjdy + kdz
2

c c

= ∫ z 2 dx + 2 xdy − ydz
c

For converting it to polar coordinates,

x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , z = 0
where r=3 is the radius of the sphere.
x = 3cos θ , y = 3sin θ , z = 0
dx = −3sin θ dθ , dy = 3cos θ dθ , dz = 0
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π

Thus, the above integral becomes,

 2π
∫ 0
2(3cos θ )(3cos θ dθ )
2π
= 18 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ
0
2π
1 + cos 2θ
= 18 ∫ dθ
0
2
 2π 2π

= 9  ∫ dθ + ∫ cos 2θ dθ 
0 0 
2π
 sin 2θ 
2π
= 9 [θ ]0 + 9 
 2  0
9
= 9(2π − 0) + (sin 4π − sin 0)
2
∫ F .dr = 18π
c
Eq.(A)

(b)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
∂ ∂ ∂
curlF =
∂x ∂y ∂z
z2 2x − y
= −iˆ + 2 zjˆ + 2kˆ


∫ curlF .ds = ∫ curlF .nds
s
ˆ
s

where

∇s 2 xiˆ + 2 yjˆ + 2 zkˆ

nˆ = =
∇s 4x2 + 4 y2 + 4z2
xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
=
3

So,

ˆ ˆ ˆ

ˆ + 2 zjˆ + 2kˆ).( xi + yj + zk )ds
∫s curlF .ds = ∫s ( −i
3
1
3 ∫s
= (− x + 2 yz + 2 z )ds
For converting it to spherical coordinates, we have

x = 3sin φ cos θ
y = 3sin φ sin θ
z = 3cos φ
ds = 9 sin φ dφ dθ

So, the above integral becomes,

∫ curlF .ds
s

1
3 ∫s
= {−3sin cos θ + 2(3sin φ sin θ )(3cos φ ) + 6 cos φ }9 sin φ dφ dθ

= 3∫ {−3sin 2 φ cos θ + 18sin 2 φ sin θ cos φ + 6 cos φ sin φ }dφ dθ

s
2π π / 2 2π π / 2 2π π / 2
= 3∫ ∫ −3sin 2 φ cos θ dφ dθ + 3 ∫ ∫ 18sin 2 φ sin θ cos φ dφ dθ + 3 ∫ ∫ 6 cos φ sin φ dφ dθ
0 0 0 0 0 0

= I1 + I 2 + I 3 Eq.(1)

2π π / 2
I1 = −9 ∫ ∫ sin
2
φ cos θ dφ dθ
0 0
2π π / 2
1 − cos 2φ
= −9 ∫ ∫ cos θ dφ dθ
0 0
2
2π π /2
 φ sin 2φ 
= −9 ∫  − cos θ dθ
0 
2 4  0
2π
 π sin π 
= −9 ∫  − cos θ dθ
0 
4 4 
2π
−9π
=
4 ∫ cos θ dθ
0

−9π 2π
= [sin θ ]0
4
−9π
= (0)
4
I1 = 0 Eq.(2)
 2π π / 2
I 2 = 54 ∫ ∫ sin
2
φ sin θ cos φ dφ dθ
0 0

2π π /2
 sin 3 φ 
= 54 ∫  sin θ dθ
0 
3  0
2π
54  π 
∫ sin
3
= − sin 0  sin θ dθ
3 0
2 
2π
= 18 ∫ sin θ dθ
0
2π
= −18 [ cos θ ]0
= −18 [ cos 2π − cos 0]
= −18(1 − 1) = 0 Eq.(3)

2π π / 2
I 3 = 18 ∫ ∫ cos φ sin φ dφ dθ
0 0

2π π /2
 sin 2 φ 
= 18 ∫  dθ
0 
2  0
2π
= 9 ∫ (1 − 0)dθ
0
2π
= 9 [θ ]0
= 18π Eq.(4)

Substituting the values of eqs.(2), (3), (4) in eq. (1), we get

∫ curlF .ds = 18π
s
Eq.(B)

Hence, from the equality of Eq. (A) and (B), Stokes’ theorem is verified.

(Note: In order to get full marks, do all necessary steps)