• Define complex numbers.

• Identify forms of complex numbers.

• Solve problems involving operations of complex

numbers
A complex number 𝑧 is an ordered pair

𝑧 = (𝑥, 𝑦)

such that 𝑥 is the real part and 𝑦 is the imaginary part of 𝑧. In

practice, complex numbers 𝑧 = 𝑥, 𝑦 are written as 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖

Complex numbers are “binomials” of a sort and are added,

subtracted, and multiplied in a similar way. Note that 𝑖 = −1,
thus 𝑖 2 = −1
𝟏
𝒊 = 𝒊 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟏𝟕 = 𝒊𝟏
𝒊𝟐 = 𝒊 𝒊 = −𝟏 −𝟏 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟓𝟎 = 𝒊𝟐
𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊 𝒊𝟐 = 𝒊 −𝟏 = −𝒊 𝒊𝟏𝟔𝟑 = 𝒊𝟑
𝒊𝟒 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 −𝟏 = 𝟏 𝒊𝟐𝟎𝟒 = 𝒊𝟒

𝒊𝟓 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟑 = −𝟏 −𝒊 = 𝒊 𝒐𝒓 𝒊𝟏
𝒊𝟔 = 𝒊𝟑 𝒊𝟑 = −𝒊 −𝒊 = 𝒊𝟐
𝒊𝟕 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟑 = −𝟏 −𝟏 𝒊𝟑 = 𝒊𝟑
𝒊𝟖 = 𝒊𝟐 𝒊𝟑 𝒊𝟑 = −𝟏 −𝒊 −𝒊 = −𝟏 𝒊𝟐 = −𝟏 −𝟏 = 𝟏 = 𝒊𝟒
𝒛𝟏 = (𝟐, 𝟓)
𝒛𝟐 = (−𝟑, 𝟔)

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = ?

𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟓 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = −𝟑, 𝟔 = −𝟑 + 𝟔𝒊

𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 + 𝟓𝒊 + (−𝟑 + 𝟔𝒊)
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 − 𝟑 + (𝟓𝒊 + 𝟔𝒊)
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟏 + 𝟏𝟏𝒊 = (−𝟏, 𝟏𝟏)
𝒛𝟏 = −𝟖 + 𝟑𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟓 − 𝟗𝒊

𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = ?

𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = (−𝟖 + 𝟑𝒊) − (𝟓 − 𝟗𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟖 + 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟓 + 𝟗𝒊
𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟏𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = ?

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)(𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟕 𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊 + 𝟑𝒊(𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝒊 + (𝟏𝟖𝒊 − 𝟑𝟎𝒊𝟐 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝒊 + (𝟏𝟖𝒊 − 𝟑𝟎(−𝟏))
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟒𝟐 + 𝟕𝟎𝒊 + (𝟏𝟖𝒊 + 𝟑𝟎)
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = −𝟏𝟐 + 𝟖𝟖𝒊
𝒛𝟏 = (𝟑 + 𝟔𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (−𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊)

𝒛𝟏
=?
𝒛𝟐

𝒛𝟏 𝟑 + 𝟔𝒊 (𝟑 + 𝟔𝒊) (−𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊)

= = 𝒙
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊 (−𝟐 − 𝟒𝒊 ) (−𝟐 + 𝟒𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 −𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + (−𝟏𝟐𝒊 + 𝟐𝟒𝒊𝟐 ) −𝟔 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊 + (−𝟏𝟐𝒊 − 𝟐𝟒)

= 𝟐
=
𝒛𝟐 𝟒 − 𝟖𝒊 + (𝟖𝒊 − 𝟏𝟔𝒊 ) 𝟒 − 𝟖𝒊 + (𝟖𝒊 + 𝟏𝟔)
𝒛𝟏 −𝟑𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
= = − = − + 𝟎𝒊
𝒛𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟏 = (𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (−𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊)

𝒛𝟏
=?
𝒛𝟐

𝒛𝟏 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝒊 (𝟏𝟔 + 𝟐𝒊) (−𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊)

= = 𝒙
𝒛𝟐 −𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 (−𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐𝒊 ) (−𝟑 + 𝟏𝟐𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 −𝟒𝟖 + 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒊 + (−𝟔𝒊 + 𝟐𝟒𝒊𝟐 ) −𝟒𝟖 + 𝟏𝟗𝟐𝒊 + (−𝟔𝒊 − 𝟐𝟒)

= 𝟐
=
𝒛𝟐 𝟗 − 𝟑𝟔𝒊 + (𝟑𝟔𝒊 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝒊 ) 𝟗 − 𝟑𝟔𝒊 + (𝟑𝟔𝒊 + 𝟏𝟒𝟒)

𝒛𝟏 (−𝟕𝟐 + 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝒊) 𝟕𝟐 𝟏𝟖𝟔 𝟖 𝟔𝟐

= =− + 𝒊=− + 𝒊
𝒛𝟐 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟓𝟑 𝟏𝟕 𝟓𝟏
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊
𝒛ത = 𝒙 − 𝒚𝒊

PROPERTIES:

(𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐

(𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐

(𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 ) = 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
( )=
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟐 + 𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊

(𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 + 𝟓𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 = ?

𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎 𝟐 − 𝒊 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊
𝟓𝒛𝟐 = 𝟓 𝟒 + 𝟑𝒊 = 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝒊

𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 + 𝟓𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊 + 𝟐𝟎 + 𝟏𝟓𝒊 = 𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊

(𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 + 𝟓𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 = (𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊)𝟐 = (𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊)(𝟒𝟎 + 𝟓𝒊)

(𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 + 𝟓𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒊 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒊 + 𝟐𝟓𝒊𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒊 + 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒊 − 𝟐𝟓
(𝟏𝟎𝒛𝟏 + 𝟓𝒛𝟐 )𝟐 = 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟓 + 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒊
Rectangular: 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
Polar: 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
Trigonometric: 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖𝑠 𝜃
Exponential: 𝑧 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝜃
Logarithm: 𝑙𝑛 𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑟 + 𝑖𝜃
Source: https://www.basic-mathematics.com/graphing-complex-numbers.html
Polar and Trigonometric Form

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃
𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃

Modulus of z, |z| or r

𝑟= 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Argument of z, 𝛉 Source:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/precalct
𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1 wo/chapter/polar-form-of-complex-numbers/
𝑥
Polar and Trigonometric Form

𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒊
𝑧 = (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) + (𝑟 𝑠in 𝜃) 𝑖
𝑧 = 𝑟(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠in 𝜃)
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽

Source:https://courses.lumenlearning.com/precalct
wo/chapter/polar-form-of-complex-numbers/
 𝒚
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏
𝒙
𝜽𝟐 = 𝝅 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝜽𝟏 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝜽𝟑 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 − 𝝅 𝜽𝟒 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝒛 = 𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖𝒊

Express z in trigonometric, polar, and

𝜽𝟒 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
exponential form.

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝑟 = (15)2 +(−8)2
𝑧 = 15 − 8𝑖
𝑟 = 17

𝑦 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽
−1
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔(−𝟎. 𝟒𝟗)
𝑥
−8 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕 ∠(−𝟎. 𝟒𝟗)
−1
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −0.49 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕𝒆−𝟎.𝟒𝟗𝒊
15
𝜃4 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = −0.49
𝒛 = −𝟏𝟓 − 𝟖𝒊

Express z in trigonometric, polar, and 𝜽𝟑 = 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇 − 𝝅

exponential form.

𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖
𝑟 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑟 = (15)2 +(−8)2 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
𝑟 = 17 𝑧 = −15 − 8𝑖

𝑦 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝜽
−1
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔(−𝟐. 𝟔𝟓)
𝑥
−8 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕 ∠(−𝟐. 𝟔𝟓)
−1
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = 0.49 𝒛 = 𝟏𝟕𝒆−𝟐.𝟔𝟓𝒊
−15
𝜃3 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝜋 = −2.65
ASK ANY QUESTION RELATED TO
OUR TOPIC FOR TODAY.
• Solve problems involving operations of complex
numbers in different forms.

• Apply De Moivre’s Theorem in solving the power and

roots of complex numbers.
 Form Multiplication (𝑧1 𝑧2 ) Division (𝑧1 /𝑧2 )
1. Polar
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 𝑟1
𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) ∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2 𝑟2

2. Trigonometric
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 cis 𝜃1 𝑟1
𝑟1 𝑟2 cis(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 ) cis(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 cis 𝜃2 𝑟2

3. Exponential
𝑧1 = 𝑟1 𝑒 𝑖𝜃1 𝑟1 𝑖 𝜃1 −𝜃2
𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃1+𝜃2 𝑒
𝑧2 = 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖𝜃2 𝑟2
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = ?

(a) Trigonometric Form

(b) Polar Form
(c) Exponential Form
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊) 𝜽𝟐 = 𝝅 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝒓𝟏 = (−𝟕)𝟐 +(𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
3
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = −0.40 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒
−7
𝜃2 = 𝜋 + 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 2.74 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 ∠(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒)
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 𝒆𝟐.𝟕𝟒𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊) 𝜽𝟒 = 𝝅 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝒓𝟐 = (𝟔)𝟐 +(−𝟏𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒

𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
−1
−10 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒊𝒔 −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −1.03 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 ∠(−𝟏. 𝟎𝟑)
6
𝜃4 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = −1.03 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒆−𝟏.𝟎𝟑𝒊
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊) 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃1 +𝜃2

𝟐.𝟕𝟒+ −𝟏.𝟎𝟑 𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊) 𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒆
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒆𝟏.𝟕𝟏𝒊

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 cis(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 + −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝟏. 𝟕𝟏)

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 ∠(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 + −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 )
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑∠(𝟏. 𝟕𝟏)
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)
𝒛𝟏
=?
𝒛𝟐

(a) Trigonometric Form

(b) Polar Form
(c) Exponential Form
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊) 𝜽𝟐 = 𝝅 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝒓𝟏 = (−𝟕)𝟐 +(𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
3
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = −0.40 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟐. 𝟕𝟒
−7
𝜃2 = 𝜋 + 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 2.74 𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 ∠(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒)
𝒛𝟏 = 𝟓𝟖 𝒆𝟐.𝟕𝟒𝒊
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊) 𝜽𝟒 = 𝝅 + 𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇

𝒓𝟐 = (𝟔)𝟐 +(−𝟏𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒

𝜽𝒓𝒆𝒇
−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
−1
−10 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒊𝒔 −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 = −1.03 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 ∠(−𝟏. 𝟎𝟑)
6
𝜃4 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = −1.03 𝒛𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒆−𝟏.𝟎𝟑𝒊
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)

𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 cis(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 ) = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
= 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 − −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 ) = 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 ∠(𝟐. 𝟕𝟒 − −𝟏. 𝟎𝟑 )
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏 𝒛𝟏
= 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝟑. 𝟕𝟕) = 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑∠(𝟑. 𝟕𝟕)
𝒛𝟐 𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏 = (−𝟕 + 𝟑𝒊)
𝒛𝟐 = (𝟔 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊)

𝒛𝟏
= 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑒 𝑖 𝜃1 −𝜃2
𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏 𝟐.𝟕𝟒− −𝟏.𝟎𝟑 𝒊
= 𝟓𝟖 𝟐 𝟑𝟒 𝒆
𝒛𝟐
𝒛𝟏
= 𝟒 𝟒𝟗𝟑 𝒆𝟑.𝟕𝟕𝒊
𝒛𝟐
De Moivre’s Theorem

𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝜽
𝒛𝒏 = 𝒓𝒏 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝒏𝜽)
Solve for 𝒛 = (𝟏 + 𝒊)𝟗

Let, 𝝅
𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝒛=𝟏+𝒊 𝟒
𝒓 = (𝟏)𝟐 +(𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟐
−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
1 𝜋
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =
1 4
𝜋
𝜃1 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 =
4
𝒛 = (𝟏 + 𝒊)𝟗

𝝅
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝜽 𝒛 = 𝟐 𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝟒
𝒏 𝒏 𝟗 𝟗 𝝅
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔(𝒏𝜽) 𝒛 = ( 𝟐) 𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟗𝒙
𝟒

𝟗 𝟗 𝟗𝝅 𝟗𝝅 𝟗𝝅
𝒛 = ( 𝟐) 𝒄𝒊𝒔 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟑(𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝟒 𝟒 𝟒

𝟗
𝟐 𝟐
𝒛 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟑( + 𝒊 )
𝟐 𝟐
𝒛𝟗 = 𝟏𝟔 + 𝟏𝟔𝒊
Let,

𝒘𝒌 : 𝒏𝒕𝒉 𝒓𝒐𝒐𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒛 for k = 0, 1, 2, …, (n - 1)

𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒊𝒔𝜽 = 𝒘𝒌 𝒏
𝒏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = 𝒓 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 )
𝒏 𝒏

By De Moivre’s Theorem:
𝒏 𝒏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = 𝒛= 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝒏
D𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐛𝐞 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝟐𝟕.

Let,
𝒛 = 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟎𝒊 ; 𝐧=𝟑

𝒓= (𝟐𝟕)𝟐 +(𝟎)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕
−1
𝑦
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑥
0
𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 =0
27
𝜃=0
 𝒏 𝒏 𝜽 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = 𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝒏
𝟑 𝟎 + 𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒘𝒌 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝟑

When k = 0,
𝟑 𝟎 + 𝟐𝝅(𝟎)
𝒘𝟎 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔 = 𝟑𝒄𝒊𝒔 𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟎 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟎
𝟑
𝒘𝟎 = 𝟑 𝟏 + 𝟎𝒊
𝒘𝟎 = 𝟑 + 𝟎𝒊
When k = 1,
𝟑 𝟎 + 𝟐𝝅(𝟏) 𝟐𝝅
𝒘𝟏 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔 = 𝟑𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝟑 𝟑
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
𝒘𝟏 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑
𝒘𝟏 = 𝟑 − + 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒘𝟏 = − + 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
When k = 2,
𝟑 𝟎 + 𝟐𝝅(𝟐) 𝟒𝝅
𝒘𝟐 = 𝟐𝟕 𝒄𝒊𝒔 = 𝟑𝒄𝒊𝒔
𝟑 𝟑
𝟒𝝅 𝟒𝝅
𝒘𝟐 = 𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏
𝟑 𝟑
𝟏 𝟑
𝒘𝟐 = 𝟑 − − 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
𝒘𝟐 = − − 𝒊
𝟐 𝟐
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