COE0045L

MACHINE SHOP THEORY

MACHINE TOOLS
 CHAPTER 1

OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
– Identify the different types of machine tools;
– Understand the practical application of the different machine tools; and
– Learn how to perform machine tools operation.
 LESSON # 1
Machine Tools
What is machine tool?
A machine tool is a machine for shaping or machining metal
or other rigid materials, usually by cutting, grinding, shearing
or other forms of deformation.
Machine tools employ some sort of tool that does the cutting
or shaping.
Names of most commonly used machine tools:
1. Lathe machine
2. Milling Machine
3. Drilling machine
4. Grinder
5. Shaping machine
6. Planning Machine
7. Boring Machine
8. Metal Cutting Saw
9. Slotting machine
Lathe machine
Basic principle of a lathe machine :
Lathe machines are normally used to produce cylindrical
surfaces. The job is held in the chuck attached to the head
stock or between the centers provided at the head stock or tail
stock. The tool is held on the compound rest. Job is rotated at
the predetermined speed by the head stock. The tool is moved
relative to the workpiece with the help of carriage, cross slide
or compound rest. Desired quantity of metal is removed in the
form of chip from the work piece.
Milling machine
 Milling machine
Milling is a metal removing process by the help of a multitooth
(multi edge) revolving cutting tool. The cutting tool is held on a
spindle called arbour and the work piece is fixed on a table.
The table reciprocates past the cutting tool and metal removal
takes place. Feed for the next cut and the depth of the cut are
given by the movement of the table. Each tooth has the same
profile. Each tooth after taking a cut comes in operation after
some interval. This allows the tool to cool down before the next
cut takes place.
 Drilling machine
Drilling machines, or drill presses, are
primarily used to drill or enlarge a
cylindrical hole in a workpiece or part.
The chief operation performed on the
drill press is
drilling, but other possible operations
include: reaming, countersinking,
counterboring,
and tapping.
 Grinder
Grinding machine is machine
tools used for grinding, which is a
machining operation that used, abrasive
wheel as the cutting tool to achieve
required dimension and surface finish
of the work piece. Each grain of
abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a
small chip from the workpiece via
shear deformation.
 Shaping machine
A shaper is used for producing
relatively small flat surfaces. A single
point tool is mounted on a tool box
fitted to a reciprocating ram. The job
is clamped in a vice. There is a cutting
action in the forward motion of the
tool while the return stroke is idle. Job
is given indexed feed.
Shaping machine
 Planning Machine or Planner
Planning machines are used for generating large
flat surfaces. These flat surfaces may be horizontal,
vertical or inclined. Planning machines also
perform all the functions that a shaping machine
does. The planning machines handle larger and
heavy jobs.
In planning machines the job is mounted on a table
which moves forward and backward. The tool is
held firmly on the cross rails in the middle of the
machine.
Planning Machine or Planner
Diff. between Planer and Shaper
 Boring Machine
Boring Machine is a machine use for boring
(manufacturing) holes in a work piece.
In machining, boring is the process of enlarging a hole that
has already been drilled (or cast), by means of a single-
point cutting tool (or of a boring head containing several
such tools), for example as in boring a gun barrel or
an engine cylinder. Boring is used to achieve greater
accuracy of the diameter of a hole, and can be used to cut a
tapered hole. Boring can be viewed as the internal-diameter
counterpart to turning, which cuts external diameters
Boring Machine
 Metal Cutting Saw
A saw is a tool consisting of a
tough blade, wire, or chain with
a hard toothed edge. It is used
to cut through material. The cut
is made by placing the toothed
edge against the material and
moving it forcefully forth and
less forcefully back or
continuously forward.
 Slotting Machine
A slotting machine is a machine which is
used to slot materials made of metal and
wood. It can make slots on heads of screws,
bolts and other automobile components as
well as other similar parts. The main
applications are cutting keys, slots, metal
sheets, grooves of various shapes and
forming regular or irregular shapes used in
many manufacturing units. These are
generally used in heavy industries like
electrical, construction, furniture, automotive
etc.
End…