IDEAL GAS PROCESSES

Process Isometric Isobaric Isothermal Isentropic Polytropic

V=C P=C T=C pVk=C pVn=C
PV∞=C PV0= C PV1= C
𝐏, 𝐕, 𝐓 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑇2 𝑉2 𝑝1 𝑉1 = 𝑝2 𝑉2 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑘 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑘 𝑝1 𝑉1𝑛 = 𝑝2 𝑉2𝑛
= =
𝑇1 𝑃1 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑘−1 𝑇2 𝑉1 𝑛−1
=( ) =( )
𝑇1 𝑉2 𝑇1 𝑉2
𝑇2 𝑝2 (𝑘−1)/𝑘 𝑇2 𝑝2 (𝑛−1)/𝑛
=( ) =( )
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑝1

𝟐 0 𝑝(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) 𝑉2 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1
𝑾𝒏 = ∫ 𝒑𝒅𝑽 𝑃𝑉𝐼𝑛
𝟏
𝑉1 1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑝1 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑃𝑉𝐼𝑛
𝑝2 1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑉2
𝑚𝑅𝑇𝐼𝑛
𝑉1
𝑝1
𝑚𝑅𝑇𝐼𝑛
𝑝2
𝟐 𝑉(𝑝1 − 𝑝2 ) 0 𝑘(𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 ) 𝑛(𝑝2 𝑉2 − 𝑝1 𝑉1 )
− ∫ 𝑽𝒅𝒑 𝑊𝑛
𝟏
1−𝑘 1−𝑛
𝑘𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑛𝑚𝑅(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
1−𝑘 1−𝑛
∆𝑼 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 0 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
𝑸 𝑚𝑐𝑣 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑊𝑛 0 𝑚𝑐𝑛 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
∆𝑯 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 0 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 ) 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )
∆𝑺 𝑇2 𝑇2 𝑉2 0 𝑇2
𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑅𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑐𝑛 𝐼𝑛
𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑉1 𝑇1
𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑝1
𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝐼𝑛 𝑚𝑅𝐼𝑛
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑝2

S.I English Units

Rair 0.287 kJ/kg-K 53.3 lbf-ft/lbm-oR
Cp air 1.0048 kJ/kg-K 0.24 Btu/lbm-oR
Cv air 0.716 kJ/kg-K 0.171 Btu/lbm-oR
Cpwater 4.187 kJ/kg-K 1 Btu/lbm-oR

Basic Properties of Ideal Gas

FORMULAS:
1. Relation among cp, cv, R and k
a. cp= cv + R b. k=cp/cv c. cv= R/(k-1) d. cp= Rk/(k-1)
k= 1.4 for cold air
k= 1.3 for hot air
 *If k of air is not stated on the problem, assume k=1.4
2. Universal gas constant of any gas is given by:
𝟖.𝟑𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑱 𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟓 𝒍𝒃𝒇 −𝒇𝒕
𝑹= , 𝒌𝒈−𝑲 𝑹= , 𝒍𝒃
𝑴 𝑴 𝒎 −𝑹

Where M= no. of moles of gas or Molecular weight

Common Gases:
Ammonia: NH3 (M=17)
Carbon Dioxide: CO2 (M=44)
Oxygen: O2 (M=32)
Nitrogen: N2 (M=28)
Hydrogen: H2 (M=2)
Helium: He (M=4)
Air (M=28.97)
3. Density of air, w
𝑷 𝟏
𝝆= =
𝑹𝑻 𝒗
Standard density of air, w= 1.20 kg/m3
Standard temperature of air= 70oF = 21.11oC
Standard pressure of air= 14.7 psi= 101.324 kPa
4. Specific volume of air, v
𝑹𝑻 𝟏
𝒗= =
𝑷 𝝆

5. Polytropic Specific Heat

𝒌−𝒏
𝒄𝒏 = 𝒄𝒗 ( )
𝟏−𝒏
Where
𝑻 −𝟏
𝑰𝒏 (𝑻𝟐 )
𝟏
𝒏 = [𝟏 − 𝑷𝟐
]
𝑰𝒏 (𝑷 )
𝟏

6. 𝑸 = ∆𝑼 + 𝑾𝒏

7. − ∫ 𝑽𝒅𝑷 = 𝑾𝒔 + ∆𝑲𝑬
8. 𝒌𝒉𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒖𝒎 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔
9. ΔH= mcpΔT
10. ΔU= mcVΔT