Mansoura University

Faculty of Engineering
MTE Program
Level 200
2nd Lecture MPE371

Conduction Heat Transfer

(Radial Systems)

Assoc. Prof. Waleed El Awady

 Cylindrical Systems
Heat Equation in Cylindrical Coordinates

1𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟𝑘 + 2 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡

For 1D Steady state without heat generation

1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑟𝑘 =0
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Temperature distribution for the above equation is

𝑇 𝑟 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2

This equation needs two boundary conditions to get its constants

 Cylindrical Systems
𝑇 𝑟 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟 + 𝐶2

The practical applications imply that: there are

two fluids, one inside and the other outside.
The required boundary conditions are:

𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2
Applying in general solution
𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟1 + 𝐶2 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2 = 𝐶1 ln 𝑟2 + 𝐶2

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟
𝑇 𝑟 = ln( ) + 𝑇2
ln(𝑟1 /𝑟2 ) 𝑟2
 Cylindrical Systems
Fourier’s law for cylindrical coordinates
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑇 𝑇1 − 𝑇2 𝑟
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘(2𝜋𝑟𝐿) 𝑇 𝑟 = ln( ) + 𝑇2
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟 ln(𝑟1 /𝑟2 ) 𝑟2

By differentiating T(r) with respect to r and substituting in Fourier’s Law

2𝜋𝐿𝑘(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑞′𝑟 =
ln(𝑟2 /𝑟1 )
(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑞′𝑟 =
𝑟
ln 𝑟2 /2𝜋𝐿𝑘
1

(𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) ln 𝑟2 /𝑟1

𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑅𝑡ℎ =
𝑅𝑡ℎ 2𝜋𝐿𝑘

1 1 1
𝑈1 𝐴1 = 𝑈2 𝐴2 = 𝑈1 = 𝑟 𝑟 𝑈2 =
1
ln(𝑟2 ) 𝑟2 𝑟
𝑅𝑡ℎ 𝑘 ln 𝑟2
1 𝑘 1

𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈1 𝐴1 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) = 𝑈2 𝐴2 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 𝐴1 = 2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿 𝐴2 = 2𝜋𝑟2 𝐿

 Composite Cylindrical Systems

To 𝑈1 𝐴1 = 𝑈2 𝐴2 = 𝑈3 𝐴3 = 𝑈4 𝐴4 = ⋯

Ti 𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑻 ? !
1
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 =
σ 𝑅𝑡ℎ

1 ln 𝑟2 /𝑟1 ln 𝑟3 /𝑟2 1
෍ 𝑅𝑡ℎ = + + + ⋯+
𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐴 2𝜋𝐿𝑘𝐵 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜
1
𝑈1 =
1 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 1
+ ln 𝑟2 + 1 ln 𝑟3 + ⋯ + 𝑟1
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 1 𝑘𝐵 2 4 ℎ𝑜

2𝜋𝑟1 𝐿( 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈1 𝐴1 ( 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 ) =
1 𝑟1 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 1
+ ln 𝑟2 + 1 ln 𝑟3 + ⋯ + 𝑟1
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 1 𝑘𝐵 2 4 ℎ𝑜
 Spherical Systems
Heat Equation in Spherical Coordinates

1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
𝑟 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑘 + 𝑞ሶ = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝜕∅ 𝜕∅ 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑡

For 1D Steady state without heat generation

1 𝜕 2𝑘
𝜕𝑇
𝑟 =0
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
Temperature distribution for the above equation is

𝐶1
𝑇 𝑟 = + 𝐶2
𝑟
This equation needs two boundary conditions to get its constants
 Spherical Systems
𝐶1
𝑇 𝑟 = + 𝐶2
𝑟

The practical applications imply that: there are

two fluids, one inside and the other outside.
The required boundary conditions are:

𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2
Applying in general solution
𝐶1 𝐶1
𝑇 𝑟1 = 𝑇1 = + 𝐶2 𝑇 𝑟2 = 𝑇2 = + 𝐶2
𝑟1 𝑟2

𝑇1 − 𝑇2 1 1
𝑇 𝑟 = − + 𝑇1
1 1 𝑟 𝑟1
(𝑟 − 𝑟 )
1 2
 Spherical Systems
Fourier’s law for spherical coordinates
𝑑𝑇 2
𝑑𝑇
𝑞𝑟 = −𝑘𝐴 = −𝑘(4𝜋𝑟 )
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟
By differentiating T(r) with respect to r and substituting in Fourier’s Law
4𝜋𝑘(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑞′𝑟 =
1 1
(𝑟 − 𝑟 )
1 2
(𝑇1 −𝑇2 )
𝑞′𝑟 =
1 1
(𝑟 − 𝑟 )/4𝜋𝑘
1 2
(𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 1 1
𝑞′𝑟 = (𝑟 − 𝑟 )
𝑅𝑡ℎ
𝑅𝑡ℎ = 1 2
4𝜋𝑘
1 1 1
𝑈1 𝐴1 = 𝑈2 𝐴2 = 𝑈1 = 𝑈2 = 2
𝑅𝑡ℎ 2
𝑟
𝑟1 1 1 2 1 1
( − ) ( − )
𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2
𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈1 𝐴1 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) = 𝑈2 𝐴2 (𝑇1 −𝑇2 ) 2 2
𝐴1 = 4𝜋𝑟1 𝐴2 = 4𝜋𝑟2
 Composite Spherical Systems
𝑈1 𝐴1 = 𝑈2 𝐴2 = 𝑈3 𝐴3 = 𝑈4 𝐴4 = ⋯
To
𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 ∆𝑇 ∆𝑻 ? !
1 Ti
𝑈𝑖 𝐴𝑖 =
σ 𝑅𝑡ℎ
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
෍ 𝑅𝑡ℎ = + ( − )+ ( − ) + ⋯+
𝐴𝑖 ℎ𝑖 4𝜋𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 4𝜋𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜

1
𝑈1 =
1 𝑟12 1 1 𝑟12 1 1 𝑟12 1
+ ( − )+ ( − ) + ⋯+ 2
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜

4𝜋𝑟12 ( 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 )
𝑞′𝑟 = 𝑈1 𝐴1 ( 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑜 ) =
1 𝑟12 1 1 𝑟12 1 1 𝑟12 1
+ ( − )+ ( − ) + ⋯+ 2
ℎ𝑖 𝑘𝐴 𝑟1 𝑟2 𝑘𝐵 𝑟2 𝑟3 𝑟4 ℎ𝑜
 Conduction Heat Transfer
For 1D steady state conduction heat transfer without heat generation
 Assignment 2
- An experimental measuring system is used for determining the thermal
conductivity of an insulating material. An electrical heater (50 cm long) with
outer diameter of 2.5 cm which heated homogenously by an AC current of 0.1 A
for voltage drop of 20 V is used. A hollow long cylinder (50 cm) from the
insulated material with radii of 1.25 and 2.5 cm is constructed. The heater is
inserted inside the hollow cylinder and is turned on. For a steady-state
conditions, the inner surface temperature of the insulating material is measured
as 70 oC. If the room temperature is 25 oC and the convection coefficient at the
outer surface of the insulation is 10 W/m2.K :
(Assume the top and bottom faces of the hollow cylinder are completely insulated)
- Draw a schematic diagram for the problem,
- Draw the thermal resistance network of the problem.
- Calculate the thermal conductivity of the insulation.